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Reflection on a 6-year tenure as Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography 2014, para. 109
- Paragraph text
- The transnational nature of the sale and sexual exploitation of children, owing to the development of information technologies, trafficking networks, tourism and migration, frequently involves children being transferred from one country to another and often implicates transnational criminal networks. This calls for coordinated preventive measures across countries, particularly neighbouring countries. Consequently, it is virtually impossible to address these crimes adequately without solid networks at the regional and international levels aimed at promoting coordination and cooperation. Compliance with international standards plays an important role in ensuring a common understanding of the nature of the crimes and fostering cooperation among countries. Cooperation ranges from border control and verification of travel documents to joint efforts from law enforcement authorities and joint preventive programmes, including harmonization of legislation, sharing of information and learning from good practices.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2014
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Protection of children from sale and sexual exploitation following humanitarian crisis due to natural disasters 2012, para. 46
- Paragraph text
- To partially remedy this situation, UNICEF and its partners undertake primary responsibility for the identification and registration of children. Following the typhoon emergencies in the Philippines in 2009, UNICEF partnered with the governmental Council for the Welfare of Children and established rapid registration activities to facilitate family tracing for missing, separated and unaccompanied children. In Haiti, UNICEF and its partners registered more than 5,000 children who were separated or unaccompanied following the earthquake in 2010. UNICEF worked with the Child Protection Brigade of the Haitian Police to verify the documents of 11,774 children at border crossings and the international airport; more than 2,500 irregular voyages were recorded, nearly 460 of which proved to be cases of trafficking, while close to 50 were found to be instances of forced labour. Also in Haiti, Save the Children supported the Government in the registration of separated and unaccompanied children, and those who were born after the earthquake.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2012
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Sale of children for the purpose of forced labour 2016, para. 58
- Paragraph text
- The immediate level of demand covers those who directly exploit children through transactions for the purpose of forced labour. They turn to intermediaries or traffickers to find and recruit victims.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2016
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Sale of children for the purpose of forced labour 2016, para. 100a
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur invites the international community to:] Develop and further transnational cooperation between law enforcement services to ensure the tracking of child victims of sale and trafficking for forced labour;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2016
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Study on illegal adoptions 2017, para. 14
- Paragraph text
- Owing to the breadth of issues touching on illegal adoption, the practice of kafalah, the illicit transfer and non-return of children abroad and international commercial surrogacy arrangements are not covered in the present study.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2017
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Sale of children for the purpose of forced labour 2016, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- The sale of children for the purpose of forced labour also happens in the industrial sector, for the production of goods which are sold in domestic and global markets.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2016
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Study on illegal adoptions 2017, para. 95h
- Paragraph text
- [At the national level] [The Special Rapporteur invites all States to:] Establish and implement standardized information systems to obtain and share accurate and reliable data on domestic and intercountry adoptions, on children subject to adoption and on their family and background;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2017
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Study on illegal adoptions 2017, para. 95e
- Paragraph text
- [At the national level] [The Special Rapporteur invites all States to:] Establish and implement a single, well-recognized process for adoption that includes a holistic assessment of the child's full range of rights, and prohibit private and independent adoptions;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Harmful Practices
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2017
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Sale of children for the purpose of forced labour 2016, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- The sale of children for the purpose of forced labour does not constitute a specific category for which data is collected at the global level. However, an examination of the data available for similar situations makes it possible to draw a picture of the extent of the phenomenon and major trends.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2016
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Study on illegal adoptions 2017, para. 96h
- Paragraph text
- [At the national level] [At the national level] [Specifically in respect of intercountry adoptions:] Payments by agencies or prospective adopters to residential care facilities, including "care costs" for children awaiting the issuance of an adoption order, must be prohibited;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2017
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Study on illegal adoptions 2017, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- There have also been mounting concerns in several countries regarding the practice of child protection services using the placement of children in alternative care, which may involve adoption, as an option of first resort, rather than providing the required support to families.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2017
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism 2013, para. 91
- Paragraph text
- In order to ensure an effective protection of all the children from sexual exploitation in travel and tourism the Special Rapporteur recommends the following actions.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2013
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Protection of children from sale and sexual exploitation following humanitarian crisis due to natural disasters 2012, para. 78
- Paragraph text
- Little information is available regarding steps that have been taken by States or local authorities to conduct searches for missing children.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2012
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 42a
- Paragraph text
- [The most effective responses are multidisciplinary and take into account the various types of short-, mid- and long-term care and assistance that child victims require for their full recovery and reintegration. True efficacy requires that responses be:] Part of a comprehensive recovery and rehabilitation plan;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 42i
- Paragraph text
- [The most effective responses are multidisciplinary and take into account the various types of short-, mid- and long-term care and assistance that child victims require for their full recovery and reintegration. True efficacy requires that responses be:] Supported by adequate human, technical and financial resources.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 42b
- Paragraph text
- [The most effective responses are multidisciplinary and take into account the various types of short-, mid- and long-term care and assistance that child victims require for their full recovery and reintegration. True efficacy requires that responses be:] Available to the child and her or his family;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Health
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2011
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- An essential component of the identification process is the establishment and implementation of appropriate procedures, including child-focused or child-friendly reporting and complaints mechanisms.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 43d
- Paragraph text
- [To ensure that child victims receive appropriate assistance for their full social reintegration and physical and psychological recovery, follow-up measures must:] Appoint a guardian for children who have been repatriated to their country of origin to ensure they receive long-term care and protection;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- Lastly, article 3 of the Optional Protocol also defines the sale of children for the purpose of illegal adoption as "improperly inducing consent, as an intermediary, for the adoption of a child in violation of applicable international legal instruments on adoption".
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2010
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Study on illegal adoptions 2017, para. 96i
- Paragraph text
- [At the national level] [At the national level] [Specifically in respect of intercountry adoptions:] Annual quotas for adoptions by countries and/or agencies should be eliminated and the "reversal in the flow of files" approach should be adopted by refusing to accept any application that has not been initiated in relation to a child identified as requiring adoption abroad;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Harmful Practices
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2017
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Study on illegal adoptions 2017, para. 82
- Paragraph text
- A good practice related to the proactive detection of illegal acts and illicit practices in receiving countries is the protocol for responding to allegations of child trafficking in intercountry adoption, which was designed by the Government of Australia to respond to concerns of adoptive parents and adoptees regarding abduction, sale and trafficking in intercountry adoptions.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2017
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Study on illegal adoptions 2017, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- There is no reliable data on the number of children who have been or are being adopted as a result of being sold, trafficked or subjected to other illegal acts and illicit practices. Firstly, reliable figures are difficult to establish owing to the illicit and clandestine nature of those activities. Secondly, illegal adoptions can appear legal since many of the children concerned receive, at some point in the process, "official" adoption papers.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2017
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Study on illegal adoptions 2017, para. 95g
- Paragraph text
- [At the national level] [The Special Rapporteur invites all States to:] Take particular care in the use of adoption orders to establish a parent-child relationship in cases of international commercial surrogacy, and ensure that the adoption order is consistent with the child's rights and best interests, in order to avoid the illegal adoption of children born through international commercial surrogacy;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2017
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Study on illegal adoptions 2017, para. 23
- Paragraph text
- In addition, the 1993 Hague Convention creates safeguards to ensure that intercountry adoptions take place in the best interests of the child and with respect for his or her fundamental rights. It sets a system of cooperation among the contracting States to ensure that those safeguards are respected, thereby preventing the abduction and sale of and/or the trafficking in children. As at December 2016, 98 States were parties to the 1993 Hague Convention.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2017
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Study on illegal adoptions 2017, para. 25
- Paragraph text
- In the context of the present report, adoptions resulting from crimes such as abduction and sale of and trafficking in children, fraud in the declaration of adoptability, falsification of official documents or coercion, and any illicit activity or practice, such as lack of proper consent by biological parents, improper financial gain by intermediaries and related corruption, constitute illegal adoptions and must be prohibited, criminalized and sanctioned as such.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2017
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Study on illegal adoptions 2017, para. 13
- Paragraph text
- The purpose of the study is to go beyond individual cases and to look at large-scale cases of illegal adoption and sale of children that occur at the national and international levels through illegal acts and illicit practices that reflect deficiencies in the child protection systems and/or the involvement of criminal networks. In all cases, States bear responsibility, either through omission or commission.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2017
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Study on illegal adoptions 2017, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- Intercountry adoptions have been fuelled by a demand from prospective adoptive parents in higher-income countries for children from lower-income countries. That demand has put major pressure on countries of origin with weak child protection systems and often led to illegal acts and illicit practices that have resulted in the sale of children and illegal intercountry adoptions.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Harmful Practices
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2017
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Study on illegal adoptions 2017, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- Illegal adoptions violate multiple child rights norms and principles, including the best interests of the child. That principle is breached when the purpose of an adoption is to find a child for adoptive parents rather than a family for the child. In that regard, it must be emphasized that international norms and standards do not establish the right to adopt a child or the right to be adopted.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2017
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Study on illegal adoptions 2017, para. 96b
- Paragraph text
- [At the national level] [At the national level] [Specifically in respect of intercountry adoptions:] Governments of receiving countries should limit the number of adoption agencies accredited to work with any given country on the basis of a realistic assessment of the number of children who might require adoption abroad, and Governments of countries of origin should deny approval to accredited agencies when their number surpasses the objective needs;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2017
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Study on illegal adoptions 2017, para. 48
- Paragraph text
- An overarching violation of the intercountry adoption procedure has been the perception of adoption taking place independently from the national child protection system. In certain countries, such as Haiti and Nepal, the absence of or severe deficiencies in the alternative care system have not prevented the launching of intercountry adoptions. The core principle of subsidiarity has thus been completely circumvented.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Harmful Practices
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2017
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph