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Financialization of housing and the right to adequate housing 2017, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- The housing sector in the global South has not been subject to extensive financing of homeownership. Only about 17 per cent of the population in Botswana, Kenya, Namibia and Zambia, for example, would be eligible for mortgage finance based on existing criteria. Low-income, informal and indigenous communities have nevertheless experienced, first-hand, the power of financial corporations to appropriate land and real estate and to generate vast disparities in wealth by treating housing and land as commodities. The displacement of Garifuna communities by model cities containing luxury developments for tourists and wealthy residents in Honduras is an example of the kinds of displacements of communities and forced evictions that are occurring in many countries (see A/HRC/33/42/Add.2, para. 56). Many local and national governments looking for capital investment have opted to sell land to major developers at the expense of indigenous and impoverished communities and those living in precarious housing.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 76
- Paragraph text
- Multi-stakeholder initiatives should define indicators to assess the risk level of clients and determine the intensity and frequency of audits. Such indicators should take into account elements such as State ratification and enforcement of relevant international conventions on human rights and labour standards; the existence of regulatory regimes that regulate recruitment activities in accordance with international standards and guidelines; the level of informality within the economic sector in which the client operates; the percentage of vulnerable groups in the client’s workforce, including the number of migrant, temporary, seasonal, contractual or home-based workers; the level of complexity of the client’s labour supply chains; and client’s previous record on these issues.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis 2017, para. 38
- Paragraph text
- Children may be compelled to work to sustain themselves or provide for their families’ basic needs, especially where parents cannot work legally or simply cannot find work, legally or illegally. Iraqi and Syrian refugee children in Lebanon, for example, work in textile factories, construction or the food service industry, or as agricultural labour or street vendors in conditions amounting to forced labour. According to UNICEF, in Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey, shopkeepers, farmers and manufacturers hire Syrian refugee children because they can pay them a lower wage. Children, especially girls, are seen as less likely to be targeted by the police or prosecuted for illegal work than adults, making families more likely to send them to work. These types of child labour, which often mask other forms of exploitation, such as trafficking for forced labour, have dire consequences on children.
- Body
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Girls
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The human rights of migrants on a 2035 agenda for facilitating human mobility 2017, para. 45
- Paragraph text
- Opening up more regular migration channels for migrants at all skill levels would considerably reduce undocumented migration and limit the power of smuggling rings. Allowing people to look for work on the regular labour market would present opportunities for both employers and workers. Abolishing sponsorship-based temporary migrant worker programmes and providing open work visas would considerably reduce labour exploitation.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis 2017, para. 85d
- Paragraph text
- [In terms of prevention and the promotion of rights, States, in cooperation with United Nations agencies and programmes, international organizations, host countries and civil society organizations, should:] Identify measures to prevent the sexual and labour exploitation of children, including by establishing accessible, safe and regular channels of migration, respecting the principle of non-refoulement and ensuring that, whenever relevant, migrant and refugee children have regular access to the labour market in the host country;
- Body
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- Budget constraints imposed by client companies and limitations in audit protocols with respect to worker interviews, including the practical challenges of interviewing migrant workers from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds, are also key concerns. Given the low levels of awareness among clients about trafficking and forced labour risks and a lack of systems for assessing recruitment and migration practices, the level of detection of trafficking in persons and forced labour cases remains low. An underlying problem identified through the dialogue with the auditing industry is the absence of representatives of that industry at standard-setting negotiations within multi-stakeholder initiatives. As a result, such negotiations can produce auditing protocols that are not effective or practical.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 112
- Paragraph text
- States should ensure that bilateral and multilateral agreements on labour migration include mechanisms for oversight of recruitment of migrant workers, are concluded between countries of origin, transit and destination, as relevant, and are implemented effectively. States should also ensure that such agreements are consistent with internationally recognized human rights, including fundamental principles and rights at work, and other relevant international human rights instruments and labour standards. Agreements should also contain specific mechanisms to ensure international coordination and cooperation, including on consular protection, and to close regulatory and enforcement gaps related to recruitment across common labour migration corridors.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- Regarding lessons learned and challenges in detecting cases of forced labour and trafficking in persons, representatives of the auditing community were asked to consider the strengths and weaknesses of current audit strategies, including how auditors addressed recruitment and migration practices, how they gathered information from workers, and challenges and constraints related to client expectations.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The human rights of migrants on a 2035 agenda for facilitating human mobility 2017, para. 50
- Paragraph text
- Underground labour markets act as a magnet for undocumented migration at the request of exploitative employers and constitute a major pull factor for exploited migrant workers and a key trigger of the smuggling market. It is, however, difficult to reduce those markets significantly owing to the favourable impact of lower labour costs on certain economic sectors, in particular the construction, agriculture, caregiving, hospitality, fisheries and extraction industries, the acquiescence of consumers, the indifference of politicians and the absence of complaints by migrants owing to their fear of detection, detention and deportation. Nevertheless, action needs to be taken to achieve mobility without distortions to the labour market, which would entail considerably reinforcing labour inspection mechanisms, vigorously targeting exploitative employers and empowering migrants to defend their rights.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Financialization of housing and the right to adequate housing 2017, para. 5
- Paragraph text
- Elsewhere, financialization is linked to expanded credit and debt taken on by individual households made vulnerable to predatory lending practices and the volatility of markets, the result of which is unprecedented housing precarity. Financialized housing markets have caused displacement and evictions at an unparalleled scale: in the United States of America over the course of 5 years, over 13 million foreclosures resulted in more than 9 million households being evicted. In Spain, more than half a million foreclosures between 2008 and 2013 resulted in over 300,000 evictions. There were almost 1 million foreclosures between 2009 and 2012 in Hungary.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The human rights of migrants on a 2035 agenda for facilitating human mobility 2017, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- In effect, States must reclaim the mobility market from the smugglers and adopt measures to regularize undocumented migrants. Migrants do not want to be undocumented or use smugglers, but are forced to do so owing to a lack of regular, safe, accessible and affordable mobility options. They would rather pay a reasonable fee to a visa officer than suffer extortion at the hands of smugglers. They would adapt to the requirements of States for access to regular mobility solutions within a reasonable time and arrive at border posts, presenting official identity and travel documents in good order, rather than embarking with their families on a journey riddled with suffering. They would work in official labour markets, even for the minimum salary, instead of being exploited and abused in underground labour markets. Well-designed mobility policies are needed to induce this virtuous cycle.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Extreme poverty and human rights on universal basic income 2017, para. 41
- Paragraph text
- Another famous example is the Bolsa Família in Brazil — Latin America’s largest conditional cash transfer programme — which was introduced in 2004, building on earlier, smaller, cash transfer programmes. Indigent and poor families wanting to receive the cash benefit are required to visit health clinics regularly and/or to meet minimum school attendance requirements. Brazil also has unconditional cash transfer programmes, such as the Benefício de Prestação Continuada, which is disbursed to the elderly and to individuals with disabilities living in low-income households. The Bolsa Família was enacted the day after another law that established a citizen’s income for every Brazilian citizen or foreigner residing in the country for more than five years, regardless of their socioeconomic condition. But the latter law was never implemented and is often confused by the public with other existing minimum income programmes.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The human rights of migrants on a 2035 agenda for facilitating human mobility 2017, para. 40a
- Paragraph text
- [With that in mind, the Special Rapporteur proposes developing a 2035 agenda for facilitating human mobility, which would translate the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development into “bite-sized” and achievable goals, targets and indicators. The 2030 Agenda already refers, in certain Sustainable Development Goals, to the human and labour rights of migrants, including:] Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrants, especially women migrants, and those in precarious employment (target 8.8);
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The human rights of migrants on a 2035 agenda for facilitating human mobility 2017, para. 38a
- Paragraph text
- [Such facilitated mobility would have obvious advantages, including the fact that it would:] Significantly reduce the market for smugglers and unethical recruiters;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 54
- Paragraph text
- The consultations also fostered robust dialogue on strategies and engagement aimed at promoting workers’ voices and empowerment within sustainability initiatives, especially within compliance monitoring schemes, including complaints hotlines, the use of worker surveys, good practices in engaging workers during audits, training and capacity-building for workers on their rights and responsibilities in the workplace, and training on worker-management dialogue in the workplace. However, ensuring that potentially vulnerable workers, such as migrants, young people and women, were not inadvertently excluded from these new strategies was identified as a challenge.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Youth
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The human rights of migrants on a 2035 agenda for facilitating human mobility 2017, para. 38c
- Paragraph text
- [Such facilitated mobility would have obvious advantages, including the fact that it would:] Provide the opportunity to show the electorate of destination countries that borders are respected, that authorities are managing migration properly, that employers are integrating migrants into the labour market, that investments have been made in integration programmes and that the fearmongering discourse of nationalist populists is based on stereotypes, myths and fantasies that can be countered by facts.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The human rights of migrants on a 2035 agenda for facilitating human mobility 2017, para. 37b
- Paragraph text
- [Solutions to human mobility needs can be developed along two major axes, as outlined by the Special Rapporteur in previous reports:] Recognizing real labour needs and opening up considerably more visa opportunities or visa-free travel programmes for migrant workers at all skill levels. With appropriate selection and organization, the numbers would be entirely manageable.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The human rights of migrants on a 2035 agenda for facilitating human mobility 2017, para. Target 1.6.
- Paragraph text
- [Offer regular, safe, accessible and affordable mobility solutions to all migrants, regardless of their status or skill level] Facilitate labour mobility for migrants at all skill levels through regional organizations, regional consultative processes, bilateral and regional agreements for the free movement of persons and bilateral and regional trade agreements
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The human rights of migrants on a 2035 agenda for facilitating human mobility 2017, para. Target 1.7.
- Paragraph text
- [Offer regular, safe, accessible and affordable mobility solutions to all migrants, regardless of their status or skill level] Ensure that appropriate governance of migration promotes the optimal matching of job skills to jobs and of labour supply to labour demand between countries
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The human rights of migrants on a 2035 agenda for facilitating human mobility 2017, para. 47
- Paragraph text
- In order to introduce a human rights-based approach to the mobility of human resources in the negotiation of bilateral and multilateral trade agreements, States should, in partnership with the business communities involved, considerably enlarge the elements of human mobility and labour migration in trade negotiations, and representatives of migrants should be offered meaningful opportunities to comment on draft trade agreements as key stakeholders.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The human rights of migrants on a 2035 agenda for facilitating human mobility 2017, para. 48
- Paragraph text
- Much of the labour exploitation that migrants suffer is linked to recruitment agencies. In accordance with international human rights standards, private actors must, as a minimum, respect the human and labour rights of their workers. The private sector, including recruitment agencies and employers, plays an important role in the labour exploitation of migrants and must therefore be part of the solution.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The human rights of migrants on a 2035 agenda for facilitating human mobility 2017, para. Indicator (f)
- Paragraph text
- [Protect the labour and human rights of all migrants, regardless of their status and circumstances] Mutual recognition of foreign educational qualifications, including through the conclusion of bilateral and multilateral agreements;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The human rights of migrants on a 2035 agenda for facilitating human mobility 2017, para. Indicator (e)
- Paragraph text
- [Offer regular, safe, accessible and affordable mobility solutions to all migrants, regardless of their status or skill level] Increased number of regional and bilateral mobility agreements;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The human rights of migrants on a 2035 agenda for facilitating human mobility 2017, para. Indicator (h)
- Paragraph text
- [Offer regular, safe, accessible and affordable mobility solutions to all migrants, regardless of their status or skill level] Increased number of accessible visas and work permits provided at all skill levels;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The human rights of migrants on a 2035 agenda for facilitating human mobility 2017, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- The first step in changing the collective mindset is to accept that migrants will come and go no matter what because of push and pull factors, which, on the whole, are not adequately addressed. Facilitating increased mobility and matching skills to labour needs, as in an accessible, regular, safe and affordable labour market, with appropriate visa systems and security controls, would ensure that most migrants would use regular mobility channels.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The human rights of migrants on a 2035 agenda for facilitating human mobility 2017, para. Indicator (b)
- Paragraph text
- [Increase the collection and analysis of disaggregated data on migration and mobility] Promoting the availability of gender-disaggregated data to improve gender equality policies, including gender-sensitive budgeting, in particular with regard to marginalized groups, including migrants;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The human rights of migrants on a 2035 agenda for facilitating human mobility 2017, para. Target 1.4.
- Paragraph text
- [Offer regular, safe, accessible and affordable mobility solutions to all migrants, regardless of their status or skill level] Create multiple labour migration opportunities, including for low-skilled migrants, to incentivize their use of regular migration channels, by establishing common and accessible visa and work permit regimes
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The human rights of migrants on a 2035 agenda for facilitating human mobility 2017, para. Indicator (f)
- Paragraph text
- [Offer regular, safe, accessible and affordable mobility solutions to all migrants, regardless of their status or skill level] Increased number of bilateral and multilateral agreements on migration that provide for human and labour rights safeguards and comply with international human rights and labour standards, including effective complaint and redress mechanisms;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The human rights of migrants on a 2035 agenda for facilitating human mobility 2017, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- A comprehensive, detailed national migration policy needs to be drawn up and implemented effectively in order to combat labour exploitation of migrants. The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and the Multilateral Framework on Labour Migration of the International Labour Organization (ILO) provides useful guidance in that respect.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The human rights of migrants on a 2035 agenda for facilitating human mobility 2017, para. Target 2.4.
- Paragraph text
- [Protect the labour and human rights of all migrants, regardless of their status and circumstances] Ensure ethical recruitment intermediaries at both ends of the migration process by establishing effective government regulatory frameworks and institutional monitoring mechanisms for the labour recruitment industry and by using all available international cooperation channels
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph