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Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- The human rights to water and sanitation are binding on the State as a whole. All public or governmental authorities, or separate State bodies exercising regulatory functions at national, regional or local levels, have the responsibility to realize the State’s human rights obligations. To that end, regulatory actors must ensure that their policies, procedures and activities are compliant with the State’s international human rights obligations in relation to the rights to water and sanitation. Their obligations also include ensuring human rights compliance by the municipalities and other entities that they regulate (see A/HRC/36/45/Add.1, para. 31).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 67
- Paragraph text
- According to Investing in Water and Sanitation: Increasing Access, Reducing Inequalities (UN-Water Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking Water, 2014 report), less than half of countries report a functioning process whereby formal rural drinking-water service providers report the results of their internal monitoring to regulatory authorities and also use the results to trigger corrective action. Moreover, performance results are not typically made public for a majority of service providers. Only for urban formal service providers were performance results made public for over 60 per cent of respondent countries. Countries indicated that the extent of independent surveillance of water quality was far greater in urban areas: nearly 70 per cent of countries reported surveillance in urban areas, compared to only 40 per cent in rural areas.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 38
- Paragraph text
- The Water Resources Sector Strategy, published in 2004, contains some relevant provisions and guidelines related to the human rights to water and sanitation. For instance, it establishes that communities should be vested “with ownership rights and authority to select service providers”, contributing to the enjoyment of the right to participation. Projects and programmes should strengthen “regulatory oversight capacities, institutions and processes to provide greater transparency and predictability”. Moreover, financially disadvantaged people are to be ensured “access to safe, affordable water supply and sanitation services by reducing costs and increasing accountability”. However, the World Bank’s pro-poor focus is not equivalent to a human rights-based approach, since it does not embody the full spectrum of the human rights framework.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 61
- Paragraph text
- Infrastructure projects that rapidly prove to be unsustainable are widespread in water and sanitation. This was evidenced, for example, by the European Court of Auditors review of European Union development assistance for the sector in sub-Saharan countries. According to a review of 23 projects in six countries, despite infrastructure being properly installed, fewer than half of the projects delivered results meeting the beneficiaries’ needs and the majority of projects were considered to be unsustainable in the medium and long term unless non-tariff revenue could be ensured or operational institutions (that is, service providers) could be strengthened.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- The UNICEF Strategy for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (2016-2030) integrates the full normative content of the human rights to water and sanitation in its vision for the sector and targeted outputs. The strategy outlines multiple “programming principles” — aspirational, outcome-based objectives to be considered throughout project design and implementation — that incorporate several human rights principles. Some of those programming principles include reducing inequality, delivering quality services at scale and strengthening accountability at all levels.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- The general development cooperation policy of Japan is found in its development cooperation charter, revised in 2015. The charter reaffirms the country’s obligations to promote human rights through its international development activities. According to the charter, activities in the water supply and sanitation sector fall under the country’s policy umbrella of promoting development for human security. In the charter, “quality growth” and poverty eradication through such growth is designated as a priority policy issue, encompassing water supply and sanitation. Indeed, Japan adopts a cross-sectoral approach, that is, the approach to strengthening health systems also includes the strengthening of water services and other infrastructure (CRC/C/JPN/3, para. 68).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 45
- Paragraph text
- Funders employ a variety of practical instruments directed to project managers and operational teams to administer development cooperation activities in ways that comply with their policies and goals. Such tools are key to translating policy provisions into actual methods to realize the human rights to water and sanitation. Examples of such instruments include toolboxes, manuals and technical guidelines, which provide the particular benefit of being more adaptable and renewable than policy frameworks. Thus, such instruments fulfil the purpose in the human rights development cycle of instructing funders’ operational teams on how to maximize positive contributions to the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation. Yet, given the frequent absence of an obligation for funders and implementers to apply those instruments, their effectiveness can be limited.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- The European Union has in place a regulation establishing a financing instrument for democracy and human rights worldwide. The most recent specific policy document on the water and sanitation sector was endorsed in 2002 by the Council of the European Union. It emphasizes the importance of relevant principles and standards related to participation, gender equality, transparency and access to information, financial and environmental sustainability in service provision, affordability, and improving service levels for the poorest populations and rural, urban and peri-urban areas.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 62
- Paragraph text
- Monitoring is essential for understanding current levels of access to water and sanitation services — by focusing on issues such as affordability and water quality, identifying barriers to access for unserved or underserved populations, and ensuring that participatory processes are inclusive. National and local monitoring processes gather information that helps identify drivers and bottlenecks, highlight gaps, and assess strengths and challenges, and as such are essential for the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 1
- Paragraph text
- Pursuant to Human Rights Council resolutions 27/7 of 2014 and 33/10 of 2016, the Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation, Léo Heller, was mandated to work on identifying challenges and obstacles to the full realization of those rights, as well as protection gaps, good practices and enabling factors. The subject of the present report is the regulation of water and sanitation services in the context of realization of human rights and the report aims to discuss the essential role that regulatory frameworks can play in the implementation of these human rights at the national level. In this respect, it outlines the legal obligations and responsibilities of States, regulatory actors and service providers in progressively realizing the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation through regulatory frameworks.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- All service providers, whether public, State-owned or private, must comply with the State’s legal and regulatory framework. In cases where the State is the service provider, at central level or often through its municipalities, it must act in compliance with the laws and regulations of the State and in line with its international human rights obligations. Where service provision is formally delegated by the State to non-State actors, the State cannot exempt itself from its human rights obligations and retains the obligation to regulate and monitor their activities. Non-State service providers (formal and informal), on the other hand, have human rights responsibilities, which include complying with the national regulatory framework and respecting the human rights to water and sanitation.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 25
- Paragraph text
- Regardless of the regulatory model chosen, currently most water and sanitation regulatory frameworks typically incorporate aspects of economic regulation (asset management planning and tariff-setting), of quality of service regulation and of drinking water quality regulation. Some may also include aspects of environmental regulation, mainly water abstraction and wastewater discharges, of user interface regulation or of legal and contractual regulation. The fact that different forms of regulation have been adopted for specific purposes without explicit mention of the human rights to water and sanitation standards or principles does not necessarily mean that those forms of regulation do not take into consideration at least partially these standards and principles. In this context, it is essential to emphasize a distinction between fully incorporating the human rights to water and sanitation into regulatory frameworks and choosing some selected aspects of it to comply with. For States to fulfil their human rights obligations, the whole human rights to water and sanitation framework must be reflected in States’ regulatory norms and activities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- However, some argue that independence from the government may be both unrealistic and in some situations undesirable. In essence, regulatory bodies must ensure the implementation of public policies defined by the government for the regulated sectors. This means that in situations where water policy needs to be reconciled or balanced with social and public policy in order to pursue human rights standards (e.g. affordability) or comply with the government’s international human rights obligations, regulatory decision-making processes should encourage the meaningful participation of the relevant governmental sectors (see A/HRC/36/45/Add.1, para. 36). Governments should be able to legitimately influence both the process of regulatory decision-making and its outcomes in cases where regulation by itself is not sufficient to meet the standards of the human rights to water and sanitation. While the independence of regulatory bodies from governments should not be understated, particularly in countries where corruption is rampant, the question should not be considered in isolation from human rights considerations.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- Within the framework of international human rights treaties, all levels of government, including development cooperation agencies, have obligations to adopt specific policies aimed at the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation in legislative form or in other measures (Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 3 (1990) on the nature of States parties’ obligations, paras. 6-7). Outside of the human rights treaty framework, myriad funders have expressed their commitment to realizing human rights through various international instruments. For instance, in the 2008 Accra Agenda for Action, most funders committed themselves to establishing and implementing development cooperation policies and programmes that respect human rights.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- However, the scant existence of specific, universal policy guarantees for water and sanitation projects reflecting human rights standards effectively grants officials from the World Bank and from partner States the liberty of determining a project’s goals and methods on a case-by-case basis. Moreover, one senior official of the Bank understands that “any project that improves access to improved [water supply and sanitation] is a step towards universal access” and that this is enough not to be negligent of the human rights framework. In the light of this discretionary approach, while some projects funded by the Bank could possibly be aligned with the human rights framework, others risk neglecting human rights.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 72
- Paragraph text
- One project, in which the funder provided budget support to the partner State, consists of maintaining dialogue among government authorities with the aim of supporting sector reform. However, the process seemed to apply a non-participatory approach as relevant stakeholders, including local governments and civil society organizations, were apparently excluded from the discussion of key decisions. That may be a source of future conflict and could jeopardize the legitimacy of the agreements that will be made. The human rights to water and sanitation require funders to take measures to ensure meaningful participation by all stakeholders and to support partner States in developing methods to promote participation (for example, multi-stakeholder dialogues involving the authorities concerned, civil society organizations, private sector entities and marginalized groups). Such dialogues can contribute to building political will, to planning a more appropriate restructuring in the sector recognizing the diverse needs of various groups and their rights, and to creating opportunities to hold public authorities accountable.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- Inextricably linked to the question of setting affordability standards for water and sanitation services is the issue of disconnections. Regulatory frameworks should set an outright prohibition on disconnections due to inability to pay.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 34
- Paragraph text
- Meaningful public participation and access to information are human rights principles that often tend to be overlooked by States and service providers during the process of tendering, bidding and contract negotiation. From a human rights perspective, it is crucial that governments ensure that contractual arrangements include the necessary human rights safeguards, and that overall they contribute to, rather than undermine, the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation, without discrimination.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 7
- Paragraph text
- The human rights obligations of States are classified as obligations to respect, to protect and to fulfil. The obligation to respect requires that States’ regulatory frameworks refrain from interfering directly or indirectly with people’s existing access to water and sanitation. To that end, States must ensure that their regulatory framework prohibits disconnections from water and sanitation services due to users’ inability to pay, as it is a retrogressive measure and violates the human rights to water and sanitation, must ensure, when extending piped networks to informal settlements, that these services are affordable so as not to interfere with people’s access, and must avoid discriminatory or unaffordable increases in the price of water and sanitation services due to inadequate regulation. Furthermore, preparedness for situations of armed conflict, emergency situations, natural disasters and effects of climate change requires that States embrace in their regulatory frameworks the obligations relevant to water and sanitation provision pursuant to international humanitarian law.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Poverty
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 8
- Paragraph text
- The obligation to protect requires States to prevent third parties from interfering in any way with the enjoyment of the human rights to water and sanitation by establishing an effective regulatory system, which includes independent monitoring, genuine public participation and imposition of penalties for non-compliance. In cases in which the provision of water and sanitation services is delegated to third parties, the State has the obligation to regulate the activities of those institutions to ensure that all aspects of human rights are guaranteed (see A/HRC/33/49/Add.2). Establishing an effective regulatory framework comprises the obligations to set service standards in line with the normative content of the human rights to water and sanitation, and to create public authorities to carry out regulatory functions independently.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 1
- Paragraph text
- In 2016, the Special Rapporteur submitted a report on the human rights to water and sanitation and development cooperation to the General Assembly at its seventy-first session (A/71/302). In that first report, the human rights obligations of bilateral and multilateral funders in that regard were clarified and funders’ human rights approaches, the evolution of development cooperation in the sector and trends in funding patterns were examined. The analysis and findings in that report were based on information from policy documents, academic works and submissions received in response to a questionnaire sent to States and other key stakeholders.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 24
- Paragraph text
- In 2014, France adopted legislation on international development that reaffirms its commitment to promote human rights and related principles. That legislation designates water and sanitation as a stand-alone sector in the country’s development cooperation agenda. The three priority areas designated in the legislation focus on assistance in creating national sector frameworks, including standards for water quality; sustainable water resource management; and sustainable, high-performance water and sanitation services. Those priorities partially overlap with certain elements of the normative content of the human rights to water and sanitation, but the legislation does not incorporate the full framework of those rights.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- Specifically, the Japan International Cooperation Agency has elaborated an assistance strategy on water supply and sanitation (2016). The strategy addresses some elements of the human rights to water and sanitation diffusely among six key issues. Several of those issues demonstrate the Agency’s intention to compensate for multiple imbalances in the water and sanitation sector worldwide. For example, a focus on sustainable rural water supply is adopted in order to tackle long-standing deficits with regard to access in certain geographical areas and on improved sanitation, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Provisions related to the standards of accessibility and quality of services and the principle of sustainability are integrated in the strategy. However, the strategy does not stipulate detailed provisions related to other crucial elements of the human rights to water and sanitation. Regarding affordability, provisions are limited to improving tariff policy and collection. Guarantees for the availability and accessibility of services for all are not mentioned either.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 66
- Paragraph text
- Improvements to partner States’ water and sanitation services funded through development cooperation, even when provided without an obligation for full repayment, often entail an increased need for revenues from tariffs or taxes to keep those services operational and sustainable in the long term. Some funders request or even impose an obligation on partner States to fully or partially recover the costs to operate and maintain such systems through tariffs. Consequently, depending on how tariffs for water and sanitation services are set upon completion, these projects can have an impact on affordable access to services. When funders impose conditionalities requiring full cost recovery through tariffs and the result is higher service fees for users, the affected users must be able to petition the amount of the tariff and seek recourse. If they are not able to do so, the public authorities are therefore not protecting users from the adverse impact of unaffordable services, and the funder shares responsibility for facilitating the creation of such circumstances.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- Neither that Framework nor those operational policies make any specific mention of sanitation services, while references to ensuring water supply are generally subsumed in other project themes, such as the resettlement of populations. In a general requirement regarding the provision of services to communities, one of the Framework’s safeguards pledges that partner States will be held to apply the concept of universal access, which is understood by the World Bank to mean unimpeded access for people of all ages and abilities in different situations and under various circumstances. That policy provision remains ambiguous in the Bank’s safeguard policies as it does not specifically address the provision of water and sanitation services in their different levels. Thus, those policies do not adequately safeguard essential elements of the human rights to water and sanitation, including service availability, safety/quality, affordability and acceptability, not to mention a more thorough, sector-specific description of accessibility.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 50
- Paragraph text
- Regular cleaning, emptying of pits or other places that collect human excreta, and maintenance should also be regulated, in order to ensure the sustainability of sanitation facilities and continued access to them. Where on-site sanitation solutions are used, regulation must ensure that pits and septic tanks are required to be constructed in a way that contents can be adequately collected and disposed of at a sludge treatment facility rather than dumped into the environment.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- Some authors argue that in recent years there has been a gradual shift in the normative goals of regulation from “pure” economic goals to a greater level of inclusion of social objectives. Some contend that the rationale for the regulation of water and sanitation services should involve three dimensions of sustainability: (a) the social sustainability of the services, by protecting users’ interests; (b) the economic, infrastructure and human resource sustainability of the entities providing the services; and (c) the environmental sustainability, in terms of the efficient use of environmental resources. Others have identified “human rights” as an additional regulatory rationale, according to which the regulatory body protects service users’ rights directly “through developing standards reflecting these rights and monitoring their application through inspection”. From a human rights perspective, the regulatory framework’s objectives, activities and norms should be derived from the human rights framework.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- In some countries, regulatory frameworks include the model of self-regulation, whereby public service providers regulate their own activities, set tariffs and quality standards and monitor their own performance. Many countries with public service providers have not seen the necessity of creating a separate regulatory function for the water sector. In El Salvador, the National Water Mains and Sewers Administration, the main service provider in urban areas, sets its own quality of service standards, while the Ministry of Health monitors the quality of drinking water and the Ministry of Economics approves changes to water rates (see A/HRC/33/49/Add.1, para. 25). In Tajikistan, the Ministry of Energy and Water Resources has the overall responsibility for guaranteeing the national drinking water supply and coordinating relevant actors in the water sector (see A/HRC/33/49/Add.2, para. 10). It is also responsible for the adoption and implementation of State programmes for the development of drinking water supply systems, the establishment and regulation of water tariffs and the provision of public information.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 73
- Paragraph text
- The State of Palestine reports that in its territory informal providers are not only present but are essential to ensure some communities’ access to water. This delivery is the only effective option for many communities, hence it is considered a public service. Currently, different governmental institutions are collaborating in order to ensure regulation and supervision of these informal providers. Efforts are being made to license and certify them. The Government’s long-term strategy is to fully connect local communities to public water distribution networks, but in the short term the strategy is to regulate this service and facilitate the mutual support between the local communities and informal service providers.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 64
- Paragraph text
- Monitoring should not only examine compliance of service providers with national and local standards, but should also assess whether the provision of services is carried out in a way that ensures compliance with international human rights obligations such as equality and non-discrimination, participation, access to information and accountability. Regulatory actors are responsible for setting and monitoring indicators of progress towards the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation, which should reflect human rights principles and standards in a direct way. Indicators should cover all the different elements of the rights to water and sanitation and be disaggregated by prohibited grounds of discrimination, while setting specific benchmarks (feasible targets for gradually meeting the indicators) in relation to each indicator.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph