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The right to food, para. 49
- Paragraph text
- 19. Welcomes the outcome document of the high-level plenary meeting of the General Assembly known as the World Conference on Indigenous Peoples,1 held on 22 and 23 September 2014, and the commitment to developing, in conjunction with the indigenous peoples concerned and where appropriate, policies, programmes and resources to support indigenous peoples’ occupations, traditional subsistence activities, economies, livelihoods,
- Body
- United Nations Human Rights Council
- Document type
- Resolution
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Year
- 2018
Paragraph
The right to food, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- 13. Also recognizes the importance of traditional sustainable agricultural practices, inter alia, traditional seed supply systems, including for many indigenous peoples and local communities;
- Body
- United Nations Human Rights Council
- Document type
- Resolution
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Year
- 2018
Paragraph
Human rights and the environment, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- 7 (a) To continue to study the human rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment, in consultation with Governments, relevant international organizations and intergovernmental bodies, including the United Nations Environment Programme and the United Nations Development Programme, and relevant multilateral environment agreements, human rights mechanisms, local authorities, national human rights institutions, civil society organizations, including those representing indigenous peoples and other persons in vulnerable situations, the private sector and academic institutions;
- Body
- United Nations Human Rights Council
- Document type
- Resolution
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Year
- 2018
Paragraph
Human rights and the environment, para. 8
- Paragraph text
- Recalling also the Paris Agreement, adopted under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, in which the parties acknowledged in the preamble that they should, when taking action to address climate change, respect, promote and consider their respective obligations with regard to human rights, the right to health, the rights of indigenous peoples, local communities, migrants, children, persons with disabilities and people in vulnerable situations and the right to development, as well as gender equality, the empowerment of women and intergenerational equity,
- Body
- United Nations Human Rights Council
- Document type
- Resolution
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Ethnic minorities
- Persons on the move
- Persons with disabilities
- Women
- Year
- 2018
Paragraph
Financialization of housing and the right to adequate housing 2017, para. 54
- Paragraph text
- Claims have recently been brought against the Dominican Republic and Panama, for example, on the basis that government decisions to cancel planned luxury developments in order to protect indigenous territories or environmental resources violated investors' rights under bilateral investment treaties. The Government of Mauritius is currently being taken to arbitration by a group of property development companies from the United Kingdom that invested in luxury real estate developments in Mauritius and are now seeking damages for a decision on the part of the Government to change its planning policy to restrict such developments.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Implementation of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the work of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples 2017, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- The Declaration contains a set of collective rights that are fundamental for the survival of indigenous peoples as distinct peoples, as underlined by international, regional and national law and jurisprudence. These are their right to self-determination and the related rights over their lands, territories and natural resources, on which the enjoyment of the whole panoply of their human rights depends. The Declaration states the “urgent need” to respect and promote the inherent rights of indigenous peoples, “especially their rights to their lands, territories and resources”. Therefore, it is a serious concern that the most common complaints brought to the attention of the Special Rapporteur are precisely violations of indigenous peoples’ collective rights to their lands, territories and resources.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Implementation of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the work of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples 2017, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- As already mentioned, several countries have developed legal instruments and administrative and other measures to recognize indigenous rights to land and resources, including processes of land demarcation, title-clearing, dispute settlement, and others. Yet, even in those countries, implementation of legislation and policies is inadequate and indigenous peoples continue to be dispossessed of their traditional lands and resources and forcibly displaced, including by State-sponsored infrastructure, agribusiness, extractive projects and conservation measures. The consequences of such violations on indigenous peoples, as observed by the mandate holder in a wide range of countries across the world, continue to result in the expropriation of land, forced evictions, and the denial of self-governance, as well as discrimination against traditional livelihoods and loss of culture and spiritual sites.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Implementation of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the work of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples 2017, para. 63
- Paragraph text
- Over the past decade, the mandate holder has received many complaints and requests for technical support regarding the implementation of the State duty to consult and obtain the free, prior and informed consent of indigenous peoples before the adoption of legal, administrative and policy measures that affect them. Commonly, the complaints received are related to the lack of effective implementation of the rights to consultation and consent in the context of plans for natural resource development and investment projects affecting indigenous peoples’ lands and resources.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Environment
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Implementation of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the work of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples 2017, para. 15
- Original document
- Paragraph text
- Challenges remain regarding the interpretation of the content of the rights enshrined in the Declaration. Differences in interpretation continue to exist especially in relation to rights to lands and resources; the application of the duty of States to consult with and seek the free, prior and informed consent of indigenous peoples in matters that affect them; and the harmonization of State and customary indigenous governance and justice systems.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Implementation of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the work of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples 2017, para. 56
- Paragraph text
- The mandate holder has provided numerous recommendations in country reports and in communications on measures and actions to be adopted to realize indigenous peoples’ land and resources rights. These include the development of an adequate legal framework in accordance with international human rights standards; the establishment of accessible, prompt and effective procedures to process land titles; the review of laws on expropriation; adequate mechanisms to resolve land disputes; ensuring effective protection from encroachment, including through early warning systems; and the prohibition of forced evictions. National and regional human rights courts have elaborated jurisprudence that provides a solid basis on the ways to realize indigenous peoples’ rights to their lands and resources, including appropriate remedies when those rights have been violated. The lack of compliance with such court decisions remains a concern.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Implementation of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the work of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples 2017, para. 62
- Paragraph text
- Consultation and free, prior and informed consent are essential safeguards that help to realize the substantive human rights of indigenous peoples. Thus, adequate implementation of the State duty to consult and obtain consent must ensure realization of those fundamental rights. There are different ways in which consultation and consent can be operationalized and this is not just limited to the adoption of specific legislation. In cases when States decide to develop laws to implement this duty, an adequate process has to be established so that indigenous peoples fully participate in the drafting and adoption of such measures. The rights to consultation and consent should not be regarded as stand-alone rights, as these are closely linked to other rights such as the right to self-determination, the right to lands, territories and resources and the right to development.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Rights of indigenous peoples 2017, para. 19
- Paragraph text
- Recognizing also the value and the diversity of the cultures and the form of social organization of indigenous peoples and their holistic traditional knowledge of their lands, natural resources and environment,
- Body
- United Nations General Assembly
- Document type
- Resolution
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Implementation of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the work of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples 2017, para. 73
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur has also engaged with members of the Board and the secretariat of the Green Climate Fund to encourage them to adopt a safeguard policy which will protect the rights of indigenous peoples in the projects they fund. As a result of this effort and the active advocacy of indigenous peoples, in June 2017 the Green Climate Fund secretariat released a draft indigenous peoples’ policy which is currently the subject of consultations with indigenous peoples.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
State obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in the context of business activities 2017, para. 12
- Paragraph text
- The obligation to respect economic, social and cultural rights is violated when States parties prioritize the interests of business entities over Covenant rights without adequate justification, or when they pursue policies that negatively affect such rights. This may occur for instance when forced evictions are ordered in the context of investment projects. Indigenous peoples’ cultural values and rights associated with their ancestral lands are particularly at risk. States parties and businesses should respect the principle of free, prior and informed consent of indigenous peoples in relation to all matters that could affect their rights, including their lands, territories and resources that they have traditionally owned, occupied or otherwise used or acquired.
- Body
- Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights
- Document type
- General Comment / Recommendation
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Implementation of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the work of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples 2017, para. 69
- Paragraph text
- Among the gains achieved after the Declaration came into being is the adoption of policies and guidelines on indigenous peoples by several agencies, programmes and funds and other intergovernmental bodies. In 2008, the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) adopted its “Policy guide to housing of indigenous peoples in cities”. The United Nations Development Group adopted its “Guidelines on indigenous issues” in 2009, the same year as the International Fund for Agricultural Development adopted its policy of engagement with indigenous peoples. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations followed suit and adopted its policy on indigenous and tribal peoples in 2010. The United Nations Environment Programme finalized its “Policy guidelines on indigenous peoples” in 2012.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Implementation of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the work of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples 2017, para. 79
- Paragraph text
- Protection and promotion of human rights, including the rights of indigenous peoples, is a universal responsibility. Since the adoption of the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, there is a better understanding on how the private sector can meet this responsibility. Some policy initiatives have been adopted on the basis of the Declaration although, according to allegations received by the mandate holder, business activities, particularly those related to infrastructure building and extractive industries, are still far from respecting the rights enshrined therein. The role of international financial institutions and private investors in the promotion of the Declaration within their field of work is essential in this regard.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Implementation of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the work of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples 2017, para. 80
- Paragraph text
- Development and conservation civil society organizations are also important actors. Their work should adhere to a human rights-based approach, by cooperating with indigenous peoples in achieving the ends of the Declaration and supporting their own self-determined commitments to respect the Declaration. It is positive that already in 2008, the International Union for Conservation of Nature, the key global entity for the adoption of conservation policies on protected areas, explicitly pledged its commitment to implementing the Declaration in conservation work. However, as noted by the current mandate holder in her assessment of how conservation initiatives impact indigenous peoples’ rights, “considerable implementation gaps remain and new threats to human rights-based conservation are emerging”.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Implementation of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the work of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples 2017, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- While there are some good practices of indigenous-led initiatives supported by States, it remains a serious concern that certain traditional livelihoods and indigenous economic practices are still disregarded and marginalized in many countries, in disregard of article 20 of the Declaration. This is the case with traditional pastoralism in eastern Africa, hunting and gathering, traditional agricultural practices such as shifting cultivation in South-East Asia, small-scale traditional fishing in many coastal areas, or reindeer-herding in the Arctic. Moreover, the contributions of these indigenous livelihoods and economic activities to the general economy are not adequately valuated and taken into account. The right of indigenous peoples to continue practising their traditional livelihoods is often violated in contrast with the protection of the rights and claims of those dominating the national economy.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
State obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in the context of business activities 2017, para. 48
- Paragraph text
- Finally, the Committee draws the attention of States parties to the challenges facing human rights defenders. The Committee has regularly come across accounts of threats and attacks aimed at those seeking to protect their own or others’ Covenant rights, particularly in the context of extractive and development projects. In addition, trade union leaders, leaders of peasant movements, indigenous leaders and anti-corruption activists are often subject to the risk of harassment. States parties should take all measures necessary to protect human rights advocates and their work. They should refrain from resorting to criminal prosecution to hinder their work, or from otherwise obstructing their work.
- Body
- Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights
- Document type
- General Comment / Recommendation
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Activists
- Ethnic minorities
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Implementation of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the work of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples 2017, para. 16
- Original document
- Paragraph text
- In this sense, the work of the mandate holder has sought to clarify standards contained in the Declaration, and other relevant existing human rights instruments, both in general and in specific contexts. For instance, after the adoption of the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, the previous Special Rapporteur analysed how indigenous peoples’ rights should be interpreted and implemented in the context of business activities affecting them, both in relation to State duties and companies’ responsibilities, and developed further in-depth work on the issue focused on the activities of extractive industries. The current Special Rapporteur has provided interpretations of standards in relation to economic, social and cultural rights and sustainable development and to investment agreements, as well as analyses of conservation activities and climate change measures.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 23
- Paragraph text
- Traditional food sources of indigenous peoples are regularly found to contain high levels of pesticides. This is also true in the Arctic, because chemicals travel northward through long-range environmental transport in wind and water, bioaccumulating and biomagnifying in traditional foods such as marine mammals and fish. Indigenous peoples in the Arctic are found to have hazardous pesticides in their bodies that were never used near their communities, and suffer from above average rates of cancer and other diseases.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Implementation of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the work of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples 2017, para. 54
- Paragraph text
- In several regions, large-scale land-grabbing is escalating and producing serious human rights violations and direct attacks against indigenous leaders and community members who seek to defend their land rights. Indigenous peoples are being threatened, arrested and prosecuted and, in the worst situations, they become the victims of extrajudicial executions.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Environment
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Implementation of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the work of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples 2017, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- The recognition of the pre-existing rights of indigenous peoples in the legal system of a country is generally a constructive step, particularly when it responds to the demands of indigenous peoples and is conducted in cooperation with them and with their full and effective participation. The mandate holder has consistently recalled that such recognition should be accompanied by a necessary review of all domestic legislation to ensure coherence with international human rights standards on the rights of indigenous peoples, particularly the Declaration. In some countries where legislation recognizing the rights of indigenous peoples has been adopted, there are glaring inconsistencies between such legislation and existing regulations concerning investments, extractive activities such as mining, infrastructure development, forestry, agriculture or conservation measures.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Implementation of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the work of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples 2017, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- Within this context, it is essential to consider the link between poverty, in all its dimensions, and the violation of the right to self-determination. It is also essential to consider the centrality of the rights of indigenous peoples to their lands, territories and resources to ensuring their enjoyment of all their human rights. In this sense, it must be stressed that there has been more progress in the adoption of measures related to certain social and cultural rights than in those concerning effective recognition and respect of indigenous peoples’ rights to self-government and to their lands, territories and natural resources.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Improvement of the situation of women and girls in rural areas 2017, para. 2p
- Paragraph text
- [Urges Member States, in collaboration with the organizations of the United Nations system and civil society, as appropriate, to continue their efforts to implement the outcome of and to ensure an integrated and coordinated follow-up to the relevant United Nations conferences and summits, including their reviews, and to attach greater importance to the improvement of the situation of rural women and girls in their national, regional and global development strategies by, inter alia:] Valuing and supporting the critical role and contribution of rural women, including indigenous women in rural areas, in the conservation and sustainable use of traditional crops and biodiversity for present and future generations as an essential contribution to food security and nutrition;
- Body
- United Nations General Assembly
- Document type
- Resolution
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Gender
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Implementation of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the work of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples 2017, para. 95
- Paragraph text
- The enjoyment of the rights of the indigenous peoples to their lands, territories and resources is central for their survival as distinct peoples. This requires that special and urgent efforts to ensure that legal, policy and other measures fully recognize, protect and enforce these rights, including redress when violations have occurred. In this regard, relevant court decisions should be complied with.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Implementation of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the work of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples 2017, para. 71
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur has engaged with the Conferences of the Parties and intersessional meetings of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Convention on Climate Change to advocate for the recognition of the Declaration, the inclusion of safeguards and the adoption of the human rights-based approach. This is required in order to protect indigenous peoples’ rights and recognize the contributions of indigenous peoples’ traditional knowledge in achieving the aims of the Conventions.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Rights of indigenous peoples 2017, para. 17
- Paragraph text
- Underlining the responsibility of transnational corporations and other business enterprises to respect all human rights, applicable laws and international principles and operate transparently and in a socially and environmentally responsible manner, and emphasizing the need to refrain from negatively affecting the well-being of indigenous peoples and to take further action towards corporate responsibility and accountability, including the prevention, mitigation and remediation of human rights abuses,
- Body
- United Nations General Assembly
- Document type
- Resolution
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 13
- Paragraph text
- The obligation to provide obliges States to fulfil the rights to water and sanitation when individuals are unable, for reasons beyond their control, to realize these rights themselves by the means at their disposal. In this respect, it is crucial that the State sets specific regulations for the provision of services, inter alia, to homeless people, to poor nomadic communities, and to victims of situations of armed conflict, emergencies, natural disasters or climate change effects.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Poverty
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Agriculture development, food security and nutrition 2017, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- Recognizes the important role of indigenous peoples and local communities, small-scale farmers, livestock farmers, small-scale fishers and fish workers and their traditional knowledge and seed supply systems, as well the important role of new technologies in the conservation of biodiversity and in aiming to ensure food security and improved nutrition;
- Body
- United Nations General Assembly
- Document type
- Resolution
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph