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Selected groups of defenders at risk: journalists and media workers, defenders working on land and environment issues; and youth and student defenders 2012, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- The right to freedom of expression and the right to seek, receive and impart information are contained in article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This right is also enshrined in article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights as well as in several regional conventions and charters.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2012
- Date modified
- Sep 22, 2021
Paragraph
Right to health and criminalization of same-sex conduct and sexual orientation, sex-work and HIV transmission 2010, para. 34
- Paragraph text
- Globally, there have been periods where sex work has been highly regulated or decriminalized, generally to manage certain aspects of sex work or to achieve control of disease, particularly within the military. However, prohibitions against sex work are regarded as "notoriously difficult to enforce" and of questionable utility where enforcement is accompanied by extortion and brutality. In recent times, significant opposition has arisen to the imposition of criminal sanctions against sex workers, and certain nations have amended laws to decriminalize sex work.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- All
- Year
- 2010
- Date modified
- Sep 22, 2021
Paragraph
Right to health and criminalization of same-sex conduct and sexual orientation, sex-work and HIV transmission 2010, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- Stigmatization has been cited as the major factor preventing sex workers from accessing their rights. Laws criminalizing or onerously regulating sex work compound the stigmatization experienced by sex workers, adversely affecting health outcomes, often without justification on the grounds of public health. The Geschlechtskrankheitengesetz, a law in Germany designed to combat venereal disease, required prostitutes to undergo mandatory medical examinations. This law legally stigmatized sex workers as being almost solely responsible for the spread of venereal disease, despite the absence of epidemiological studies to support this. The law has since been amended to provide for voluntary, anonymous testing.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- All
- Year
- 2010
- Date modified
- Sep 22, 2021
Paragraph
Right to health and criminalization of same-sex conduct and sexual orientation, sex-work and HIV transmission 2010, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- Moreover, the criminalization of practices related to sex work can create barriers to the realization of safe working conditions. For instance, where laws exist prohibiting the running of a brothel, those who invariably subvert the law and run such a business can impose unsafe working conditions without difficulty, as sex workers themselves have no recourse to legal mechanisms through which they can demand safer working conditions. Where criminalization in any form exists, the protection offered by a brothel or a manager may become increasingly desirable or necessary, but this also comes at a price: fiscally, through the opportunities created for extortion, and in terms of health.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- All
- Year
- 2010
- Date modified
- Sep 22, 2021
Paragraph
Right to health and criminalization of same-sex conduct and sexual orientation, sex-work and HIV transmission 2010, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- For example, New Zealand decriminalized sex work in 2003, with the express aim of safeguarding the human rights of sex workers. Prior to decriminalization, sex workers were less willing to disclose their occupation to health workers or to carry condoms. Since decriminalization, sex workers have reported feeling that they have enforceable rights, including the rights to health and security of person, and are increasingly able to refuse particular clients and practices, and negotiate safer sex.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- All
- Year
- 2010
- Date modified
- Sep 22, 2021
Paragraph
Right to health and criminalization of same-sex conduct and sexual orientation, sex-work and HIV transmission 2010, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- The use of punitive measures against sex workers, such as antisocial behaviour orders in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, has undermined effective health promotion activities. Raids, cautions and arrests generally result in a shift of the sex worker population, often towards unsafe areas, putting sex workers at higher risk. Criminalization has also been noted to diminish the "bargaining power" of sex workers in choosing clients and negotiating condom use.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Health
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- All
- Year
- 2010
- Date modified
- Sep 22, 2021
Paragraph
Right to health and criminalization of same-sex conduct and sexual orientation, sex-work and HIV transmission 2010, para. 47
- Paragraph text
- Criminalization represents a barrier to participation and collective action, through the suppression of activities of civil society and individual advocates. The participation of sex workers in interventions has been shown to have significant benefits. Organizations representing sex workers took an early lead in attempting to slow the spread of HIV/AIDS, through the promotion of condom use, the development of AIDS education programmes and inclusive research studies.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- All
- Year
- 2010
- Date modified
- Sep 22, 2021
Paragraph
Right to health and criminalization of same-sex conduct and sexual orientation, sex-work and HIV transmission 2010, para. 50
- Paragraph text
- Decriminalization also assists in appropriately targeting these health promotion projects, as sex workers are more likely to self-identify and voluntarily take part in interventions if the risk of legal repercussion is eliminated. Effective interventions around the health of sex workers and clients should also consider shared responsibility and client behaviour; this is increasingly possible in an environment where clients are not criminalized for using the services of sex workers.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- All
- Year
- 2010
- Date modified
- Sep 22, 2021
Paragraph
Right to health and criminalization of same-sex conduct and sexual orientation, sex-work and HIV transmission 2010, para. 76b
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur calls upon States:] To repeal all laws criminalizing sex work and practices around it, and to establish appropriate regulatory frameworks within which sex workers can enjoy the safe working conditions to which they are entitled. He recommends that States implement programmes and educational initiatives to allow sex workers access to appropriate, quality health services;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- All
- Year
- 2010
- Date modified
- Sep 22, 2021
Paragraph
Gender-related killings of women 2012, para. 76
- Paragraph text
- Reports of homicides of "trans" people reflect that 93 murders were recorded in the first half of 2010. Another project has revealed that between January 2008 and September 2011 there were 681 reports of murdered "trans" people in 50 countries.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- LGBTQI+
- Women
- Year
- 2012
- Date modified
- Sep 22, 2021
Paragraph
Right to health and criminalization of same-sex conduct and sexual orientation, sex-work and HIV transmission 2010, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- Criminalization represents a barrier to accessing services, establishing therapeutic relationships and continuing treatment regimes, leading to poorer health outcomes for sex workers, as they may fear legal consequences or harassment and judgement. This is particularly concerning given that HIV has been noted to disproportionately affect sex workers in many regions.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- All
- Year
- 2010
- Date modified
- Sep 22, 2021
Paragraph
Right to health and criminalization of same-sex conduct and sexual orientation, sex-work and HIV transmission 2010, para. 40
- Paragraph text
- In China, laws have evolved to allow for the punishment of sex workers through administrative detention; workers are detained for the purposes of re-education, which causes significant psychological suffering, along with stigmatization and shaming of those involved in sex work in the region.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- All
- Year
- 2010
- Date modified
- Sep 22, 2021
Paragraph
Inter-American Convention on International Traffic in Minors 1994, para. undefined
- Paragraph text
- The original instrument of this Convention, the English, French, Portuguese and Spanish texts of which are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the General Secretariat of the Organization of American States, which shall forward an authenticated copy of its text to the Secretariat of the United Nations for registration and publication in accordance with Article 102 of its Charter. The General Secretariat of the Organization of American States shall notify the Member States of the Organization and the States that have acceded to the Convention of the signatures, deposits of instruments of ratification, accession and denunciation, as well as of reservations, if any, and of their withdrawal. IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned Plenipotentiaries, being duly authorized thereto by their respective Governments, do hereby sign the present Convention. DONE AT MEXICO, D.F., MEXICO, this eighteenth day of March, one thousand nine hundred and ninety-four.
- Body
- Organization of American States
- Document type
- Regional treaty
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Infants
- Year
- 1994
- Date modified
- Sep 22, 2021
Paragraph
Inter-American Convention on International Traffic in Minors 1994, para. undefined
- Paragraph text
- The authentication or similar formalities otherwise required shall be unnecessary when requests for cooperation encompassed by this Convention are transmitted via consular or diplomatic channels or via the Central Authorities, and when conveyed directly from one tribunal to another in the border area of the States Parties. No authentication in the requesting State Party shall be required in the case of related documents returned via the same channels. Where necessary, the requests shall be translated into the official language or languages of the State Party to which they are addressed. With respect to attachments, a translation of the summary of the essential information shall suffice.
- Body
- Organization of American States
- Document type
- Regional treaty
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Infants
- Year
- 1994
- Date modified
- Sep 22, 2021
Paragraph
Inter-American Convention on International Traffic in Minors 1994, para. undefined
- Paragraph text
- AWARE that the international traffic in minors is a universal concern;
- Body
- Organization of American States
- Document type
- Regional treaty
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Infants
- Year
- 1994
- Date modified
- Sep 22, 2021
Paragraph
Inter-American Convention on International Traffic in Minors 1994, para. undefined
- Paragraph text
- The request for locating and returning shall not require authentication and shall be processed through the Central Authorities or directly through the competent authorities referred to in Article 13 of the present Convention. The requested authorities shall decide upon the most expeditious procedures for effecting it. After receiving the request, the requested authorities shall order the necessary steps taken in accordance with their domestic laws to initiate, facilitate, and assist the judicial and administrative procedures involved in locating and returning the minor. In addition, steps shall be taken to ensure the immediate return of the minor, and where necessary, to ensure his or her care, custody or provisional guardianship, depending on the circumstances, and, as a preventive measure, to bar the minor from being wrongfully removed to another State. The request, stating grounds for location and return of the minor, shall be lodged within one hundred and twenty days after the wrongful removal or retention of the minor has been detected. If the request for location and return is lodged by a State Party, the latter shall do so within one hundred and eighty days. When it is necessary to take action before locating the minor, the above-mentioned period shall run from the day on which a person or authority entitled to file the request is informed that the minor has been located. Irrespective of the above, the authorities of the State Party where the minor is retained may at any time order his or her return if it is in the minor's best interests.
- Body
- Organization of American States
- Document type
- Regional treaty
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Infants
- Year
- 1994
- Date modified
- Sep 22, 2021
Paragraph
Article 9: Liberty and security of person 2014, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- While the exact meaning of "promptly" may vary depending on objective circumstances, delays should not exceed a few days from the time of arrest. In the view of the Committee, 48 hours is ordinarily sufficient to transport the individual and to prepare for the judicial hearing; any delay longer than 48 hours must remain absolutely exceptional and be justified under the circumstances. Longer detention in the custody of law enforcement officials without judicial control unnecessarily increases the risk of ill-treatment. Laws in most States parties fix precise time limits, sometimes shorter than 48 hours, and those limits should also not be exceeded. An especially strict standard of promptness, such as 24 hours, should apply in the case of juveniles.
- Body
- Human Rights Committee
- Document type
- General Comment / Recommendation
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- All
- Year
- 2014
- Date modified
- Sep 22, 2021
Paragraph
Right to health of adolescents 2016, para. 9
- Paragraph text
- Adolescence is a life stage of intrinsic value, not merely a transition between childhood and adulthood. It is a critical developmental stage characterized by growing cognitive abilities and emotional competencies, during which the brain has substantial neural plasticity. The physical, mental and social potential established during the second decade contributes to enhanced intellectual ability and emotional functioning throughout adulthood.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Year
- 2016
- Date modified
- Sep 22, 2021
Paragraph
Right to health of adolescents 2016, para. 110
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur would like to link his recommendations with the global call to double investment in adolescence as a major precondition of successfully attaining the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Year
- 2016
- Date modified
- Sep 22, 2021
Paragraph
Effective and full implementation of the right to health framework, including justiciability of ESCR and the right to health; the progressive realisation of the right to health; the accountability deficit of transnational corporations; and the current ... 2014, para. 74
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur recommends that States ratify the Optional Protocols to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure, thereby recognizing the competence of the respective committees to consider individual communications with a view to ensuring the availability of an international adjudicatory mechanism for individuals whose right to health has been violated. The Special Rapporteur further recommends that States recognize the competence of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights to receive and consider inter-State communications.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Year
- 2014
- Date modified
- Sep 21, 2020
Paragraph
Conclusion on civil registration 2013, para. 4
- Paragraph text
- Recognizing that civil registration systems, which record births, deaths, cause of death, and marriage, provide substantial information for policy and humanitarian planning,
- Body
- Executive Committee of the Programme of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
- Document type
- ExCom Conclusion
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Year
- 2013
- Date modified
- Sep 21, 2020
Paragraph
Protocol of 2014 to the Forced Labour Convention 2014, para. Preamble 10
- Paragraph text
- Noting that the effective and sustained suppression of forced or compulsory labour contributes to ensuring fair competition among employers as well as protection for workers, and
- Body
- International Labour Organization
- Document type
- International treaty
- Person(s) affected
- All
- Year
- 2014
- Date modified
- Sep 21, 2020
Paragraph
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter) 1981, para. 1c
- Paragraph text
- [The functions of the Commission shall be:] [To promote human and peoples’ rights and in particular:] cooperate with other African and international institutions concerned with the promotion and protection of human and peoples’ rights.
- Body
- Organization of African Unity
- Document type
- Regional treaty
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Year
- 1981
- Date modified
- Sep 21, 2020
Paragraph
Extreme poverty and human rights on universal basic income 2017, para. 73
- Paragraph text
- Fifth, proponents of a basic income need to ensure that particular schemes to implement the concept are not narrowly linked to citizenship at the expense of all others who are part of the community.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
- Date modified
- Sep 21, 2020
Paragraph
Extreme poverty and human rights on universal basic income 2017, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- Finally, a simulation for the region of Catalonia, in Spain, suggests that a basic annual income of €7,968 for those aged over 18 and of €1,594 for minors would require a 49.57 per cent flat tax rate and extra financing of €7 billion.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Year
- 2017
- Date modified
- Sep 21, 2020
Paragraph
The role of digital access providers 2017, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- IXPs handle an enormous volume of Internet traffic that may be filtered or intercepted at government request. The growing number of censorship and surveillance incidents involving IXPs indicates that they are major access choke points, even if their precise role is unclear. For example, in 2013, the manner in which access to YouTube was blocked in Pakistan indicated that the platform was filtered by IXPs, rather than ISPs, through a method known as “packet injection”. According to a leaked internal memo of a multinational ISP operating in Ecuador, users were unable to access Google and YouTube in March 2014 because the private Association of Internet Providers of Ecuador — which runs two of the major IXPs in the country — was “blocking access to certain Internet websites by request of the national Government”. The revelations of mass surveillance conducted by the United States National Security Agency have raised concern among technologists that the agency is intercepting a significant proportion of domestic and foreign Internet traffic by targeting United States IXPs. In September 2016, the world’s largest Internet exchange point, which is based in Germany, challenged legal orders issued by the country’s intelligence agency to monitor international communications transiting through its hub.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Year
- 2017
- Date modified
- Sep 21, 2020
Paragraph
Diversity in humanity, humanity in diversity 2017, para. 17
- Paragraph text
- The entry point for the mandate holder is action against violence and discrimination. This is based on existing international human rights law and its interrelationship with sexual orientation and gender identity; there is no advocacy of new rights for particular groups.
- Body
- Independent Expert on protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Year
- 2017
- Date modified
- Sep 21, 2020
Paragraph
The right to mental health 2017, para. 87
- Paragraph text
- The urgent need for a shift in approach should prioritize policy innovation at the population level, targeting social determinants and abandon the predominant medical model that seeks to cure individuals by targeting “disorders”.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Health
- Year
- 2017
- Date modified
- Sep 21, 2020
Paragraph
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2016, para. 75a
- Paragraph text
- [Recent research on this topic has revealed a number of significant and worrying developments:] Of the images and videos surveyed, 17.5 per cent depicted children 15 years of age or younger and 85.9 per cent of this content was created using a webcam rather than a mobile device;
- Body
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children
- Document type
- SRSG report
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Youth
- Year
- 2016
- Date modified
- Sep 21, 2020
Paragraph
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2014, para. 133
- Paragraph text
- Adequate financial resources should be made available to support and sustain restorative justice programmes, and to secure periodic capacity-building for justice actors, community volunteers and peer educators.
- Body
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children
- Document type
- SRSG report
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
- Date modified
- Sep 21, 2020
Paragraph