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Child participation 2012, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- The third Mekong Youth Forum on Human Trafficking and Migration was held in Bangkok in October 2010, organized with the support of the Government of Thailand, Save the Children UK, World Vision International, the International Labour Organization and the United Nations Inter-Agency Project on Human Trafficking. It included children from Cambodia, China, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Thailand and Viet Nam, some of whom were survivors of commercial sexual exploitation. Under the auspices of the Forum, the children participated in national and regional consultations organized to evaluate existing activities focused on combating human trafficking and made recommendations for policy improvements, including in relation to the participation of young people and accountability of policymakers. The recommendations of the Forum were presented at an international meeting to review the progress of the third World Congress against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents, organized by ECPAT International and held in Bangkok in October 2010.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Youth
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- Children's views and recommendations helped shape the United Nations study and remain essential for its follow-up; they were also highly relevant in the special session of the General Assembly on children (8-10 May 2002) and in the three World Congresses against sexual exploitation of children and adolescents. Some of children's key recommendations include: increased access to information on the rights of the child and accessibility to child-friendly services, including telephone helplines with free access; establishment of child protection agencies in local communities to protect vulnerable children; and the creation of an ombudsman's office in each country.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 40
- Paragraph text
- Some countries have established specialized administrative procedures for children in specific contexts. In Slovenia, there is a procedure to investigate complaints regarding treatment of children by the police. The Costa Rican Children's and Adolescents' Code recognizes the right of students to make complaints of physical, sexual or emotional abuse in schools. According to the UNICEF survey, complaints procedures are available for law enforcement agencies, and also for the child welfare and school systems.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- In Guatemala, peer educators at the Education Programme for Working Children and Adolescents, an institution of some 1,800 students providing education to working children, created a mural to raise awareness. The aim of this microproject was to ensure that young people and adolescents were aware of the dangers of commercial sexual exploitation of children. It provided a fun and interactive way to discuss the sensitive issues of commercial sexual exploitation of children, trafficking of children and HIV/AIDS with the most at-risk young people.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Education
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Youth
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Reflection on a 6-year tenure as Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography 2014, para. 49
- Paragraph text
- Similarly, the expansion of the Internet and social networking has had an impact on children's social norms. The exposure of children to child pornography inspires and influences their sexual practices and affects their behaviour. Prevailing standards and peer pressure has led adolescents to share sexualized images of themselves, making them vulnerable to abuse and potentially redefining some of the social limits of acceptability of child pornography.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Harmful Practices
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 77c
- Paragraph text
- [In order to ensure sustainable and efficient international cooperation to effectively prevent and combat the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, it is necessary to do the following:] Support and contribute to the international child abuse images database of the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) and nominate a national focal point (person or unit) to collect and promptly update national data on the sexual exploitation of children and adolescents. Information should be shared systematically with INTERPOL to encourage cross-border law enforcement action, strengthen the effectiveness of such action and adopt multilateral agreements, especially for investigative work carried out by police forces;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 8
- Paragraph text
- Particular attention was paid to follow-up to the recommendations made by the above-mentioned mechanisms as well as to those of the United Nations study on violence against children, the Millennium Development Goals and the Rio de Janeiro Declaration and Call for Action to Prevent and Stop Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents of World Congress III against the Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents, held in Rio de Janeiro, November 2008, which commits Governments to pursue a set of specific, time-bound goals to prevent the sexual exploitation of children and adolescents, to put an end to the practice and to protect exploited children.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 31
- Paragraph text
- Ensuring that all children, including those who have experienced violence, have access to child-sensitive and effective counselling is a daunting, long-term challenge. This neglected area should be strengthened, including through the promotion of sensitization and social-mobilization campaigns, the adoption of relevant legal, educational, and social measures, the training of relevant professionals, and the support of mental health services for children and adolescents. The empowerment and involvement of young people in the design and evaluation of these actions remains critical for their effectiveness.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Youth
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 45
- Paragraph text
- The rapid development of the Internet and new technology has provided new channels through which to raise children's awareness of the subject of sale and sexual exploitation of children. These channels may, however, also be abused and increase the risks of exploitation for children using them. In a study on safe habits in the use of smartphones by Spanish children and adolescents carried out by Orange and the National Institute of Communication Technologies in 2011, it was found that 3.8 per cent of children questioned had received telephone calls or text messages from unknown adults wanting to meet them (indicating possible grooming). Of concern was the fact that children were over seven times more worried about excessive expenditure on telephone bills than about being contacted by a stranger.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Health
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Tackling the demand for the sexual exploitation of children 2016, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- A major enabler of demand is the perception of youth, consent and virginity. Indeed, the attraction of preferential offenders who are not paedophiles to adolescents often stems from social and cultural constructs. The obsession with virginity owing to notions of purity and health is, for example, a source of demand for the sexual exploitation of children. There are thus in several regions of the world those who specifically seek to have intercourse with virgins. Concurrently, a child who has lost his or her virginity is considered in negative terms and devalued, thus being more vulnerable to sexual exploitation. Besides, the definition of a child, although set at any person under 18 in international law, varies from one culture to another and is strongly related to his or her sexual maturity. There is further confusion as a result of the varying ages of sexual consent across the world. Preferential and situational offenders will thus justify their actions by affirming, based on their personal belief or on the degree of social tolerance, that their victim was not a child or consented to his or her exploitation.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Harmful Practices
- Health
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Youth
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 60
- Paragraph text
- For the third World Congress against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents and its supporting regional preparatory processes, special efforts were made to ensure the participation of children, culminating in the attendance of 282 young people from 96 countries. This included the proactive mobilization of child victims of commercial sexual exploitation and their participation in the core organizing committee and the committee drafting the final outcome document. Similarly, children and young people also participated in the international meeting to review the progress of the third World Congress.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Youth
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Comprehensive prevention strategies against sale and sexual exploitation of children 2013, para. 47
- Paragraph text
- Social norms within children's own communities - through their peers - can also constitute significant risk factors. In the context of exchanges with peers or of relationships, children, especially adolescents, may be tempted to put so-called "self generated indecent images" online, which may then be further disseminated through social media. Children may also make themselves vulnerable through online behaviours that are then exploited by criminals through grooming on the Internet and blackmailing online. Consumerism may draw children into exploitative situations so that they are able to buy specific goods. Early sexualization, conveyed through media and peers, may contribute to risky attitudes and distort perceptions by both children and adults of the criminal nature of child sexual abuse and exploitation.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Harmful Practices
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Comprehensive, rights-based and child-centred care, recovery and reintegration programmes 2015, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- However, most victims of sexual exploitation are not formally identified through official channels owing to failures to characterize them as victims of sexual exploitation. Child victims of trafficking and exploitation are still treated as criminals in many justice systems. For instance, child protection authorities have the tendency to engage in victim-blaming, not believing victims or questioning their credibility when handling cases involving adolescents. Child victims of sexual exploitation are often arrested for crimes related to irregular migration or prostitution and detained in inappropriate facilities, thus affecting their identification and access to care, recovery and reintegration services.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Sale of children for the purpose of forced labour 2016, para. 96
- Paragraph text
- An ILO study on international migration and child labour has underlined the importance of promoting safe behaviours in relation to migration, by supporting adolescents in adequately informing themselves and properly preparing for the journey, preferably by securing a job contract before leaving. However, in some instances, the contract is part of the migration arrangement itself, paving the way for exploitative conditions. Studies have also stressed the importance for countries of avoiding legislative frameworks in which a legal stay is conditioned to one employer, as it paves the way for dependency on that employer.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Comprehensive, rights-based and child-centred care, recovery and reintegration programmes 2015, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- A series of international commitments and policy initiatives has emphasized the need to provide recovery and reintegration to child victims. These include the Stockholm Declaration and Agenda for Action against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children, adopted at the World Congress against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children, held in 1996; the Yokohama Global Commitment adopted at the Second World Congress, held in 2001; and the Rio de Janeiro Declaration and Call for Action to Prevent and Stop Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents, adopted at the Third World Congress against Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents, held in 2008. In 2008 it was already noted that many States had not taken all feasible measures to effectively ensure the provision of appropriate assistance to child victims of sexual exploitation. Almost 20 years after the first World Congress, many of the challenges remain.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Tackling the demand for the sexual exploitation of children 2016, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- As indicated above, certain preferential offenders cannot be described as paedophiles as they are interested solely in pubescent children. The specific sexual interest in teenagers is called hebephilia and derives from a range of factors linked to the underlying level of demand. A strong motivation for committing such sexual exploitation of children is, for instance, linked to the context of sexually transmitted diseases with offenders believing that virgins or young children pose less of a health risk. There are also other practices, such as adults becoming sexually involved with teenagers in exchange for money or goods. This phenomenon is present across the world and those adults are often referred to as "sugar daddies", and the practice is often referred to as "compensated dating". It is also at the heart of the exploitation of children in the context of tourism and travel.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Youth
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 56
- Paragraph text
- Mandatory reporting often presumes that a professional is in possession of information about violence caused by a third party with whom she or he has no institutional links. But mandatory reporting is also relevant in cases when acts of violence are committed by a colleague. The United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of Liberty indicate: "Personnel who have reasons to believe that a serious violation of the present Rules has occurred or is about to occur should report the matter to their superior authorities or organs vested with reviewing or remedial power."
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Reflection on a 6-year tenure as Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography 2014, para. 81
- Paragraph text
- In the framework of her official visit to Honduras, for instance, the Special Rapporteur welcomed the establishment of the Inter-Agency Commission to Combat the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents, which is responsible for ensuring the implementation of legal and administrative measures to combat commercial sexual exploitation and trafficking.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 105
- Paragraph text
- Nevertheless, huge disparities persist and many challenges remain with regard to implementation of the recommendations of the various United Nations mechanisms and the Rio de Janeiro Declaration and Call for Action to Prevent and Stop Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Comprehensive prevention strategies against sale and sexual exploitation of children 2013, para. 69
- Paragraph text
- The first step is to ensure that legislation properly reflects the definitions formulated in international standards, including their child-specific aspects. The legal framework must incorporate all relevant provisions under civil, criminal and administrative law in order to guarantee that offenders are punished and victims adequately protected. Provisions in relation to the age of the victim need to ensure that children, including adolescents, enjoy appropriate protection. International instruments provide crucial guidance on the legislative measures to be adopted to address the sale and exploitation of children. The Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography obliges States parties to ensure that, as a minimum, the list of offences contained in the Protocol are fully covered under domestic criminal law. The Optional Protocol also requires extraterritorial jurisdiction to address such crimes. It further requires the prohibition of the production and dissemination of material advertising the offences. It provides for the rights of victims to assistance, redress and compensation.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism 2013, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- Over the years, classifications of different profiles have been made to facilitate the development of appropriate interventions. A distinction was therefore made between "situational" and "preferential" child sex tourists. The situational sex tourist was described as not travelling with the intention of being a sex tourist, who is tempted by an opportunity to have sex with children in a country, not usually having a preference for children, abusing children who are pre-pubescent or not, driven by the search for new experiences and justifying their acts on the basis of cultural or economic grounds. The preferential sex tourist travels specifically with the aim of abusing children, can experience sexual attraction for adults, but tends to search for pubescent or adolescent children. In addition, the paedophile, usually considered as someone suffering from a clinical disorder, with an exclusive inclination for pre-pubescent children, who may not show any preference for the gender of the child and may not view sexual contact with children as harmful. In contrast to the situational offender, they are notorious reoffenders, seeking out vulnerable children.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Tackling the demand for the sexual exploitation of children 2016, para. 69
- Paragraph text
- The growing use of sex offender registers has nonetheless been criticized in some cases. Provisions such as residency restrictions are particular controversial and have not proved to prevent offending. Moreover, there is a particular danger when the registry is made publicly accessible as it can encourage vigilantism. When offenders are minors, there is the risk that they will be placed on a sex offender register, which can last for life, thus hampering any rehabilitation and reintegration.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 16
- Paragraph text
- [Thanks to these efforts, more data are now available on long-term trends and specific aspects of some types of sale and sexual exploitation of children, including:] An increase in some types of sexual exploitation of children and adolescents perpetrated over the Internet and using new technologies, and facilitated by increased mobility through travel and tourism;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Comprehensive prevention strategies against sale and sexual exploitation of children 2013, para. 5
- Paragraph text
- Prevention is widely recognized as a priority concern and critical dimension of the fight against the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. In the child rights framework, prevention lies at the core of child protection. Articles 34 and 35 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child expressly concentrate on the obligation of States to take preventive measures to protect children from sexual abuse and exploitation, and from the sale of and trafficking in children. The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography contains a set of detailed measures State parties are required to adopt for prevention. In his 2006 report (A/61/299), the independent expert for the United Nations study on violence against children emphasized that all violence is preventable and called for prioritizing prevention. The 2008 Rio de Janeiro Declaration and Call for Action to Prevent and Stop Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents also underscores the importance of prevention. Throughout all her thematic and country reports, the Special Rapporteur has emphasized the importance of preventive actions and has described the good practices as well as the challenges faced in this area.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Comprehensive prevention strategies against sale and sexual exploitation of children 2013, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- Additional relevant international commitments, namely the Rio de Janeiro Declaration and Call for Action to Prevent and Stop Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents (2008), the Yokohama Global Commitment (2001), and the Stockholm Declaration and Agenda for Action against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (1996), underline the critical value of prevention.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 48c
- Paragraph text
- [Preventive measures should address critical socio-economic factors by:] Providing single mothers (particularly adolescent girls) with support through social welfare systems that offer a full range of alternative care services and assistance within child protection systems;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Girls
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 96
- Paragraph text
- The risk of HIV infection is very high for these addicted adolescents because of their high-risk sexual behaviour and the sexual exploitation to which they are subjected.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Health
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 94
- Paragraph text
- Around the world, adolescent substance abuse is a growing and alarming phenomenon. The rising - and disturbing - number of adolescents addicted to all types of drugs (including solvents, psychotropic substances, cannabis, heroin, cocaine, crack, Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy)) and/or to alcohol, forces a large number of them to turn to prostitution to obtain the money to supply their habits.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Health
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- In some counties, legislation recognizes a broad general right of children to lodge complaints before public authorities. The effectiveness of such legislation is closely associated with children's access to information on their right to access justice and to complain before a judicial or non-judicial mechanism. The Costa Rican Children's and Adolescents' Code, for example, provides that: "Persons under the age of majority shall have the right to seek shelter, help and advice when a threat to their rights entails a serious risk to their physical or spiritual health; and to receive timely assistance and protection from the competent authorities." The Paraguayan Children's and Adolescents' Code recognizes the right of children to personally request any public body or official to take action that is within their mandate or competence, and to receive a timely reply. In Romania, Law No. 272/2004 on the protection and promotion of the rights of the child recognizes the child's right to personally make complaints regarding violations of his or her fundamental rights. In Spain, the law recognizes children's right to receive from the public authorities adequate assistance in guaranteeing respect for their rights, including the right to request protection or support from any public institution and to make complaints regarding violations of their rights to the public prosecutor or the Ombudsman.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism 2013, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- Since the First World Congress against the Commercial and Sexual Exploitation of Children in Stockholm in 1996, where tourism was high on the agenda as a potential vehicle for the abuse of children worldwide, international commitments have been renewed through the Yokohama Global Commitment in 2001 and the Rio Declaration and Call for Action to Prevent and Stop Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents in 2008.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph