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Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950, para. 3c
- Paragraph text
- 3. For the purpose of this article the term "forced or compulsory labour" shall not include: c. any service exacted in case of an emergency or calamity threatening the life or well-being of the community;
- Body
- Council of Europe
- Document type
- Regional treaty
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 1950
Paragraph
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950, para. 3b
- Paragraph text
- 3. For the purpose of this article the term "forced or compulsory labour" shall not include: b. any service of a military character or, in case of conscientious objectors in countries where they are recognised, service exacted instead of compulsory military service;
- Body
- Council of Europe
- Document type
- Regional treaty
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 1950
Paragraph
American Convention on Human Rights 1969, para. 3d
- Paragraph text
- 3. For the purposes of this article, the following do not constitute forced or compulsory labor: d. work or service that forms part of normal civic obligations.
- Body
- Organization of American States
- Document type
- Regional treaty
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 1969
Paragraph
Regional and subregional cooperation in promoting a human rights-based approach to combatting trafficking in persons 2010, para. 122
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- [Regional mechanisms should carry out the activities set out in the following paragraphs, which have a specific added value:] Conduct studies and develop recommendations on how to address the challenges posed by the increasing use of communications technologies such as the Internet to channel demand and recruit victims.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Protection of minority rights in conflict prevention 2010, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- Equal access for all communities to employment in public services can become a highly contentious issue, especially in countries where such jobs form a large proportion of the available labour market. In countries where political power is seen to be concentrated in the hands of one or a few identity groups, it is common for those groups to be disproportionately represented in the public service, which can be a powerful source of tension.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2010
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Human rights criteria for making contract farming and other business models inclusive of small-scale farmers 2011, para. 22
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- While the ability of buyers to purchase inputs at wholesale prices might allow them to pass savings on to farmers through lower prices, it may also be that when a farmer has access to inputs only through a buyer, the buyer will charge farmers higher than market prices for those inputs. In the course of consultations, the Special Rapporteur received a communication indicating that in the absence of public services, contract farming can create potentially devastating dependence by small farmers on the technology, credit, inputs and services provided by their contracting companies. This not only points to the danger of the Government relinquishing its duty to support farming communities by providing adequate public goods in the hope that private investors will fill in the gap, it also highlights one of the main negative effects of contract farming for farmers, which is its potential to trap them in cycles of debt. One common occurrence is that farmers must borrow money to invest in agricultural production as required under the contract and then do not earn enough money to cover their debts, for instance, because of falling market prices or poor harvests. This risk is particularly important where the investment on the land is related specifically to one type of production for which the contracting firm is the only buyer, a constraint that may be exploited by the firm as a way to exercise monopolistic power and thus gradually impose lower prices on farmers. Crops that rely on complex production and processing technologies and substantial specialized inputs that are unfamiliar to most growers and require large capital outlays significantly increase the level of risk confronted by growers, as illustrated by the Smallholder Sugar Authority and Smallholder Tea Authority contract-farming schemes in Malawi. The resulting cycle of debt can trap farmers into contractual arrangements that are neither optimal nor easily abandoned, either because of the debt itself or for other reasons, for example, because the soil was degraded by heavy pesticide use or because farmers have lost their relationships with former transaction partners, are unable to re-establish traditional cultivation methods or products or have become too dependent on the firm for other services.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2011, para. 31
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- These two approaches, comprehensive and specific, are therefore needed and are indeed mutually supportive.
- Body
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children
- Document type
- SRSG report
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Financing for the Realization of the Rights to Water and Sanitation 2011, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- Second, government funding in the form of subsidies may be necessary to improve the affordability of services in low-income households. One issue with major human rights implications is whether government subsidy programmes should be universal or targeted in nature. Targeted subsidies aimed at reaching only those in need reflect the reality that budgetary limitations restrict the resources that States can devote to any given sector. Those who are able to contribute on their own, meanwhile, should be expected to do so. Accordingly, States may undertake measures such as means testing to identify those eligible for support.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Human rights based approach to recovery from the global economic and financial crises, with a focus on those living in poverty 2011, para. 45
- Paragraph text
- A significant percentage of post-crises austerity budgets have included proposals to limit the public wage bill by reducing the public sector workforce and cutting or freezing wages of public sector employees. Often these cuts are not progressively implemented, and therefore have a disproportionate impact on the lowest wage brackets. UNICEF has expressed concern that wage cuts or caps might translate into the reduction or erosion of the real value of salaries, as costs of living continue to rise, and may take the form of hiring freezes or employment retrenchment. The serious implications of such developments would be exacerbated by the fact that declines in real wages were already widespread owing to the effect of the global economic and financial crises on the labour market.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Integrating non-discrimination and equality into the post-2015 development agenda for water, sanitation and hygiene 2012, para. 59
- Paragraph text
- Identifying and defining slums can pose a challenge for monitoring, but significant advances have been made in recent years, including by groups working with slum dweller organizations and through spatial analysis. Assessing slums by their spatial dimension - their location - could both yield more accurate data and serve as an effective link to planning. Indicators should be designed specifically for capturing the difference between slum and non-slum households. In addition, the definition of slums needs improvement; the best approach may be to use country definitions themselves. Those responsible for implementing major household surveys are encouraged to undertake special slum surveys, commit to oversampling in slum areas, and explore the use of data gathered by slum dweller organizations.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
The impact of housing finance policies on the right to adequate housing of those living in poverty 2012, para. 48
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- Despite substantial Government budgetary investment and specific targeting of low-income households, capital-grant subsidies have partially promoted only the affordability aspect of the right to adequate housing (by substantially reducing housing deficits in some developing countries), at the expense of the broader aspects of habitability, location, availability of services and infrastructure and non-discrimination, which have been largely ignored. As one commentator observed, the new stock of subsidized housing often created a greater housing problem: "the problem of those 'with roofs'".
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Hate speech and incitement to hatred 2012, para. 88
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur recommends that States, academic institutions and civil society organizations collaborate in establishing a system to regularly gather and analyse relevant data regarding patterns of hate speech to aid policy formulation and evaluation and to establish early warning mechanisms.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2012, para. 110
- Paragraph text
- The Special Representative looks forward to continuing to collaborate closely with Member States and all other stakeholders in the further strengthening of this crucial agenda to help build a world where violence has no place.
- Body
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children
- Document type
- SRSG report
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2012, para. 56
- Paragraph text
- Although the findings of the survey will be captured more fully in an analytical report to be issued later in 2012, the most significant highlights are presented below, with a special emphasis on the priority areas identified by the Special Representative's mandate.
- Body
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children
- Document type
- SRSG report
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Commissions of inquiry 2012, para. 68
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- The purposes of a commission of inquiry warrant a more flexible approach to rules of evidence, including the credibility of witness testimony. In assessing the credibility of evidence, a commission of inquiry should give special weight to corroborated testimony and to testimony subjected to cross-examination. A commission should also apply general rules in their assessment of the credibility of witnesses, including demeanour, subject to cultural and gender sensitivities. A commission should always accept testimony that is not subject to cross-examination, and should also avail itself of testimony that, if rendered in court, would be excludable as hearsay.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Inter-American Convention against All Forms of Discrimination and Intolerance 2013, para. g
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- DISTURBED by the fact that various parts of the world have seen a general increase in cases of intolerance and violence motivated by anti-Semitism, Christianophobia, or Islamophobia, and that directed against members of other religious communities, including those with African roots;
- Body
- Organization of American States
- Document type
- Regional treaty
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
The right to access information 2013, para. 76f
- Paragraph text
- [The core principles include:] Costs. Individuals should not be deterred by excessive cost from making requests for information;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
The implications of States’ surveillance of communications on the exercise of the human rights to privacy and to freedom of opinion and expression 2013, para. 41
- Paragraph text
- In addition to intercepting and tracking the content of individuals' communications, States may also seek access to communications data held by third party service providers and Internet companies. As the private sector collects progressively larger amounts of varied data that reveal sensitive information about peoples' daily lives, and individuals and businesses choose to store the content of their communications, such as voicemails, e-mails and documents, with third party service providers, access to communications data is an increasingly valuable surveillance technique employed by States.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Global migration governance 2013, para. 133
- Paragraph text
- States should consider holding more frequent high-level dialogues, for instance every three years, which should be interactive and action-oriented, each with a rights-based negotiated outcome document.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2014, para. 121
- Paragraph text
- Guided by relevant international standards, national experiences and existing research, the recommendations below highlight crucial steps to achieve this goal.
- Body
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children
- Document type
- SRSG report
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Preventing and addressing violence and atrocities against minorities 2014, para. 69
- Paragraph text
- The creation of community or neighbourhood watch and early warning mechanisms that enable at-risk communities to identify threats and quickly contact law enforcement authorities is another measure that has been put in place, including in Nigeria where violence and intercommunal tensions have been present. Having local "eyes and ears" to report potential incidents offers valuable, community-based, early warning potential, although it remains reliant on a rapid response by law enforcement bodies to alerts if it is to be effective.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 53
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- Income distribution and its management through taxation also have a crucial relationship with democracy. Growing income disparities can serve to polarize and fragment societies, which can ultimately lead to alienation and social unrest.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Protocol of 2014 to the Forced Labour Convention 2014, para. 5
- Paragraph text
- Members shall cooperate with each other to ensure the prevention and elimination of all forms of forced or compulsory labour.
- Body
- International Labour Organization
- Document type
- International treaty
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
The first decade of the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children 2014, para. 71
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur has consistently sought to engage victims in all aspects of her work and is of the view that the mandate has benefited enormously from this approach. Respondents to the questionnaire affirmed this finding, emphasizing the importance of the mandate focusing on the real experiences of victims and drawing on strong, evidence-based research. Several respondents identified the efforts of the Special Rapporteur to give a voice to victims, including at the Human Rights Council and the General Assembly, as a major achievement.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 63
- Paragraph text
- In many countries, business enterprises are taxed at a very low rate, even if they make large profits, owing in large part to the infrastructure, healthy educated workforce and other resources that public funds enable. In addition, many large transnational corporations are able to effectively avoid tax in many jurisdictions, including in countries where they make large profits.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Protocol of 2014 to the Forced Labour Convention 2014, para. 2 (f)
- Paragraph text
- [The measures to be taken for the prevention of forced or compulsory labour shall include:] (f) addressing the root causes and factors that heighten the risks of forced or compulsory labour.
- Body
- International Labour Organization
- Document type
- International treaty
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- Moreover, when revenue is used to finance public services, it creates conditions propitious to growth and employment in formal sectors of the economy, guaranteeing both equality of access and equality of opportunities. Public services also mitigate the impact of skewed income distribution and directly contribute to reducing inequality.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Protocol of 2014 to the Forced Labour Convention 2014, para. 2 (e)
- Paragraph text
- [The measures to be taken for the prevention of forced or compulsory labour shall include:] (e) supporting due diligence by both the public and private sectors to prevent and respond to risks of forced or compulsory labour; and
- Body
- International Labour Organization
- Document type
- International treaty
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2014, para. 133
- Paragraph text
- Adequate financial resources should be made available to support and sustain restorative justice programmes, and to secure periodic capacity-building for justice actors, community volunteers and peer educators.
- Body
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children
- Document type
- SRSG report
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
The World Bank and human rights 2015, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- There are many reasons why a new approach is needed. The following six seem especially compelling.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph