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Eliminating discrimination against women in political and public life with a focus on political transition 2013, para. 86
- Paragraph text
- Women and girls belonging to minority communities, rural and indigenous women, migrant women, refugee women and those seeking asylum, and poor women face discriminatory practices in the implementation of laws on nationality and citizenship. They face prejudicial attitudes as well as structural obstacles which limit access to formal registration of births, marriage, residence and other citizenship documents as well as to relevant information on their rights as citizens. Women who are de facto heads of households, including those who have been abandoned by their husbands, whose divorce is not legally registered, or whose husbands have been forcibly disappeared and do not have death certificates for their husbands , are denied recognition of their status in official documents. Without such access, women from these communities become disproportionately vulnerable in exercising their full and equal rights as citizens.
- Body
- Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and practice
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Girls
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Eliminating discrimination against women in economic and social life with a focus on economic crisis 2014, para. 50
- Paragraph text
- Women in the informal economy have, furthermore, been deeply affected by economic crisis. There is an "added worker" effect, whereby women enter the labour force to provide additional income security to the household, often forcing them into precarious work, migrant labour overseas or exposing them to trafficking. According to Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing, nearly 40 per cent of street vendors interviewed in developing countries in 2009 had experienced an overall deterioration of employment and income levels, and 84 per cent of own-account home-based workers reported reduced monthly incomes.
- Body
- Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and practice
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Gender
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Eliminating discrimination against women in economic and social life with a focus on economic crisis 2014, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- Women migrant workers face exploitation and abuse, often finding themselves in precarious employment without effective legal protections, particularly if they have irregular or undocumented legal status. About half of the world's migrant workers are women, most of them finding work in traditionally female-dominated occupations such as domestic work or in the garment and textile industries. General Recommendation No. 26 of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, on women migrant workers, emphasizes that all categories of women migrants must be protected against discrimination. The ILO Migrant Workers Convention (No. 143) and the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families also provide important protections.
- Body
- Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and practice
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
The right to education of migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers 2010, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur also notes that the international norms and instruments listed earlier pay little attention to the particular situation of the educational rights of migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers. The same is the case with many other instruments, such as the Convention concerning Migration for Employment (Revised 1949), the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (1949), the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965), the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious or Linguistic Minorities (1992), and the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (1992).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
The right to education of migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers 2010, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- However, the Special Rapporteur observes that the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol (arts. 4 and 22) and the Migrant Workers Convention reiterate the right to educational choice and the obligation of the contracting States to accord to refugees the same treatment as is accorded to nationals with respect to “elementary education” and to ensure “equal opportunities” with respect to non-elementary education. This includes access, the recognition of certificates and diplomas, the remission of fees and charges and the award of scholarships. Moreover, in accordance with article 28.1 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child “equal opportunity” in terms of the “best interest” principle may justify differential treatment of migrant, refugee and asylum-seekers’ children, such as mother-tongue teaching, provided that non-discrimination measures are in place, although in article 45.4 of the Migrant Workers Convention, there is no obligation for receiving States to provide special mother-tongue instruction schemes.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
The right to education of migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers 2010, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur is also concerned by the incomplete realization of the right to education of migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers (or children thereof) of irregular status. The Special Rapporteur thus welcomes the increasing recognition of equality of treatment irrespective of legal status, as expressed in the International Labour Organization (ILO) Migrant Workers Convention No. 143 (Supplementary Provisions) (arts. 1 and 9), the United Nations Migrant Workers Convention, the final report of the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (principle 12) and the 2000 Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000 implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin (para. 12). The Special Rapporteur, however, views the lack of ratification of, in particular, the United Nations Migrant Workers Convention (which by February 2010 had been signed by only 31 of the 192 United Nations Members, of which virtually all are countries of emigration) as indicative of State apathy in this area.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
The right to education of migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers 2010, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur further notes that child migrants and refugees, often in search of education and work opportunities, are particularly vulnerable to forced, compulsory and exploitative labour and sexual abuse. International instruments, such as the ILO Minimum Age Convention No. 138 and the European Social Charter (revised) (art. 7.2), establish 15 as the minimum age for both the completion of compulsory schooling and entry into employment. Consequently, the increased reduction of the right to education in elementary schooling undermines the protection of child migrants and refugees from hazardous work. This is related to the understanding that education can, and should, serve as an important tool to protect children from sexual and gender-based violence, HIV/AIDS, military recruitment, crime and drugs, inter alia.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Gender
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
The right to education of migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers 2010, para. 48
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur takes this opportunity to emphasize that school learning content and non-formal learning for refugees and asylum-seekers in refugee camps should aim to transmit key life-saving and life-sustaining messages (including landmine and unexploded ordinance awareness, rapid evacuation, skills-based health education, conflict resolution, humanitarian norms, child protection, etc.) in addition to preparation for local integration, repatriation or resettlement. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur specifically draws attention to, and welcomes, the educational work of UNHCR, but encourages increased attention, intensity and breadth in its provision.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
The right to education of migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers 2010, para. 50
- Paragraph text
- The shortage of teachers is a major obstacle to access and good quality education for refugees, asylum-seekers and migrants. Overcrowded and unmanageable classes increase student dropout. Especially in developed countries, schools with a large migrant and refugee proportion are often the most disadvantaged in terms of funds and qualified and experienced staff. In refugee camps, low and/or inappropriate compensation (teachers receiving monetary or non-monetary “incentives” instead of salaries) encourage teachers to work for NGOs or for schools outside the camp rather than in a refugee school.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
The right to education of migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers 2010, para. 82
- Paragraph text
- [Regarding the legal and normative framework, the Special Rapporteur is of the view that:] • As the International Conference on Population and Development (1994) identified migration as a consequence of significant global economic transformations, the Special Rapporteur is particularly concerned by the fact that half of the world’s out-of-school children — 39 million — live in conflict-affected areas. Moreover, as 80 per cent of all refugees are hosted by countries of the developing world, which figure shows that a disproportionate burden is carried by those least able to afford it, increased international cooperation and sharing of responsibility is required, as called for in the International Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Dakar Framework for Action adopted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 2000. As underdevelopment is a “principal root cause” of migration, helping Governments to realize the right to development becomes imperative.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
The exercise of the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association in the workplace 2016, para. 81
- Paragraph text
- Access to effective remedies is a key issue for workers, who often lack legal recourse for rights violations. Workers in vulnerable situations may find it especially difficult to assert their rights because of structural impediments, including lack of access to labour inspectorates that often do not operate in informal and private work places; collaboration between immigration and police officials that prioritizes investigating migration status over employers' violations of rights; and restrictions that make migrant workers "unfree labour", preventing them from circulating in host countries.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Migrant worker’s right to health 2013, para. 23
- Paragraph text
- States are obligated to protect the right to health of individuals from interference by third parties. Recruitment agencies, which are mostly private enterprises, are typically the first point of contact in the formal migration process for low-skilled migrant workers, many of whom are illiterate and poor. They provide information to migrant workers about job opportunities and living and work conditions in receiving States for a fee. They also arrange documentation necessary for migration, thus playing a crucial role in guiding migrant workers through important phases of migration. Dependence on recruitment agencies may render migrant workers vulnerable to exploitation and abuse, necessitating regulation of recruitment agencies by sending States.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Migrant worker’s right to health 2013, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- Many receiving States require migrant workers to undergo compulsory medical testing for certain conditions such as HIV, tuberculosis and pregnancy as part of their immigration policy. Though quite a few countries have eased HIV-related travel restrictions, compulsory testing for HIV for residence and work, especially for low-skilled migrant workers, continues in over 40 countries. This is despite commitment by States to enact legislation eliminating all forms of discrimination against persons living with HIV and recommendations against compulsory tests for migrant workers.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Migrant worker’s right to health 2013, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- Furthermore, test results are passed on to employers or recruitment agencies without the migrant worker's consent, breaching the requirement of confidentiality and contrary to international recommendations. Additionally, pre- and post-test counselling protocols may not be followed, even when required by law. A right to health approach, however, requires that counselling, voluntary testing and treatment be treated as a health-care continuum. Migrant workers who test positive for HIV may remain in an irregular situation, making them more vulnerable to abuse by employers and less likely to access medical treatment. In cases of pregnancy, women may resort to risky illegal abortion to avoid deportation. Further, compulsory testing stigmatizes those who are deported based on positive test results.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Migrant worker’s right to health 2013, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- Detention centres are often overcrowded, lack basic standards of hygiene, nutritious food and water. They have been described as centres of abuse and violence against migrant workers. Long periods of detention and poor living conditions in detention centres facilitate the transmission of communicable diseases and can have a devastating effect on the mental health of migrant workers. Health-care services in some detention centres are reportedly unavailable, difficult to access and of poor quality, which is particularly concerning for migrant workers detained due to health status. Migrant workers living with HIV have faced stigmatization and harassment as a result of lack of confidentiality in detention. Where States persist with immigration detention, they should, at the minimum, provide detainees with adequate living conditions, consensual medical check-ups and make quality and confidential physical and mental health facilities available and accessible in a timely manner.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Migrant worker’s right to health 2013, para. 76h
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur recommends that sending and receiving States take the following steps in order to realize the right to health of migrant workers:] Delink access to health facilities, goods and services from the legal status of migrant workers and ensure that preventative, curative and emergency health facilities, goods and services are available and accessible to all migrant workers, including irregular migrant workers, in a non-discriminatory manner. States should endeavour to prevent treatment interruption for migrant workers and remove barriers to accessing health care, such as those that are linguistic, cultural, administrative and employment-related;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Migrant worker’s right to health 2013, para. 76l
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur recommends that sending and receiving States take the following steps in order to realize the right to health of migrant workers:] Prevent the detention and deportation of migrant workers based on their health status and ensure the provision of care and treatment to such migrant workers at the first instance. At minimum, States should ensure that migrant workers are not deported without referral for treatment or to States where the required treatment is not available and accessible;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Migrant worker’s right to health 2013, para. 55
- Paragraph text
- Discrimination and prejudice based on gender, ethnicity and socio-economic status intersect, causing chronic stress and making migrant domestic workers a highly vulnerable and marginalized group. Owing to their vulnerability, isolation and dependence, migrant domestic workers experience a range of violations which negate their enjoyment of the right to health and its underlying determinants. Violations include food and sleep deprivation, denial of medical treatment, squalid living conditions, non-payment of wages, excessive work hours (increasing the risk of accidents) and psychological, physical and sexual abuse. Cardiovascular, endocrine, skin, musculoskeletal, and psychological conditions have also been documented among migrant domestic workers, with worst cases resulting in death, including suicide.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Migrant worker’s right to health 2013, para. 56
- Paragraph text
- Migrant domestic workers are frequently excluded or inadequately covered by the receiving State's labour laws and social protections, including health insurance. Sponsorship systems, debt, language barriers, fear of arrest, detention or deportation and a lack of effective recourse for violations interact to varying degrees in different receiving States to facilitate the systematic exploitation and abuse of domestic workers. The situation of some migrant domestic workers has even been described as "modern-day slavery". In order to fulfil the right to health, States are obligated to address the particular vulnerability of migrant domestic workers under labour, occupational health and safety and social protection laws.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Migrant worker’s right to health 2013, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur is pleased to observe the adoption by the International Labour Office (ILO) in 2011 of Domestic Workers Convention No. 189 and Recommendation No. 201, which details requirements for protection from harassment and violence, occupational health and safety, written contracts and protection under labour laws. This follows general comment No. 1 (2010) on migrant domestic workers of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of all Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, which pays particular attention to the vulnerability of migrant domestic workers throughout the different stages of migration. Implementation of these instruments would provide greater protection to migrant domestic workers at all stages of the migration process, thereby creating an enabling environment consistent with the obligation to fulfil the right to health.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Migration and the right to adequate housing 2010, para. 85
- Paragraph text
- As part of social and cultural integration policies, States should involve migrants in decision-making processes and promote their active participation in public life through adequate representation and participation mechanisms. States should also inform migrants of their rights and duties in the country and promote their active exercise. Migrants are at a particular disadvantage as a result of lack of information. The need for appropriate housing information and advice to prevent housing exclusion and homelessness of migrants is essential, and States have the responsibility to provide it. They should ensure that information and advice on rights and duties relating to housing is available to migrants, including in their native languages. Furthermore, States should foster mutual understanding among local communities and ensure mutual respect for cultural diversity.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Migration and the right to adequate housing 2010, para. 58
- Paragraph text
- In some cases, non-citizens are subject to double discrimination as both migrants and members of minority groups. During her missions, the Special Rapporteur has encountered numerous cases of migrants from minority groups who have been denied residency permits even though they have lived in the host country for decades or even generations. The lack of regularization obstructs their access to housing in private markets as well as housing assistance from local governments. The Special Rapporteur also received numerous complaints of forced eviction of migrants belonging to minority groups.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Migration and the right to adequate housing 2010, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- In its conclusions on Albania of 2006, the European Committee of Social Rights recalled that according to article 19, paragraph 4, of the European Social Charter, States must eliminate all legal and de facto discrimination concerning access to public and private housing for migrant workers and that, accordingly, no legal or de facto restrictions on subsidized housing may be implemented. In its conclusions on the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Committee noted that there were no objective, pre-established and easily understandable eligibility criteria to qualify for housing benefits, and requested information from the Government on the number of foreign nationals who had been refused any form of social assistance on the grounds that they did not satisfy the habitual residence condition. Furthermore, in its decision on the case DCI vs. the Netherlands, the Committee stated that the State must provide adequate shelter to undocumented migrant children under its jurisdiction.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Migration and the right to adequate housing 2010, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- Discrimination is often a precondition and by-product of the marginalization to which certain groups and individuals are subject and is the root of many inequalities in society. On many occasions migrants suffer multiple forms of discrimination on the basis of national origin, culture, religion or sex. The multiple layers of discrimination and exclusion faced by migrants affect their access to adequate housing. This marginalization is often a manifestation of larger forms of structural discrimination that extend through the institutional, cultural, social and economic fabric of society, adversely affecting the housing conditions and overall well-being of migrants.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Migration and the right to adequate housing 2010, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- In the private sector in most countries, it is difficult for low-income migrants to rent private housing, as homeowners often avoid renting to them because of xenophobic sentiments, fear of insolvency or uncertainty of income, inadequate legal documents, short-term stays or lack of an employment record. Moreover, migrants are often asked to provide guarantees that they cannot access in the hosting country. When migrants manage to rent a private home, they are usually requested to pay onerous rents and make advance payments. Migrants may also face discrimination when trying to purchase a property and are sometimes barred by laws and regulations from doing so.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Migration and the right to adequate housing 2010, para. 4
- Paragraph text
- International migrants worldwide are estimated to number over 200 million, representing 3.1 per cent of the world population. Ninety million of them are migrant workers. Forty-eight per cent of all international migrants are women. While the larger proportion of migrants moves from low- and middle-income countries to high-income countries, representing a total flow of 80 million persons, it is estimated that South-South migration accounts for 47 per cent of all migration from the South. Migration between developing countries may be even higher if undocumented migration is considered, as official numbers are for the most part unknown, but it is estimated to be around one third of documented migration.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Migration and the right to adequate housing 2010, para. 46
- Paragraph text
- Violence and forced evictions targeted towards migrants also raise serious concerns in this regard. Migrants living in informal settlements are often victims of forced evictions in the context of urban renewal projects. When no alternative accommodation is provided by the government, undocumented migrants, who often lack access to social security and services, are rendered homeless, forced to move in with friends or relatives or pushed to the outskirts of the city. In some cases, forced evictions are followed by deportation (see A/HRC/14/30, para. 52).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Post conflict and post disaster reconstruction and the right to adequate housing 2011, para. 5
- Paragraph text
- Armed conflicts and natural disasters are a massive and growing problem worldwide. They have devastating consequences for the people affected and cause daunting challenges on a massive scale. Each year conflicts result in dislocation for hundreds of thousands of people. According to calculations by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the total number of people forcibly uprooted through conflict and persecution stood at 43.3 million at the end of 2009, "the highest number since the mid-1990s". This included 15.2 million refugees, 983,000 asylum seekers, and 27.1 million internally displaced persons (IDPs). At the same time the world is facing natural disasters on an unprecedented scale. During the period 2000-2008 an average of 392 disasters per year occurred worldwide. During 2009 a total of 335 disasters were reported, killing 10,655 and affecting more than 119 million persons, and causing more than US$41.3 billion in damages.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Post conflict and post disaster reconstruction and the right to adequate housing 2011, para. 11
- Paragraph text
- Another important development was the formulation of the Principles on Housing and Property Restitution for Refugees and Displaced Persons, generally known as the "Pinheiro Principles". These were the culmination of a shift that commenced in the early 1990s "from what were essentially humanitarian-driven responses to voluntary repatriation to more rights-based approaches to return […] increasingly grounded in the principle of restorative justice and of restitution as a legal remedy which can support refugees and internally displaced persons in their choice of a durable solution (whether return, resettlement or local integration)".
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Analysis of two alternative housing policies: rental and collective housing 2013, para. 59
- Paragraph text
- The main purpose of community land trusts is to lock the value of the land in order to preserve the long-term affordability of housing for low- and middle-income households. Such affordability and location aspects are therefore one of the main pillars of community land trusts, and purchase or rental prices are usually below market value (typically 20 to 65 per cent), essentially because the leaseholder only pays for the home and not the land. In exchange, homeowners accept limitations when reselling their homes, usually committing to a maximum 25 per cent profit of the original price paid. This allows future low- to moderate-income households to access the same property at an affordable cost and help the community to resist gentrification processes and development-related displacement.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph