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Impact of the criminalization of migration on the protection and enjoyment of human rights 2010, para. 58
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur observes that large-scale regularization programmes are usually part of a multi-pronged strategy. They are aimed at incorporating workers in the informal "underground" economy into the formal economy, and in that way, to increase their contributions to national tax and social security revenues, limit workers exploitation and abuse and discourage migrant smuggling and human trafficking. He also observes that these programmes usually specify requirements of potential beneficiaries, including length of residence, proof of work and, in some instances, proof of social welfare contributions, age range and nationality (when the regularization programmes target migrants from countries with cultural and historical connections with the host country).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Enjoyment of the rights to health and adequate housing by migrants 2010, para. 24
- Paragraph text
- The mental health of migrants is also an issue of concern, as factors such as social isolation caused by separation from family and social networks, job insecurity, difficult living conditions and exploitative treatment can have adverse affects. While better economic opportunities may result in positive effects on migrants' mental health, other reports indicate that migrants suffer a higher incidence of stress, anxiety and depression than residents. Further concerns are expressed about the mental health of migrants in detention, in particular with regard to the lack of access to mental health care and services, and inadequate allocation of resources to treat mental health ailments while in detention.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Enjoyment of the rights to health and adequate housing by migrants 2010, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- Discrimination in housing may also result from poverty and economic marginalization. Migrants, who may experience marginalization in the labour market and often have difficulties in securing stable jobs with reasonable pay, are often relegated to a lower socio-economic status and may be subject to differential treatment by housing providers. The Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living, and on the right to non-discrimination in this context has received testimonies from migrant workers who did not have access to quality housing and who were forced to live in informal dwellings, on construction sites or in overcrowded houses, or to rent beds by the hour.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Poverty
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Enjoyment of the rights to health and adequate housing by migrants 2010, para. 46
- Paragraph text
- Given their limited access to housing through the private market, it is of concern that migrants often do not enjoy the safety net provided by social housing in many countries, especially where there is a shortage of social housing in general. Certain categories of migrants, such as holders of temporary visas, may not be entitled to social housing, or migrants may be considered less desirable applicants than citizens. In some countries, the acquisition of citizenship is a requirement for renting social housing, which prevents newly-arrived migrants, including those in destitute situations, from gaining access to social housing.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Enjoyment of the rights to health and adequate housing by migrants 2010, para. 54
- Paragraph text
- In some occupations, such as domestic work, women migrant workers may be provided with housing by their employers or legally required to live with them as part of the conditions for their visa sponsorships. However, numerous reports indicate that the housing conditions of domestic workers are often grossly inadequate, without running water or adequate sanitary facilities. Such workers may also have no privacy and may be forced to sleep on the kitchen or bathroom floor, which degrades the workers' dignity and leads to psychological abuse. Even in such situations, migrant women would be reluctant to complain about the housing conditions for the fear of the loss of employment and forced evictions, thereby perpetuating the violations of their right to adequate housing.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Enjoyment of the rights to health and adequate housing by migrants 2010, para. 63
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur also notes initiatives undertaken by trade unions. For example, the Estonian Association of Trade Unions, the Central Organization of Finnish Trade Unions (SAK) and the Finnish Union of Salaried Employees (TU) provide information to migrant workers on housing, work permits, taxes, employment applications and services offered by trade unions. In the Republic of Korea, the Medical Mutual-Aid Union for Migrant Workers in Korea systematically responds to the issues of irregular migrant workers and its programmes have been expanded to provide regular migrant workers without workplace health insurance with, inter alia, health care and treatment through a mobile clinic in several cities, as well as financial support for medical expenses such as hospitalization, emergency treatment and childbirth/delivery.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Irregular migration and criminalization of migrants, protection of children in the migration process and the right to housing and health of migrants 2011, para. 16
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur observed that the increasing criminalization of irregular migration, in cases of movement for economic purposes, did not adequately address issues of demand driven labour and the needs of the receiving economies. A predominant push factor for migrating was perceived employment and, despite the reciprocal relationship between economies that may be able to absorb additional migrants which move in search of employment based on perceived demand in the host country, it is often the irregular migrant who is penalized. Moreover, an inadequate understanding of the needs of a host society could lead to xenophobic sentiments towards the migrant population, even if the migrants are filling a labour gap which contributes to helping an ailing sector of the host economy.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Climate change and migration 2012, para. 56
- Paragraph text
- The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families explicitly applies the rights elaborated in the International Bill of Rights to the specific situation of migrant workers and members of their families. Entering into force in 2003, the Convention has now been ratified by 45 States, and the Special Rapporteur urges its prompt ratification by all remaining States. Furthermore, several conventions negotiated under the auspices of the International Labour Organization contain important provisions reaffirming the human rights of migrants.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Detention of migrants in an irregular situation 2012, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- Privately run migrant detention centres pose particular difficulties in terms of monitoring. They may also pose particular concern if the contracts for managing detention centres are awarded to the company that offers the lowest cost, without giving sufficient attention to the obligation to treat those detained with humanity and with respect for their dignity. The Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (A/HRC/17/31, annex) provide that States do not relinquish their international human rights law obligations when they privatize the delivery of services that may impact upon the enjoyment of human rights and the Human Rights Committee has stated in its communication No. 1020/2001 that "the contracting out to the private commercial sector of core State activities which involve the use of force and the detention of persons does not absolve a State party of its obligations under the Covenant" (para. 7.2).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Global migration governance 2013, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- In 2004, the International Labour Conference, in the adoption of a plan of action for migrant workers, achieved consensus among its tripartite constituents (labour ministries and employers' and workers' organizations) on a rights-based approach to labour migration.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Global migration governance 2013, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- All international labour standards of the International Labour Organization (ILO) apply to migrant workers unless otherwise stated. They include the eight ILO fundamental rights conventions; the specific instruments concerned with the protection of migrant workers and the governance of labour migration, namely the Convention concerning Migration for Employment (Revised 1949) (Convention No. 97) and the Convention concerning Migrations in Abusive Conditions and the Promotion of Equality of Opportunity and Treatment of Migrant Workers (Convention No. 143) of 1975, as well as other instruments that contain specific provisions on migrant workers, such as the Convention concerning Private Employment Agencies (Convention No. 181) of 1997 and the Domestic Workers Convention (Convention No. 189) of 2011.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Global migration governance 2013, para. 87
- Paragraph text
- The reasons behind the lack of a comprehensive institutional framework for global migration governance are complex. Sending and receiving States often do not have a common understanding of the issues at stake despite the fact that, if governed well, they would all benefit from migration. Destination States often argue the need to limit immigration due to economic interests, even though there are labour needs in their countries that remain unmet and often unrecognized. In addition, perceived security interests often trump States' human rights considerations despite the fact that the overwhelming majority of migrants, including those crossing borders irregularly, pose no security threat. The Special Rapporteur believes that some of the underlying reasons for States not wanting to engage more in global migration governance are due to political pressure at the national level and the populist anti immigrant discourse which is increasingly present in countries all over the world.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Global migration governance 2013, para. 88
- Paragraph text
- Migration benefits not only States of origin, for example in terms of remittances and the transfer of social and cultural knowledge, but also States of destination, which often have labour shortages and rely on migrant workers, both high- and low-skilled, as well as in terms of cultural diversity and knowledge exchanges, among others. If States were to agree to cooperate more on migration governance, they would be able to maximize and better redistribute these benefits. Such cooperation would not preclude States from determining the number of labour migrants, as already noted in relation to the European Union's system.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Global migration governance 2013, para. 91
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur is of the view that sovereignty will be more limited by insufficient global migration governance, which will in fact facilitate the role of other actors, such as exploitative migrant smugglers and employers. Currently, migrants themselves, often with the help of migrant smugglers, are crossing borders regardless of State policies. They migrate irregularly owing to a lack of legal migration channels and largely in response to unrecognized needs in the labour market, as migrants are often willing to do the "dirty, difficult and dangerous" jobs that nationals will not at the exploitative wages that unscrupulous employers will offer. If States were to recognize their labour needs, including for low-skilled work, and open up more regular migration channels, this would lead to fewer irregular border crossings, less smuggling of migrants, less loss of life at borders, less labour exploitation and fewer migrants' rights violations. States would still have the sovereignty to decide on the number of migrants they wish to admit. Global migration governance should thus be seen as reclaiming sovereignty, not ceding it.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Regional study: management of the European Union external border and the impact on the human rights of migrants 2013, para. 16
- Paragraph text
- The stricter approach to border control has also been accompanied by more stringent entry requirements to the Schengen Area. Prior to Schengen, relatively flexible entry requirements or specific guest worker programmes enabled unskilled migrants to travel to European Union Member States, to seek out opportunities and then adjust their administrative status accordingly. Presently, however, the possibilities for such opportunities remain quite limited as the Schengen system requires most non-European Union unskilled migrants, particularly from countries of the Global South, to obtain a visa in order to enter the European Union to look for work. This has created a reality whereby migrants from non-European Union countries, and in particular those from developing countries without visa facilitation programmes with the European Union, are increasingly unable to regularly enter the European Union to look for work in person.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Regional study: management of the European Union external border and the impact on the human rights of migrants 2013, para. 67
- Paragraph text
- However, the Special Rapporteur notes that the partnerships appear to be used as a means for the European Union to further pursue its agenda of strengthening border controls through preconditioning limited labour opportunities, largely for skilled migrants, and the promise of visa liberalization/facilitation, and on measures which effectively operate to externalize migration control. These include border control reforms, the conclusion of readmission agreements with the European Union, and the signing of working arrangements with Frontex. Moreover, the mobility partnerships seem to be premised on exchanging these measures against temporary migration opportunities for certain categories of workers. Viewed in this way, the mobility partnership can be described as a mechanism for ensuring the externalization of border controls, in exchange for tightly controlled and limited migration opportunities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Regional study: management of the European Union external border and the impact on the human rights of migrants 2013, para. 73
- Paragraph text
- Furthermore, the European Union must not shy away from addressing the pull factors for irregular migrants. In particular, the demand in Europe for a seasonal, low-skilled, easily exploitable workforce must be addressed. The European Union must prioritize the development of effective programmes for working visas in low-skilled sectors, such as seasonal agricultural work, inter alia. Indeed, the Commission itself recognizes that opening legal channels of entry to the European Union may prove to be more efficient and less costly than punitive measures, and may also contribute to a reduction in irregular migration. In this respect, the Special Rapporteur notes that the Seasonal Workers Directive may make seasonal migration easier for low-skilled workers. He notes however that the number of visas issues under this programme will remain at the discretion of member States. A further shortcoming of the directive is that it does not provide any long-term solutions and may in fact lead to migrants ending up with irregular status if they overstay their visas.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Human rights of migrants in the post-2015 development agenda 2014, para. 17
- Paragraph text
- Large-scale migration is inevitable and necessary for the growth and development of a globalized economy that demands global production and a global workforce. Businesses and employers are keen to reduce costs and maximize profits. This frequently comes at a human cost, especially for migrants in an irregular situation who are often constrained by circumstances to perform tasks at whatever financial, physical or even psychological cost (see A/HRC/26/35). States are, in turn, ineffective when it comes to monitoring and sanctioning businesses that exploit migrants for their cheap labour, often in dirty, difficult and dangerous working conditions. In some sectors, such as agriculture, construction, extraction or hospitality, many workers are migrants in an irregular situation. States are often engaged in migration governance discussions and know that some sectors of their economies rely on the exploitation of migrants in an irregular situation who will not complain owing to their residency status, lack of political capital and/or lack of access to justice.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Human rights of migrants in the post-2015 development agenda 2014, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- In addition, ageing populations have caused a shift in demographics that has led to labour shortages in Italy and Japan, among others. In 2010, for the first time, more workers were retiring from the European labour market than joining it. By 2030, the labour shortage in Europe is likely to rise to 8.3 million workers. By 2020, other large economies, such as Canada, China, the Republic of Korea and the Russian Federation, will also face similar shortages. To overcome this challenge, employers will have to embrace diversity and rely on recruitment from a global labour force. Migrants of all skill levels will be required for many sectors of the economy.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Older persons
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Human rights of migrants in the post-2015 development agenda 2014, para. 25
- Paragraph text
- It is internationally recognized that migrants are drivers and enablers of development. Migrants contributed to efforts to attain the Millennium Development Goals by, among other things, boosting household income, resulting in improved health and greater school enrolment. At the national level, remittances to developing countries account for a significant proportion of the gross domestic product and are an important source of foreign currency earnings, supporting national income and allowing countries to pay for critical imports, gain access to capital markets and pay lower interest rates on sovereign debt. Migrants increase domestic demand for goods and services, which in turn increases total economic output, thereby creating jobs in the country of destination. At the regional and global levels, migration addresses global talent and labour shortages.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Human rights of migrants in the post-2015 development agenda 2014, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- Development targets that pay no attention to which groups are being left behind can be met without having any real impact on ensuring a more equal and just world. The focus should not be on simply reducing the cost and increasing the flow of remittances, but rather on the human cost of migration. In many countries, the most marginalized and exploited migrants are those who are in an irregular situation, have a precarious labour contract, are low-skilled, are children or adolescents, are women, in particular in domestic work, or are working in the construction, hospitality, extraction, fishing and agricultural sectors. Such migrants experience multiple forms of discrimination, on the basis of nationality, legal status, sector of work, sex, age and ethnic, linguistic or religious identity.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Human rights of migrants in the post-2015 development agenda 2014, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- Indicators should focus on the increased proportion of migrants with equal access to social security and cross-border portability of earned social security benefits such as pensions.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Human rights of migrants in the post-2015 development agenda 2014, para. 73
- Paragraph text
- In recognition of the push and pull factors of migration, a target should be developed to ensure the appropriate governance of migration, to promote the matching of skills and jobs and of labour supply and demand between countries, including by creating fair, safe and regular channels for migration, including for low-skilled labour. In addition, the targets should aim to counteract deskilling and include increasing the proportion of migrants who are working at the skill level that is most relevant to their education, training and work experience, so as to facilitate their integration into the local labour force and their reintegration into the labour market in the country of origin.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Human rights of migrants in the post-2015 development agenda 2014, para. 74
- Paragraph text
- With regard to remittances, the World Bank estimates that $436 billion will be sent as remittances in 2014. Private money transfers play a role in increasing household incomes and ultimately improving health and educational outcomes in countries of origin. Consequently, a target on reducing to less than 3 per cent the transaction costs of migrant remittances, as suggested by the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals, would go a long way to improving the economic status of families. Reducing the cost of sending remittances should not, however, be used in lieu of a national policy for poverty reduction, taking into account that remittances are privately owned sums of money.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Poverty
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Human rights of migrants in the post-2015 development agenda 2014, para. 86b
- Paragraph text
- [Indicators should include:] Number of complaints filed by migrants of human and labour rights violations, discrimination or abuse with any judicial or quasi-judicial institution;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Human rights of migrants in the post-2015 development agenda 2014, para. 86d
- Paragraph text
- [Indicators should include:] Number of court fee waivers for all those who cannot afford them, including migrants;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Human rights of migrants in the post-2015 development agenda 2014, para. 96g
- Paragraph text
- [Indicators for such a target should include:] Number of social security agreements ensuring the portability of social security benefits for all migrants;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Human rights of migrants in the post-2015 development agenda 2014, para. 96m
- Paragraph text
- [Indicators for such a target should include:] Reduction of upfront costs for migrants, especially recruitment fees;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Human rights of migrants in the post-2015 development agenda 2014, para. 109g
- Paragraph text
- [To guarantee inclusive sustainable development, the post-2015 agenda should focus on promoting and protecting the human rights of all marginalized groups, including migrants, irrespective of their status or circumstances, and on more comprehensive information about how progress is distributed. Accordingly, it should:] Align all goals, targets and indicators with international human rights and labour standards, the aim being to include the realization of human rights for all in the post-2015 agenda, which would increase policy coherence and strengthen accountability;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Labour exploitation of migrants 2014, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- Migrant women risk being the victims of multiple discrimination, both as women and as migrants. Migrant women tend to be employed in the shadow economy and in less skilled work than men, even though some are better qualified. They are generally more dependent on their employers, which puts them at greater risk of abuse and exploitation. Some countries set a minimum age for women to migrate, or ban low-skilled women from migrating, inter alia for domestic work. While this may be done with the intention of protecting women from abuse, this practice is not only discriminatory, it often leads women to resort to irregular migration, rendering them more vulnerable to abuse, which includes precarious working conditions, low pay and exposure to violence and forced labour. The Special Rapporteur has received information concerning requirements in some countries that women must obtain consent from their husband or legal guardian to migrate, and that they must indicate who will take care of their children while they are abroad. Such requirements do not seem to be in place for men.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph