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Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS 2001, para. 58
- Paragraph text
- By 2003, enact, strengthen or enforce, as appropriate, legislation, regulations and other measures to eliminate all forms of discrimination against and to ensure the full enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms by people living with HIV/AIDS and members of vulnerable groups, in particular to ensure their access to, inter alia, education, inheritance, employment, health care, social and health services, prevention, support and treatment, information and legal protection, while respecting their privacy and confidentiality; and develop strategies to combat stigma and social exclusion connected with the epidemic;
- Body
- United Nations General Assembly
- Document type
- Declaration / Confererence outcome document
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Year
- 2001
- Paragraph type
- Other
Paragraph
The right to inclusive education 2016, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- States parties must take effective measures, to provide habilitation and rehabilitation services within the education system, including healthcare, occupational, physical, social, counselling and other services (article 26). Such services must begin at the earliest stage possible, adopt a multidisciplinary assessment of a student's strengths, and support maximum independence, autonomy, respect of dignity, full physical, mental, social and vocational ability and inclusion and participation in all aspects of life. The Committee stresses the significance of supporting the development of community-based rehabilitation, that addresses early identification, and peer support.
- Body
- Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
- Document type
- General Comment / Recommendation
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Year
- 2016
- Paragraph type
- Other
Paragraph
Preliminary survey on the root causes of attacks and discrimination against persons with albinism 2016, para. 19
- Paragraph text
- The myth that persons with albinism naturally have a short lifespan is also prevalent. It appears to supply an explanation for the relatively high frequency of early deaths among persons with albinism. Such early deaths, which particularly correlate with the myth that persons with albinism disappear, also appear to be strongly linked to the prevalence of skin cancer and the high number of early to midlife fatalities recorded among them on account of this preventable disease. There is an urgent need to address this disease through the provision of both preventive and curative measures that are accessible and affordable or free, particularly in rural areas.
- Body
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Health
- Year
- 2016
- Paragraph type
- Other
Paragraph
Preliminary survey on the root causes of attacks and discrimination against persons with albinism 2016, para. 46
- Paragraph text
- Witchcraft beliefs and practices as they relate to albinism have essentially capitalized on a myth-riddled situation, to the benefit of practitioners and willing believers. Further, the relative rarity of body parts of persons with albinism has been capitalized upon by the witchcraft beliefs which proffer that the body parts can attract equally rare minerals, such as gold or diamonds. The same argument with regard to rarity appears to have informed the market value of body parts, such that "the albino fetish has become the most expensive charm because it is perceived as harnessing spirits that are far more powerful than … a waganga [witchdoctor/traditional healer] could otherwise offer".
- Body
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Harmful Practices
- Health
- Year
- 2016
- Paragraph type
- Other
Paragraph
Vision for the mandate 2016, para. 13
- Paragraph text
- There are different types of albinism. The most common and visible type is oculocutaneous albinism (OCA), which affects the skin, the hair and the eyes. Within this type, there are subtypes, which reflect varying degrees of melanin pigment deficiency in an individual. The main subtypes of OCA are tyrosinase negative albinism (OCA1) and tyrosinase positive albinism (OCA2). In OCA1, there is little or no production of melanin and it is often characterized by white hair and opaque or transparent irises. In the more prevalent, particularly in African countries, OCA2, some melanin is produced and it is characterized by yellow-blonde or sandy-coloured hair and grey to light brown irises. A less common form of albinism is ocular albinism which affects the eyes alone, while albinism accompanied by Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome is another less common form, which is characterized by bleeding disorders, bowel (colitis) and lung diseases.
- Body
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Year
- 2016
- Paragraph type
- Other
Paragraph
Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development 1994, para. 7.14f
- Paragraph text
- [The objectives are:] To promote breast-feeding to enhance birth spacing.
- Body
- International Conference on Population and Development
- Document type
- Declaration / Confererence outcome document
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Year
- 1994
- Paragraph type
- Other
Paragraph
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 81
- Paragraph text
- Global sales of breast milk substitutes total $44.8 billion and are expected to rise to $70.6 billion by 2019. The International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes places restrictions on the sale of such substitutes, through prohibiting public advertising, provision of free samples or promotion in health-care facilities. It also requires all information on artificial feeding to explain the benefits of breastfeeding and the hazards associated with artificial feeding. Although some progress has been achieved, violations of the Code are widespread and only 39 countries have laws enacting all provisions.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Year
- 2016
- Paragraph type
- Other
Paragraph
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 12
- Paragraph text
- Of grave concern are the impacts of chronic exposure to hazardous pesticides. Pesticide exposure has been linked to cancer, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, hormone disruption, developmental disorders and sterility. They can also cause numerous neurological health effects such as memory loss, loss of coordination, reduced visual ability and reduced motor skills. Other possible effects include asthma, allergies and hypersensitivity. These symptoms are often very subtle and may not be recognized by the medical community as a clinical effect caused by pesticides. Furthermore, chronic effects of pesticides may not manifest for months or years after exposure, presenting a significant challenge for accountability and access to an effective remedy, including preventive interventions.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Health
- Year
- 2017
- Paragraph type
- Other
Paragraph
The right to health and international drug control, compulsory treatment for drug dependence and access to controlled medicines 2010, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- Punitive drug policies also disproportionately impact on communities that are already vulnerable. For instance, it has been reported that in the United States of America, African-Americans are arrested at consistently higher rates than white Americans, although the rates of offences committed are comparable between these groups. Additionally, over 80 per cent of arrests are for possession of drugs, rather than sales. Accumulation of such minor offences can lead to incarceration and further marginalization of these already vulnerable individuals, increasing their health-related risks.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Health
- Year
- 2010
- Paragraph type
- Other
Paragraph
The right to health and international drug control, compulsory treatment for drug dependence and access to controlled medicines 2010, para. 48
- Paragraph text
- A human rights-based approach to drug control must be adopted as a matter of priority to prevent the continuing violations of rights stemming from the current approaches to curtailing supply and demand, and to move towards the creation of a humane system that meets its own health-related objectives. Currently, there is a lack of coordination and discussion between the actors involved in drug control and human rights at the international level. Law enforcement approaches are ingrained institutionally in the international drug control regime, as drug control is housed within UNODC, which leads the United Nations efforts on organized crime. This association between law enforcement and drug control, in part, precludes adoption of a human rights-based approach and interaction with the human rights bodies of the United Nations.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Year
- 2010
- Paragraph type
- Other
Paragraph
The right to health and international drug control, compulsory treatment for drug dependence and access to controlled medicines 2010, para. 54
- Paragraph text
- Interventions such as first-aid training and administration of Naloxone (an opioid receptor antagonist used to reverse depression of the central nervous system in cases of opioid overdose) are also used to minimize the harm associated with drug overdose, as is the use of drug-consumption rooms, where individuals can use drugs in a supported environment. The potential benefits of drug-consumption rooms include prevention of disease transmission and reduced venous damage, as well as encouraging entry to treatment and other services. Evidence exists that drug-consumption rooms have contributed to reductions in overdose rates, and increased access to medical and social services.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Health
- Year
- 2010
- Paragraph type
- Other
Paragraph
Criminalisation of sexual and reproductive health 2011, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- States are also obliged to protect against infringement of the right to health by third parties. In States where abortion is prohibited, public health and safety regulations regarding abortion, such as provisions for the training and licensing of health-care workers, cannot exist, thus increasing the potential for unsafe abortion practices. Decriminalization, coupled with appropriate regulation and the provision of accessible, safe abortion services, is the most expeditious method of fully protecting the right to health against third-party violations. Additionally, States should take measures to protect those who provide abortions and related services from harassment, violence, kidnappings and murder perpetrated by non-State actors (religiously motivated or otherwise).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Year
- 2011
- Paragraph type
- Other
Paragraph
Access to medicines in the context of the right-to-health framework 2013, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- Imported medicines usually exact a tariff in the country of import which is normally added onto the cost of a medicine. Half of the surveyed States indicated that a tariff or levy is imposed on imported medicines. Tariffs are indeed applied to finished pharmaceutical products in 38 per cent of countries and to APIs in 41 per cent. The States, however, reported having differential policies with respect to import tariffs levied on such specific medicines as antibiotics, antiretrovirals (ARVs), cancer drugs and vaccines, which is a positive practice and can help reduce the prices of these life-saving medicines.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Health
- Year
- 2013
- Paragraph type
- Other
Paragraph
Right to health in early childhood - Right to survival and development 2015, para. 84
- Paragraph text
- Intersex refers mainly to physical aspects of the body and includes a wide range of natural body variations that do not conform to prevailing notions of male and female bodies. Deeply rooted stereotypes around gender dichotomy and medical norms about male and female bodies have led to the establishment of a medical practice of routine interventions and surgeries on intersex people, including irreversible genital surgery and sterilization. These interventions are not always necessary on medical grounds and are often not performed with the informed consent of the persons concerned. Moreover, medical classifications currently codify intersex characteristics as pathologies or disorders.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Health
- Year
- 2015
- Paragraph type
- Other
Paragraph
Work of the mandate and priorities of the SR 2015, para. 83
- Paragraph text
- Mental health deserves much more attention and must be effectively mainstreamed within the Sustainable Development Goals through the goals and benchmarks related to health and sustainable development. The high number of suicides and suicide attempts are an indicator that the mental health of individuals and population needs to be addressed very seriously. Concerted and effective measures need to be applied to substantively address this challenge and reduce the numbers of suicides, which have in many countries reached epidemic rates. The Special Rapporteur will further analyse the relevance of human rights in addressing suicide and other mental health issues as a public health challenge.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Year
- 2015
- Paragraph type
- Other
Paragraph
The right to adequate housing in disaster relief efforts 2011, para. 58
- Paragraph text
- A focus on individual beneficiaries and on "deliverables" - food, shelters, health kits - as ends in themselves might divert from the fundamental responsibility to respect, protect and fulfil rights (to housing, water, health, for instance), and the requirement to think of the long term. In Haiti, it was reported that immediate needs had dominated the international community's response and that specific pledges to support permanent housing requirements had therefore been less significant. The Haiti Shelter Cluster of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee reported on the risks of institutionalizing camps and of consuming scarce resources in emergency measures at the expense of more durable permanent solutions were recognized.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Humanitarian
- Year
- 2011
- Paragraph type
- Other
Paragraph
Ability of associations to access financial resources as a vital part of the right to freedom of association & Ability to hold peaceful assemblies as an integral component of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly 2013, para. 40
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur highlights that coordination of aid is not listed as a legitimate ground for restrictions under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Furthermore, he underlines that barriers in the name of aid effectiveness have little in common with "the interests of national security or public safety, public order (ordre public), the protection of public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others".
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Year
- 2013
- Paragraph type
- Other
Paragraph
The right to health and international drug control, compulsory treatment for drug dependence and access to controlled medicines 2010, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- Reports indicate that some patients are subject to perverse therapies such as "flogging therapy". Similarly, it has been reported that patients are forced to labour for nearly 17 hours a day, all week, under threat of beatings and other physical punishments.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Year
- 2010
- Paragraph type
- Other
Paragraph
Certain forms of abuses in health-care settings that may cross a threshold of mistreatment that is tantamount to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment 2013, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- Many countries fail to make adequate arrangements for the supply of these medications. Low- and middle-income countries account for 6 per cent of morphine use worldwide while having about half of all cancer patients and 95 per cent of all new HIV infections. Thirty-two countries in Africa have almost no morphine available at all. In the United States, over a third of patients are not adequately treated for pain. In France, a study found that doctors underestimated pain in over half of their AIDS patients. In India, more than half of the country's regional cancer centres do not have morphine or doctors trained in using it. This is despite the fact that 70 per cent or more of their patients have advanced cancer and are likely to require pain treatment.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Health
- Year
- 2013
- Paragraph type
- Other
Paragraph
Embrace diversity and energize humanity 2017, para. 10
- Paragraph text
- Fourth, precisely because so many issues under the mandate reach out to an array of sectors and professions, it is essential to broaden the discourse and vistas for cooperation. For example, change in the medical and scientific sector is pivotal in helping to prevent violence and discrimination relating to health concerns. Where the situation was once pathologized, giving rise to potential or actual abuse and stigma, there is now momentum towards depathologizing and destigmatizing in relation to sexual orientation and gender identity, with due regard to ensuring access to comprehensive and quality health care for all. If the issue is interrelated with employment, there is now a call to interlink increasingly with the business sector. Where there are issues of faith and religion, it is important to reach out to spiritual leaders and actors and seek interfaith cooperation to complement international standards. Where there is a quest to shun hate speech and incitement to violence, a key catalyst is the ever-growing presence of social media and its responsiveness to human rights.
- Body
- Independent Expert on protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Health
- Year
- 2017
- Paragraph type
- Other
Paragraph
Solitary confinement 2011, para. 56
- Paragraph text
- According to the European Court of Human Rights, States should also take steps to reduce the negative impact of solitary confinement. Where the damaging effects of solitary confinement on a particular individual are known, the regime cannot continue. The conditions of confinement are relevant in this respect, because where conditions are beyond reproach, the Court considers it unlikely that the minimum threshold of severity to find a violation of article 3 will be reached. Routine examination by doctors can be a factor in determining that there was no violation of article 3.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Year
- 2011
- Paragraph type
- Other
Paragraph
The right to the highest attainable standard of health (Art. 12) 2000, para. 59
- Paragraph text
- Any person or group victim of a violation of the right to health should have access to effective judicial or other appropriate remedies at both national and international levels. All victims of such violations should be entitled to adequate reparation, which may take the form of restitution, compensation, satisfaction or guarantees of non-repetition. National ombudsmen, human rights commissions, consumer forums, patients' rights associations or similar institutions should address violations of the right to health.
- Body
- Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights
- Document type
- General Comment / Recommendation
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Year
- 2000
- Paragraph type
- Other
Paragraph
Vision for the mandate 2016, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- In the Pacific Islands, it has been reported that people with albinism suffer comparable human rights-related issues with regard to lack of access to information and support for health conditions, vision problems and cultural isolation. There is little verified information on the human rights situation of persons with albinism in Asia, South America and the Caribbean. The Human Rights Council Advisory Committee stressed that the absence of information on albinism in other regions should not be interpreted to mean that there is no problem of discrimination, stigmatization and violence in those regions. Lack of sufficient knowledge remains a significant barrier to tackling discrimination, stigmatization and violence.
- Body
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Year
- 2016
- Paragraph type
- Other
Paragraph
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- During the 1970s, the pesticide DCBP was used extensively on banana and pineapple plantations around the world. In Davao, the Philippines, where the pesticide was used in the 1980s, high levels of sterility were scientifically proven to have resulted from exposure. Other conditions, including cancer, asthma, tuberculosis and skin disease, were also detected, but a linkage was not scientifically proven. While local authorities banned aerial spraying following community protests, the Supreme Court of the Philippines reversed the ban, allegedly under pressure from banana corporations. Further, suits brought by plantation workers have been dismissed, leaving victims without compensation. Twenty years on, despite a global ban on DBCP, soils and water sources remain contaminated.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Year
- 2017
- Paragraph type
- Other
Paragraph
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 31
- Paragraph text
- Pesticides also present a serious threat to drinking water, particularly in agricultural areas, which often depend on groundwater. While it can take several decades before pesticides applied in fields appear in water wells, high levels of herbicides in agricultural areas have already caused health problems for some communities. For example, in the United States of America, where over 70 million pounds of atrazine are used annually, runoff into water supplies has been linked to increased risk of birth defects. While atrazine was banned in the European Union in 2004, some European countries still detect it in groundwater today.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Year
- 2017
- Paragraph type
- Other
Paragraph
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- Neonicotinoids are accused of being responsible for “colony collapse disorder” of bees worldwide. For example, heavy use of these insecticides has been blamed for the 50 per cent decline over 25 years in honeybee populations in both the United States and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. This decline threatens the very basis of agriculture, given that wild bees and managed honeybees play the greatest role in pollinating crops. According to estimates from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), of some 100 crop species (which provide 90 per cent of global food), 71 per cent are pollinated by bees. The European Union, unlike the United States, restricted the use of certain neonicotinoids in 2013.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Year
- 2017
- Paragraph type
- Other
Paragraph
The right to health and international drug control, compulsory treatment for drug dependence and access to controlled medicines 2010, para. 60
- Paragraph text
- The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights imposes a number of immediate obligations on States Parties, including that they guarantee that rights will be exercised without discrimination. If harm-reduction programmes and evidence-based treatment are made available to the general public, but not to persons in detention, that contravenes international law. Indeed, because of the health risks associated with incarceration, the Special Rapporteur considers that greater efforts may be required inside prisons to meet public health objectives. In the context of HIV and harm reduction, this demands implementation of harm-reduction services in places of detention even where they are not yet available in the community, as the principle of equivalence is insufficient to address the epidemic among prisoners.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Year
- 2010
- Paragraph type
- Other
Paragraph
Right to health in conflict situations 2013, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- States may enact laws that impose a duty on health-care workers to report persons who may have committed a crime. However, some States have enacted laws and policies restricting or criminalizing provision of medical care to people opposing the State, such as political protestors and non-State armed groups. Laws criminalizing support for terrorists or others opposing the State may also be inappropriately applied to the provision of medical care. Consequently, doctors and other health-care workers have been arrested, charged and sentenced for acting within their professional duty of ensuring medical impartiality. Such laws may deter health-care workers from providing services in conflict situations due to fear of prosecution, thus creating a chilling effect on health-care providers.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Year
- 2013
- Paragraph type
- Other
Paragraph
Work of the mandate and priorities of the SR 2015, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- On the issue of drug policy, the work of the Special Rapporteur's predecessors has shown that the current international system's punitive regime, which focuses on creating a drug-free world, has failed mostly owing to ignorance of the realities surrounding drug use and dependence (see A/65/255). There is a need for a shift in the current drug control regime away from substance-oriented policies and an increased focus on human rights. Evidence has shown that the criminalization of certain behaviours leads to a reluctance to seek help, including health-related services, and this should be a concern to the authorities. Pursuing overly punitive approaches has resulted in more health-related harms than those the authorities seek to prevent.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Year
- 2015
- Paragraph type
- Other
Paragraph
Sports and healthy lifestyles as contributing factors to the right to health 2016, para. 24
- Paragraph text
- States should provide mechanisms through which normative review and legal enforcement, as pertains to alleged health rights violations, can occur. There should be no barrier to the investigation and prosecution of such incidents, as competitive and amateur sports are as subject to international human rights law as any other activity undertaken within a State's jurisdiction. As an interim option or an alternative, it may be necessary or most effective for States to create independent complaints and monitoring mechanisms, potentially using existing human rights institutions, that people can utilize in the event of an alleged breach of their right to health in the sporting context. These could allow for redress and remedy through alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, such as mediation and arbitration. However, this should not preclude the referral of serious violations to national courts, especially allegations of criminal activity, which must be treated as criminal activity as in any other setting.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Year
- 2016
- Paragraph type
- Other
Paragraph