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Access to justice for people living in poverty 2012, para. 96
- Paragraph text
- [States should:] Ensure that, in linguistically plural societies, court processes operate in languages used by the poorest communities where necessary and can adapt to intercultural communication
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Access to land and the right to food 2010, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- Individual titling can also become a source of conflict and legal insecurity if it conflicts with customary rules regarding tenure, for example, as regards communal land ownership. Indeed, individual titling, combined with the marketability of land, may not be compatible with the recognization of customary forms of tenure with respect to communal land and common property resources, putting groups that do not use the land intensively or do not occupy it permanently at a particular disadvantage.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Access to land and the right to food 2010, para. 38
- Paragraph text
- While State-led agrarian reforms can generally be quite effective in addressing deeply entrenched inequalities in access to land provided certain conditions are met, market-led agrarian reforms have been less successful in that regard, sometimes even leading to the reconcentration of land, for reasons similar to those that explain the limits of titling as a means to ensure security of tenure. Important lessons can be drawn from past experiences: the success of State-led land reform programmes depends not only on effective land ceiling laws and other appropriate safeguards, such as legal frameworks that clearly define beneficiaries and exempted land, but also on continued social mobilization by peasant organizations, which can be vital partners in the implementation of policies to provide support to new beneficiaries. However, if the redistribution of land is to be sustainable, the beneficiaries must also be supported through comprehensive rural development policies. It has been estimated that improving access to credit and markets, as well as rural extension, can account for 60 to 70 per cent of the total costs of a land reform, exceeding the costs of acquiring and transferring the land. The failure of Latin American reforms when compared with Asian reforms has been attributed to the fact that Latin American reforms have traditionally focused solely on access to land, neglecting rural development policies. In order to be successful, land redistribution must be accompanied by broader agrarian reform policies that support smallholders and improve their ability to compete against larger farms; otherwise, there will be strong incentives for land reform beneficiaries to sell their land to large landowners. Women should be prioritized in such programmes, as under the Young Farm Women's Training Programme in the Canadian province of Manitoba or in the strategy currently being developed in Norway by the farming sector and the Ministry of Agriculture and Food, aimed at achieving 40 per cent participation by women in agriculture. Land ceiling laws can also help. Although such laws are often circumvented by large landowners - for example, by registering land under the names of proxies - they can increase the amount of land available for redistribution to the poorest households and limit the risk of land reconcentration following reform. A similar result can be achieved by subjecting land transactions to administrative authorization, which enables the administration to object to transactions that would lead to the unacceptable concentration of land, as in Germany under section 9 (1) of the Land Transactions Act.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Access to land and the right to food 2010, para. 41a
- Paragraph text
- [In order to protect the right to food, States should:] Conduct decentralized mapping of various users' land rights and strengthen customary systems of tenure. Mapping should be performed at the level of the local community and in a participatory manner. While customary systems of tenure may receive legal recognition, public authorities should ensure that appropriate safeguards are established in order to ensure that control by the community will not be exercised arbitrarily or in ways that lead to discrimination or inequitable outcomes, in keeping with international norms and standards. States should establish appropriate mechanisms for the resolution of land conflicts between landlords and tenants, between land users and the State or between private-sector entities involved in development projects;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Access to land and the right to food 2010, para. 42a
- Paragraph text
- [In order to ensure the enjoyment of the right to food, States should:] Implement the conclusions set out in the Final Declaration of the International Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development and prioritize "improved" State-led land redistribution programmes. States should implement land redistribution programmes where a high degree of land ownership concentration (which could be defined as a level of inequality higher than a Gini coefficient of 0.65) is combined with a significant level of rural poverty attributable to landlessness or to the cultivation of excessively small plots of land by smallholders. Redistributive agrarian reforms should: (a) include comprehensive rural development policies that follow the recommendations resulting from the International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development, including extension systems, access to credit and agricultural research and support beneficiaries, provided with sufficient budgets; (b) make use of land ceiling laws and be based on legal frameworks that clearly define beneficiaries and exempted land; (c) encourage communal ownership systems, rather than focusing solely on individual beneficiaries; (d) be implemented in accordance with the principles of participation, transparency and accountability, in order to prevent their appropriation by local elites; (e) be grounded in constitutional provisions regarding the social functions of land, where such provisions exist. All States should monitor land inequalities before and after the implementation of such programmes;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Activities of the Working Group 2014, para. 90b
- Paragraph text
- [States, through their government bodies, as well as national statistics institutes, human rights institutions and organizations for racial equality, in conformity with their mandates, should:] Conduct prior research and contextualize the data system so as to ensure that the data are culturally relevant and use appropriate terminology;
- Body
- Working Group of experts on people of African descent
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights “Protocol of San Salvador” 1988, para. 1
- Paragraph text
- 1. Pursuant to the provisions of this article and the corresponding rules to be formulated for this purpose by the General Assembly of the Organization of American States, the States Parties to this Protocol undertake to submit periodic reports on the progressive measures they have taken to ensure due respect for the rights set forth in this Protocol.
- Body
- Organization of American States
- Document type
- Regional treaty
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 1988
Paragraph
Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights “Protocol of San Salvador” 1988, para. 1
- Paragraph text
- 1. Any State Party and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights may submit for the consideration of the States Parties meeting on the occasion of the General Assembly proposed amendments to include the recognition of other rights or freedoms or to extend or expand rights or freedoms recognized in this Protocol.
- Body
- Organization of American States
- Document type
- Regional treaty
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 1988
Paragraph
Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights “Protocol of San Salvador” 1988, para. 1
- Paragraph text
- 1. This Protocol shall remain open to signature and ratification or accession by any State Party to the American Convention on Human Rights.
- Body
- Organization of American States
- Document type
- Regional treaty
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 1988
Paragraph
Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights “Protocol of San Salvador” 1988, para. 1b
- Paragraph text
- 1. The States Parties to this Protocol recognize the right of everyone: b. To enjoy the benefits of scientific and technological progress;
- Body
- Organization of American States
- Document type
- Regional treaty
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 1988
Paragraph
Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights “Protocol of San Salvador” 1988, para. 1c
- Paragraph text
- 1. The States Parties to this Protocol recognize the right of everyone: c. To benefit from the protection of moral and material interests deriving from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.
- Body
- Organization of American States
- Document type
- Regional treaty
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 1988
Paragraph
Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights “Protocol of San Salvador” 1988, para. 2
- Paragraph text
- 2. Ratification of or accession to this Protocol shall be effected by depositing an instrument of ratification or accession with the General Secretariat of the Organization of American States.
- Body
- Organization of American States
- Document type
- Regional treaty
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 1988
Paragraph
Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights “Protocol of San Salvador” 1988, para. 2
- Paragraph text
- 2. The steps to be taken by the States Parties to this Protocol to ensure the full exercise of this right shall include those necessary for the conservation, development and dissemination of science, culture and art.
- Body
- Organization of American States
- Document type
- Regional treaty
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 1988
Paragraph
Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights “Protocol of San Salvador” 1988, para. 2
- Paragraph text
- 2. Such amendments shall enter into effect for the States that ratify them on the date of deposit of the instrument of ratification corresponding to the number representing two thirds of the States Parties to this Protocol. For all other States Parties they shall enter into effect on the date on which they deposit their respective instrument of ratification.
- Body
- Organization of American States
- Document type
- Regional treaty
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 1988
Paragraph
Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights “Protocol of San Salvador” 1988, para. 3
- Paragraph text
- 3. The States Parties to this Protocol undertake to respect the freedom indispensable for scientific research and creative activity.
- Body
- Organization of American States
- Document type
- Regional treaty
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 1988
Paragraph
Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights “Protocol of San Salvador” 1988, para. 3
- Paragraph text
- 3. The Protocol shall enter into effect when eleven States have deposited their respective instruments of ratification or accession.
- Body
- Organization of American States
- Document type
- Regional treaty
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 1988
Paragraph
Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights “Protocol of San Salvador” 1988, para. 4
- Paragraph text
- 4. The States Parties to this Protocol recognize the benefits to be derived from the encouragement and development of international cooperation and relations in the fields of science, arts and culture, and accordingly agree to foster greater international cooperation in these fields.
- Body
- Organization of American States
- Document type
- Regional treaty
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 1988
Paragraph
Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights “Protocol of San Salvador” 1988, para. 7
- Paragraph text
- 7. Without prejudice to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights may formulate such observations and recommendations as it deems pertinent concerning the status of the economic, social and cultural rights established in the present Protocol in all or some of the States Parties, which it may include in its Annual Report to the General Assembly or in a special report, whichever it considers more appropriate.
- Body
- Organization of American States
- Document type
- Regional treaty
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 1988
Paragraph
Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights “Protocol of San Salvador” 1988, para. 8
- Paragraph text
- 8. The Councils and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, in discharging the functions conferred upon them in this article, shall take into account the progressive nature of the observance of the rights subject to protection by this Protocol.
- Body
- Organization of American States
- Document type
- Regional treaty
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 1988
Paragraph
Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights “Protocol of San Salvador” 1988, para. undefined
- Paragraph text
- Recognizing the benefits that stem from the promotion and development of cooperation among States and international relations;
- Body
- Organization of American States
- Document type
- Regional treaty
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 1988
Paragraph
Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights “Protocol of San Salvador” 1988, para. undefined
- Paragraph text
- Considering that the American Convention on Human Rights provides that draft additional protocols to that Convention may be submitted for consideration to the States Parties, meeting together on the occasion of the General Assembly of the Organization of American States, for the purpose of gradually incorporating other rights and freedoms into the protective system thereof, Have agreed upon the following Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights "Protocol of San Salvador:"
- Body
- Organization of American States
- Document type
- Regional treaty
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 1988
Paragraph
Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights “Protocol of San Salvador” 1988, para. undefined
- Paragraph text
- The States Parties to this Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights undertake to adopt the necessary measures, both domestically and through international cooperation, especially economic and technical, to the extent allowed by their available resources, and taking into account their degree of development, for the purpose of achieving progressively and pursuant to their internal legislations, the full observance of the rights recognized in this Protocol.
- Body
- Organization of American States
- Document type
- Regional treaty
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 1988
Paragraph
Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights “Protocol of San Salvador” 1988, para. undefined
- Paragraph text
- If the exercise of the rights set forth in this Protocol is not already guaranteed by legislative or other provisions, the States Parties undertake to adopt, in accordance with their constitutional processes and the provisions of this Protocol, such legislative or other measures as may be necessary for making those rights a reality.
- Body
- Organization of American States
- Document type
- Regional treaty
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 1988
Paragraph
Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights “Protocol of San Salvador” 1988, para. undefined
- Paragraph text
- The States Parties may, at the time of approval, signature, ratification or accession, make reservations to one or more specific provisions of this Protocol, provided that such reservations are not incompatible with the object and purpose of the Protocol.
- Body
- Organization of American States
- Document type
- Regional treaty
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 1988
Paragraph
Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights “Protocol of San Salvador” 1988, para. undefined
- Paragraph text
- A right which is recognized or in effect in a State by virtue of its internal legislation or international conventions may not be restricted or curtailed on the pretext that this Protocol does not recognize the right or recognizes it to a lesser degree.
- Body
- Organization of American States
- Document type
- Regional treaty
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 1988
Paragraph
African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance 2007, para. 1
- Paragraph text
- In order to advance political, economic and social governance, State Parties shall commit themselves to: Strengthening the capacity of parliaments and legally recognised political parties to perform their core functions;
- Body
- African Union
- Document type
- Regional treaty
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2007
Paragraph
African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance 2007, para. 2
- Paragraph text
- The objectives of this Charter are to: Promote and enhance adherence to the principle of the rule of law premised upon the respect for, and the supremacy of, the Constitution and constitutional order in the political arrangements of the State Parties;
- Body
- African Union
- Document type
- Regional treaty
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2007
Paragraph
African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance 2007, para. 2
- Paragraph text
- State Parties shall implement this Charter in accordance with the following principles: Access to and exercise of state power in accordance with the constitution of the State Party and the principle of the rule of law;
- Body
- African Union
- Document type
- Regional treaty
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2007
Paragraph
African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance 2007, para. undefined
- Paragraph text
- Cognizant of the historical and cultural conditions in Africa;
- Body
- African Union
- Document type
- Regional treaty
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2007
Paragraph
African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance 2007, para. undefined
- Paragraph text
- Given the enduring and vital role of traditional authorities, particularly in rural communities, the State Parties shall strive to find appropriate ways and means to increase their integration and effectiveness within the larger democratic system.
- Body
- African Union
- Document type
- Regional treaty
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2007
Paragraph