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Title | Date added | Template | Original document | Paragraph text | Body | Document type | Thematics | Topic(s) | Person(s) affected | Year |
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Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 95 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Agroecological farming can help secure livelihoods for smallholder farmers and those living in poverty, including women, because there is no heavy reliance on expensive external inputs. If properly managed, biodiversity and efficient use of resources can enable smallholder farms to be more productive per hectare than large industrial farms (A/HRC/16/49). | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2017 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 73 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | More needs to be done to improve opportunities for women to participate in the green economy, notably through ensuring that women benefit equally from employment opportunities arising from development projects focusing on clean technology and renewable energy. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 72 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Despite women's role in collecting biofuels for household use, women are often excluded from energy plans and policies because energy is associated with electricity and fossil fuels and is therefore considered to be within men's domain. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 70 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Crop failure caused by slow-onset disasters such as land degradation and drought has resulted in the increase of men's out-migration in developing world. Women are often left behind to struggle to feed their families to take on men's traditional roles and responsibilities. This increases women's work, but does not grant women equal access to financial, technological, and social resources to lessen the burden. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 67 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The impact of environmental degradation and biodiversity loss on common property resources threatens household food security and livelihoods. Women who lack land tenure depend on common resources, for subsistence. This decreases the time available for food production and preparation, and threatens women's safety, with consequences for household food security and nutritional well-being. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 64 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Climate change itself intensifies psychological stress associated with disasters, increasing women's risks of situations of violence, sexual harassment and trafficking. Some women are forced into prostitution and research has shown increased HIV prevalence in drought-ridden areas of rural Africa. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 61 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | However, the system still needs to incorporate a human rights approach, including participatory monitoring systems to evaluate standards as well as mechanisms to seek remedy for violations of human rights, particularly for women. A human rights approach emphasizes local self-determination that frustrated by externally imposed ownership and promotes control over critical and traditional local resources like water, land, and biodiversity. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 58 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Women have multiple responsibilities as heads of households, caregivers, and subsistence farmers, and balancing these roles is increasingly challenging in the face of climate change. Women also participate in a wide range of activities that support sustainable agricultural development, such as soil and water conservation, agro-ecology, afforestation and crop domestication and are vital to adaptation and mitigation policies. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 57 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | It is widely acknowledged that climate change impacts are not gender-neutral. As already marginalized individuals in virtually every society, women face discrimination and are subject to human rights abuses at a disproportionate rate, further accelerated by climate change. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 35 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Globally, women have bred more than 7,000 species of crops. In India alone, seed saving has enabled women to breed 200,000 varieties of rice. Biodiversity offers the genetic variation necessary to protect against diseases, pests, and weather events that threaten to wipe out food supplies. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 83 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Women lack access to information about climate change, and this knowledge is critical to support adaptation, promote well-being and increase resilience to climate change. Women are more likely than men to adopt climate-adaptive and resilient practices, but most women do not have access to formal sources of information, such as extension agents. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 44 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | As suggested, the root causes of malnutrition go beyond a lack of sufficient and adequate food, and to combat them requires actions similar to those embedded in a variety of interrelated development goals, including those pertaining to health, access to resources, environmental degradation, climate change and women's empowerment. The Sustainable Development Goals cannot be achieved without special attention to nutrition, and vice versa. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Acroecology and the right to food 2011, para. 19 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Sometimes, seemingly minor innovations can provide high returns. In Kenya, researchers and farmers developed the "push-pull" strategy to control parasitic weeds and insects that damage the crops. The strategy consists in "pushing" away pests from corn by inter-planting corn with insect-repellent crops like Desmodium, while "pulling" them towards small plots of Napier grass, a plant that excretes a sticky gum which both attracts and traps pests. The system not only controls pests but has other benefits as well, because Desmodium can be used as fodder for livestock. The push-pull strategy doubles maize yields and milk production while, at the same time, improves the soil. The system has already spread to more than 10,000 households in East Africa by means of town meetings, national radio broadcasts and farmer field schools. In Japan, farmers found that ducks and fish were as effective as pesticide for controlling insects in rice paddies, while providing additional protein for their families. The ducks eat weeds, weed seeds, insects, and other pests, thus reducing weeding labour, otherwise done by hand by women, and duck droppings provide plant nutrients. The system has been adopted in China, India, and the Philippines. In Bangladesh, the International Rice Research Institute reports 20 per cent higher crops yields, and net incomes on a cash cost basis have increased by 80 per cent. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
Human rights criteria for making contract farming and other business models inclusive of small-scale farmers 2011, para. 14 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | What is in the interest of the parties to certain contractual arrangements or business models may not be in the interest of the community as a whole, and the solutions may not be sustainable. For instance, contract farming may divert agricultural production towards cash crops that, while potentially increasing revenue for some producers, may also lead to local food price increases, as less food would be produced for local consumption, with the risk that food would become unaffordable for the poorest in some communities. This may be in violation of the requirement that "every man, woman and child, alone or in community with others, have physical and economic access at all times to adequate food or means for its procurement" (see E/C.12/1999/5, para. 6). The specialization in cash crops frequently entails a loss of biodiversity and a shift away from diversity and towards mono-cropping in farming systems that may be detrimental to the biotic activity of the soil and may accelerate soil erosion. States have a duty to "protect ecological sustainability and the carrying capacity of ecosystems to ensure the possibility for increased, sustainable food production for present and future generations, prevent water pollution, protect the fertility of the soil, and promote the sustainable management of fisheries and forestry" (E/CN.4/2005/131, annex, para. 8.13). | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
Vision of the mandate 2014, para. 33 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | There is also a need for the new global development goals to address structural transformation in relation to the existing global systems of power, decision-making and resource-sharing as a means of achieving women's rights and gender equality in relation to food security. That includes enacting policies that recognize and redistribute the unequal and unfair burdens of women and girls in sustaining societal well-being and economies, which are intensified in times of economic and ecological crises. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2014 | ||
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 25 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Pregnant women who are exposed to pesticides are at higher risk of miscarriage, pre-term delivery and birth defects. Studies have regularly found a cocktail of pesticides in umbilical cords and first faeces of newborns, proving prenatal exposure. Exposure to pesticides can be transferred from either parent. The most critical period for exposure for the father is three months prior to conception, while maternal exposure is most dangerous from the month before conception through the first trimester of pregnancy. Recent evidence suggests that pesticide exposure by pregnant mothers leads to higher risk of childhood leukaemia and other cancers, autism and respiratory illnesses. For example, neurotoxic pesticides can cross the placental barrier and affect the developing nervous system of the fetus, while other toxic chemicals can adversely impact its undeveloped immune system. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2017 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 74 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Adaptation strategies are adjustments made to ecological, social or economic systems in response to actual or expected effects or impacts of climate change. In general, adaptation policies and measures need to be gender sensitive, taking into account women's lack of control and access to land, resources, transportation, information, technology, and ultimately decision-making. Data from several countries suggest that men and women have different needs, priorities, and preferences for adaptation and, indeed, men and women tend to report engaging in different adaptation strategies. Women tend to adopt certain practices more readily than men, including cover cropping with legumes to increase soil fertility and improve food security and feed management practices for livestock. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 71 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | A gendered approach to climate change adaptation and mitigation is necessary to combat the vulnerabilities women face because of existing social, economic and political inequalities. Mitigation activities aim to decrease greenhouse gas emissions through support for technology development and capacity building. These activities also provide important opportunities to improve women's health and livelihoods by creating new opportunities for women particularly in the renewable energy sector. Development programs that support the distribution of clean cook-stoves have had a significant impact on reducing emissions and limiting premature deaths and illness linked to indoor air pollution, particularly benefiting women and children. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 69 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Insecure land tenure reduces rural women's and men's incentives to make long-term investments in soil rehabilitation and conservation, which are crucial to agricultural land management in era of climate change and resource scarcity. A reduction of agricultural productivity and more competition for productive land leave women with the more marginal and fragile lands. Tools are often reserved for men's plots of land and women may not use technological adaptation techniques. In a Sub-Saharan African county, women, have limited access to irrigation or other farm technology, such as motorized tillers that would increase productivity and offset negative impacts of climatic shocks. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 68 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Impacts of decreased water quality as a result of climate change are also gender differentiated. Children and pregnant women are more physically vulnerable to waterborne diseases and their role in supplying household water and performing domestic chores makes them more vulnerable to developing diseases, such as diarrhea and cholera, which thrive in degraded water. Decreased water resources may also cause women's health to suffer as a result of the increased work burden and reduced nutritional status. For instance, in Peru following the 1997-98 El Niño events, malnutrition among women was a major cause of peripartum illness. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 66 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | In rural areas, women and girls spend the majority of their time engaged in subsistence farming and in the collection of water and fuel. As a result of flooding, droughts, fires and mudslides, these tasks become more difficult. Water shortages and depletion of forests require women and girls to walk longer distances to collect water and wood. In Senegal and Mozambique, women spend 17.5 and 15.3 hours respectively each week collecting water. In Nepal, girls spend an average of five hours per week on this task. In rural Africa and India, 30 percent of women's daily energy intake is spent in carrying water. Depletion of land and water resources may place additional burdens on women's labour and health as they struggle to make their livelihoods in a changing environment. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 62 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | One area of concern is disaster management because climate change is likely to impact the number and severity of extreme weather events. Researches show that in societies where men and women should be impacted indiscriminately in disasters women and girls, as a result of gender based inequalities, are up to 14 times more likely to die in the event of a disaster. This is especially true of elderly women, those with disabilities, pregnant and nursing women, and those with small children, who may have lack of, or limited mobility and resources, and therefore remain most at risk in cases of emergency. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 60 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development also acknowledges the critical importance of advancing gender equality and empowering women and girls to realize sustainable development. Many of the climate-related SDGs include gender-specific targets, including those related to ownership and control over land and access to new technology (SDG1), women small-scale food producers (SDG2), and water and sanitation (SDG6). These goals provide a mandate for advancing gender equality and women's empowerment across all areas of climate change action. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 59 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The successful implementation of climate change policies and projects requires an understanding of the gender-based roles and relationships vis-à-vis natural resources, as well as the gender-differentiated impacts of climate change. The Beijing Declaration in 1995 was the first international declaration to recognize the links between gender equality and climate change. It took a long time for international climate change policy makers to address gender dimensions of climate change. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) process referred to gender considerations only in "Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation" (REDD+) and response measures, with the latter only referring to women as a "vulnerable group". In recent years, progress has been made in integrating gender equality in the COP decisions. It remains uncertain how the gender perspective to climate change policies will be acknowledged in the upcoming document of the climate change agreement. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 8 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Considering the vital importance of women to the global food systems, as well as, to family budgets, this report will first outline the persistent discrimination and structural barriers that women and girls face in several fields. Despite the recognition of the vital role of women in international human rights law and policies, the situation of women with regards to implementation of right to food remains critical. This report will deal with the cultural, legal, economic, and ecological barriers that hinder the equal implementation of the right to food. It further addresses the positive role that women can play in developing solution to the posed challenges such as eliminating hunger, maintaining food security and preserving natural resources. The report particularly focuses on the importance of gender-sensitive policies in the context of climate change, and the particular vulnerability of rural women. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 85 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Climate-related financial aid is not gender equal. Almost no climate aid goes to women, even though women experience a disproportionate amount of the impacts of climate change. Accelerated efforts are needed to ensure that gender equality is mainstreamed throughout all climate change programs in all sectors, given the primary role that women play in natural resource management, farming, working, raising small livestock, and collecting fuel and water. Overcoming these challenges will require stronger partnerships between research organizations, government agencies and NGOs in order to continue to strengthen capacity of implementing organizations on gender and to build the evidence base on gender and climate change by monitoring and evaluating gender differences in participation in and outcomes of adaptation projects. A key challenge is the lack of gender experts in government climate change adaptation program. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 80 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Not enough agricultural research and development efforts have focused on options that meet women's specific needs and situations related to childcare, food preparation, and the collection of domestic water and energy resources. New research based on gender-disaggregated data shed light on gender differences in perceptions on climate change and the ability to adopt practices and technologies needed to increase resilience. These data also show that men and women have different preferences, needs, and priorities for the ways in which they respond to climate change. There is also a greater need for using gender-disaggregated data to inform evidence-based policy making as well as integrating a gender perspective into research on climate change and mitigation and adaptation strategies. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 79 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | In order for adaptation and mitigation strategies to effectively take gender into account, they must provide women with the opportunity to be active members of the planning and implementation of such policies. Helping women participate fully in the process of adaptation will require concerted effort by decision-makers to overcome the multiple barriers of control over resources, lack of access to information, and socio-cultural constraints. Local adaptation policies need to be designed by both women and men in order to build upon existing knowledge and grant women access to the rights, resources and opportunities necessary to surviving climate change in the years to come. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 78 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | With the increased commercialization of agriculture and highly technological improvements, farming systems are overly dependent on external inputs such as agrochemicals. Poor rural women and men farmers often spread risk by growing a wide variety of locally-adapted crops, some of which will be resistant to drought or pests, and livestock breeds that have adapted to the local agro ecological zone. Diversification, an important coping strategy adopted by poor rural households, also protects women against climate change, desertification, and other environmental stresses. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 77 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Agro-ecology is a reaction against the agricultural policies promoted by the Green Revolution that have replaced traditional farming with GMO seeds, extreme use of fertilization, and intensive resource use. It offers an important means through which women farmers can adapt to climate change, recognizes women as legitimate actors, and opens spaces for women to become more autonomous and empowered at productive, reproductive, and community levels. At the same time, agro-ecology is a proven alternative farming method to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 |