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Child participation 2012, para. 14
- Paragraph text
- While the Convention on the Rights of the Child does not explicitly include a right to participation, it contains a cluster of articles considered to be "participation articles". The term "participation" has been adopted by the Committee on the Rights of the Child and the wider child rights community to describe the realization of the rights enshrined in those articles. Article 12 of the Convention states that every child capable of forming views has the right to express those views freely in all matters affecting him or her and that those views must be given due weight in accordance with the child's age and maturity. This is not only a fundamental right, but also a guiding principle of the Convention. Article 5 points out that, when providing direction and guidance in the exercise by children of their rights, parents and other guardians must take into consideration the evolving capacities of children. Articles 13 to 17 further address the child's right to freedom of expression, thought, conscience, religion, association, peaceful assembly, protection of privacy and access to information and material.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- Print and broadcast information are shared with children in many forms, including leaflets, cards, booklets, posters and television and radio broadcasts. These can form part of specific time-bound campaigns or continuing initiatives to raise awareness of and promote existing services such as helplines. They are produced using age-appropriate language, images, cartoons and attractive designs. In the context of its "ONE in FIVE" campaign to stop sexual violence against children, the Council of Europe created a character named Kiko, who appears in books, television spots and other materials, helping children, parents and carers to prevent, identify and appropriately respond to the sexual abuse of children.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 101a
- Paragraph text
- [A mapping and assessment of child participation must be carried out, in accordance with the relevant principles and standards, with a view to identifying the remaining achievements and gaps. The mapping process must involve all the principal stakeholders in child protection (public and private sectors, national human rights institutions, non-governmental organizations), including children and communities, with a view to ensuring effective and sustainable child participation. If necessary, legislative changes should be introduced to protect and promote child participation rights in order:] To establish a legal framework in compliance with international standards: legislation must ensure that children can express their views freely in all matters affecting them, in general terms and in particular settings, such as within the family, education, alternative care, health care, custody and in all judicial and administrative proceedings affecting them;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 101e
- Paragraph text
- [A mapping and assessment of child participation must be carried out, in accordance with the relevant principles and standards, with a view to identifying the remaining achievements and gaps. The mapping process must involve all the principal stakeholders in child protection (public and private sectors, national human rights institutions, non-governmental organizations), including children and communities, with a view to ensuring effective and sustainable child participation. If necessary, legislative changes should be introduced to protect and promote child participation rights in order:] To establish and maintain a child-friendly and enabling environment that ensures protection and safety, and to design and implement awareness-raising programmes targeting adults (parents, caregivers, professionals and policymakers) with a view to changing social perceptions and promoting child participation in families, schools, institutions, communities and policymaking spaces;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 13f
- Paragraph text
- [In order to be functional and effective, child protection systems should:] Ensure that all providers of services to children and families (the public sector, civil society organizations) are held accountable through the effective regulation and monitoring, at all levels, of child protection standards.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 24d
- Paragraph text
- [A reliable information system should be based on the following principles:] Awareness-raising among children, families and communities to combat stereotypes and cultural resistance that can contribute to underreporting and undermine the collection of relevant data;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 30b
- Paragraph text
- [With regard to protection, care and child-friendly procedures, comprehensive legal frameworks should:] Provide child victims, witnesses and their families with adequate care, assistance and psychosocial support (including family support if needed) to ensure the full recovery and social reintegration of child victims;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 31a
- Paragraph text
- [With regard to prevention, comprehensive legal frameworks should:] Ensure children's birth is registered. A birth record, because it certifies a child's age, allows appropriate legal steps to be taken to ensure the protection of the child and the punishment of the offender. Children whose birth has been registered are less likely to be sold or illegally adopted, in part because they have proof of who their parents are;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 31b
- Paragraph text
- [With regard to prevention, comprehensive legal frameworks should:] Develop and implement strict international and national adoption laws foreseeing: (i) adoption as a last resort; (ii) the identification of suitable measures, which include the placement of children with their biological or extended family; (iii) preference for national adoption over international adoption; and (iv) the obligation to conduct compatibility studies between the adoptive family and a child given up for adoption, keeping in mind the best interests of the child, with a view to avoiding the sale of children for illegal adoption;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 31c
- Paragraph text
- [With regard to prevention, comprehensive legal frameworks should:] Ensure that vulnerable children have an adequate standard of living, free access to health care and services, education and social security, and that their parents receive the necessary support;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 38e
- Paragraph text
- [Any processes that enable the identification of child victims must be carried out in compliance with the principles outlined above and with standards that require the following:] Guaranteeing the safety of child victims, their families and witnesses by protecting them from any risk of harm, intimidation, reprisal or revictimization;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 42b
- Paragraph text
- [The most effective responses are multidisciplinary and take into account the various types of short-, mid- and long-term care and assistance that child victims require for their full recovery and reintegration. True efficacy requires that responses be:] Available to the child and her or his family;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Health
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 42e
- Paragraph text
- [The most effective responses are multidisciplinary and take into account the various types of short-, mid- and long-term care and assistance that child victims require for their full recovery and reintegration. True efficacy requires that responses be:] Able to offer safe and child-friendly alternative or residential care that accommodates the basic needs of child victims, is governed by child protection norms and standards and is subject to regular monitoring. To that end, it is essential to establish minimum standards for alternative and residential care. All registered centres must be required to submit monthly reports on the arrival and departure of children and details related to their care and transfer;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 43b
- Paragraph text
- [To ensure that child victims receive appropriate assistance for their full social reintegration and physical and psychological recovery, follow-up measures must:] Favour family- or community-based environments over institutional or residential care for the long-term living arrangements of child victims, in accordance with the best interests of the child;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 45
- Paragraph text
- Because of the multifaceted nature and complexity of the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, preventing the victimization of children requires the adoption of effective preventive measures that are developed in the framework of a comprehensive child rights system and involve all relevant stakeholders, including children, families and communities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 48b
- Paragraph text
- [Preventive measures should address critical socio-economic factors by:] Ensuring the availability of and access to socio-economic services, beginning with adequate food, housing, education and health care, for children at risk and their families, enabling them to live a life of dignity;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 49c
- Paragraph text
- [Preventive measures must include steps to promote sustainable education and awareness-raising, including by:] Informing children, their families and others working with children about the availability of complaints mechanisms and child-friendly complaint, reporting and counselling services, including hotlines, if a child has been or is at risk of being victimized in any way;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 55
- Paragraph text
- Responsibility for ensuring the participation of children is broadly shared by local governments and authorities, people who work directly with or on behalf of children, parliaments and legislatures, non-governmental organizations and civil society, independent national human rights institutions, the private sector and corporate entities, religious, spiritual, cultural and indigenous leaders, and regional and international organizations and multilateral agencies. The mass media also has an important role to play in communicating the value of children's participation for all children, families and wider society.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Ethnic minorities
- Families
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 64b
- Paragraph text
- [The expansion and strengthening of mechanisms for monitoring and assessing policies and programmes must be done in accordance with the following principles and standards:] Multisectoral and collaborative efforts should be encouraged between the Government, the parliament, the public administration, child protection networks, civil society (including children, families and the general public), community-based organizations, the media and the private sector;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 73c
- Paragraph text
- [With a view to incorporating provisions on preventing the sale of children and the involvement of children in prostitution and pornography into new or existing corporate social responsibility initiatives in the tourism, travel, transportation, agriculture, financial services, communications, media, Internet services, advertising and entertainment sectors, among others, steps should be taken to do the following:] Ensure that corporate social responsibility policies are appropriately implemented and that widespread public awareness activities and campaigns are undertaken targeting children, parents and communities, including by using their know-how, human and financial resources, networks, structures and leveraged power;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 73e
- Paragraph text
- [With a view to incorporating provisions on preventing the sale of children and the involvement of children in prostitution and pornography into new or existing corporate social responsibility initiatives in the tourism, travel, transportation, agriculture, financial services, communications, media, Internet services, advertising and entertainment sectors, among others, steps should be taken to do the following:] Protect children against online sexual exploitation, including by restricting access to harmful or illegal content through filtering, blocking and monitoring programmes; providing tools that allow parents and caregivers to control the content of the user; equipping children and their parents with information and user-friendly tools; ending the use of the Internet and new technologies for the grooming of children and the subsequent perpetration of abuse, whether committed online or not; reporting offending content to police; establishing accessible telephone or web-based hotlines; and taking actions to trace and stop the flow of financial transactions for the sexual exploitation of children through the services of financial institutions;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 73g
- Paragraph text
- [With a view to incorporating provisions on preventing the sale of children and the involvement of children in prostitution and pornography into new or existing corporate social responsibility initiatives in the tourism, travel, transportation, agriculture, financial services, communications, media, Internet services, advertising and entertainment sectors, among others, steps should be taken to do the following:] Reinforce community and government efforts to respect children's rights by providing support for services to child victims or children at risk and their families and educational and awareness-raising campaigns targeting children, parents, teachers, youth organizations and others working with and for children on children's vulnerability to exploitation, on the use of the Internet, mobile telephones and other new technologies for the purpose of sexual exploitation and on protective measures;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Comprehensive prevention strategies against sale and sexual exploitation of children 2013, para. 25
- Paragraph text
- Push factors focus on the child in a given context and situation. They highlight the failure of the environment to protect children and the reasons why children may be driven or "pushed" away. Risks arise from the situation of the child him or herself, the child's immediate environment such as the family or the community, or the broader political, social, economic, institutional and cultural context. The vulnerability of a child depends on social norms within the community, the availability of adequate social services, and the adaptation of the environment to his or her needs, among other factors.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Comprehensive prevention strategies against sale and sexual exploitation of children 2013, para. 34
- Paragraph text
- Children living and working on the street lack the protective environment to counter potential traffickers and exploiters and may be forced into exploitative situations, including for survival. Girls belonging to gangs can be subject to sexual violence and exploitation by male gang members. Child labourers, particularly girls engaged in domestic work, are vulnerable to exploitation. Child migrants, especially children migrating on their own, are easy prey to traffickers. Furthermore, when migrating to new places, children and families often leave behind social support networks, which provide protection. Children in institutions are also at increased risk. In many countries, institutions are neither registered nor monitored, making children particularly vulnerable to abuse and exploitation without access to a remedy.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Girls
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Comprehensive prevention strategies against sale and sexual exploitation of children 2013, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- The vulnerability of children is also a function of their primary caregivers' vulnerability. The family represents the first layer of a protective environment. The family is not limited to biological parents, but includes the extended family and community, as provided by local custom, the foster family, the adoptive family, legal guardians and other persons responsible for the child. When families cannot fulfil their protective role, children are particularly exposed.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Comprehensive prevention strategies against sale and sexual exploitation of children 2013, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- The reasons are multiple. Parents or other primary caregivers may be absent owing to illness and death, a decision to migrate and leave children behind, work obligations, a divorce or separation, or because they have abandoned the child. They may struggle with difficult conditions and be unable to ensure protection for children and meet their basic needs. Poverty, unemployment, disease, disability and difficulty in accessing social services as a result of discrimination and exclusion affect the ability of parents to care for their children. Families may feel powerless to deal with the problems faced by their children. Communication may be hampered by a lack of intergenerational understanding. Other dysfunctions, such as mental or behavioural disorders, conflict, substance addiction and domestic violence, weaken the capacity of families to provide a harmonious and protective environment and make children more likely to engage in risky behaviours in order to escape an unwelcoming context. Often, the same family experiences multiple strains simultaneously.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Comprehensive prevention strategies against sale and sexual exploitation of children 2013, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- The physical environment can be an important protective - and risk - factor. The design of public places can create spaces where children are particularly at risk of being abused. Quality of life conditions and the availability of social services are essential elements for stable families and communities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Comprehensive prevention strategies against sale and sexual exploitation of children 2013, para. 40
- Paragraph text
- Communities can offer safety nets that support children in difficult situations. The willingness of, and coordination among, community actors to protect children can compensate for the weakness of public institutions. Religious communities can play a protective role by supporting the most vulnerable, having access to family spheres, helping to solve conflicts and promoting a culture of non-violence. Protective social norms, such as importance awarded to education, the promotion of responsible sexual behaviours and intergenerational communication, can help to prevent risky conduct.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Comprehensive prevention strategies against sale and sexual exploitation of children 2013, para. 41
- Paragraph text
- However, the family and community can be affected by external factors that weaken endogenous protection mechanisms and expose children to risk. In addition to various social issues, these include rapid urbanization, political instability, environmental insecurity and large-scale population movement.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Comprehensive prevention strategies against sale and sexual exploitation of children 2013, para. 46
- Paragraph text
- Social norms can make a number of child rights violations acceptable and not recognized as violations. For example, child marriage for the payment of a high dowry is a form of sale, although in some societies it may be considered culturally acceptable. Transactional sex, in which sexual favours are exchanged for other favours, may not be immediately identified as prostitution. Violence against children may be seen as an educational practice. Customary law may also lead to arrangements between families "settling" cases of child sexual violence and exploitation without respect for the rights of the victim.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Harmful Practices
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph