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Title | Date added | Template | Original document | Paragraph text | Body | Document type | Thematics | Topic(s) | Person(s) affected | Year |
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Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 66 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | In addition, the nature and forms of trafficking in persons associated with conflict are highly gendered. For example, abduction into military forces affects males and females differently. Men and boys are typically forced into soldiering while women and girls are generally forced into support roles, and they typically face much greater risk of sexual assault as either a primary purpose or an additional manifestation of their exploitation. As previously noted, sexual enslavement, a practice exacerbated by situations of conflict, is highly gendered in that it disproportionately affects women and girls. Other forms of trafficking-related exploitation particular to or especially prevalent in conflict, including forced and temporary marriage, are highly gendered in their motivation and impact, which underscores the importance of a gender analysis in all trafficking prevention efforts and responses. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 78 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Multi-stakeholder initiatives should ensure that assurance providers and auditors have demonstrated knowledge and experience in assessing compliance with labour-related standards and in interviewing workers on an ongoing basis. When risk indicators are identified, the initiatives should consider requiring the collaboration of assurance providers and auditors with civil society organizations that are specialized in victim identification and that provide specialized services for trafficked persons. Multi-stakeholder initiatives should ensure that specialized services address gender concerns and that services are offered to both men and women. They should also consider including forced labour and human trafficking experts in oversight bodies. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2017 | ||
Regional and subregional cooperation in promoting a human rights-based approach to combatting trafficking in persons 2010, para. 108 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Regional cooperation instruments and plans of action should promote the ratification of international human rights law instruments, including the Palermo Protocol. In particular, they should contain a commitment by all countries to adopt the Palermo Protocol definition of human trafficking, which covers trafficking of all persons, women, children and men, and in all its forms, including for sexual exploitation, labour exploitation, slavery or practices similar to slavery, organ transplantation and other exploitative reasons. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2010 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 77b | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [Concerned governmental institutions, law enforcement authorities, civil society organizations, academia, United Nations agencies and programmes and international organizations should undertake further research on the different forms of trafficking in persons in relation to conflict and post-conflict situations, including on:] The linkage between gender and trafficking in persons in conflicts, not only with regard to girls and women but also boys and men; | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 61 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | In addition, the nature and form of trafficking in persons associated with conflict are highly gendered. For example, abduction into military forces affects males and females differently. Men and boys are typically forced into soldiering while women and girls are generally forced into support roles and typically face much greater risk of sexual assault as either a primary purpose or an additional manifestation of their exploitation. As previously noted, sexual enslavement, a practice exacerbated by situations of conflict, is highly gendered in that it disproportionately affects women and girls. Other forms of trafficking-related exploitation particular to or especially prevalent in conflict, including forced and temporary marriage, are highly gendered in their motivation and impact, which underscores the importance of a gender analysis in all trafficking prevention efforts and responses. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Stocktaking exercise on the work of the mandate on its tenth Anniversary 2014, para. 58a | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [Future mandate holders could focus on conceptual and definitional overlaps; the consequences of a human rights-based approach to trafficking; measuring the impact of anti-trafficking interventions, corruption and trafficking; and the effectiveness of victim identification tools. They should:] Consider undertaking studies in relation to emerging areas of concern, such as illicit recruitment practices, trafficking in men for forced and exploitative labour, trafficking for forced begging and criminal activities, trafficking for forced or servile marriage and return and the risk of retrafficking. They should also consider giving further attention to trafficking in persons for the removal of organs in continuation of the initial work undertaken by the Special Rapporteur; | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2014 | ||
The first decade of the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children 2014, para. 79a | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [Future mandate holders could focus on conceptual and definitional overlaps; the consequences of a human rights-based approach to trafficking; measuring the impact of anti-trafficking interventions, corruption and trafficking; and the effectiveness of victim identification tools. They should:] Consider undertaking studies in relation to emerging areas of concern, such as (i) illicit recruitment practices, (ii) trafficking in men for forced and exploitative labour, (iii) trafficking for forced begging and criminal activities, (iv) trafficking for forced or servile marriage and (v) return and the risk of retrafficking. They should consider giving further attention to trafficking in persons for the removal of organs in continuation of the initial work undertaken by the Special Rapporteur; | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2014 | ||
Due diligence and trafficking in persons 2015, para. 52 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Due diligence requires respect for the principle of non-punishment of victims as well as the removal of barriers in access to justice, including any limitations regarding residence or other personal status. This includes the adoption of gender-specific measures that take into account the different assistance and protection needs of women and men, girls, and boys and overcome discriminatory barriers to accessing remedies. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2015 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 72b | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [Concerned governmental institutions, law enforcement authorities, civil society organizations, academia, United Nations agencies and programmes and international organizations should undertake further research on the different forms of trafficking in persons in relation to conflict and post-conflict situations, including on:] The linkage between gender and trafficking in persons in conflicts, not only with regard to girls and women but also boys and men; | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
The first decade of the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children 2014, para. 78b | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [The Human Rights Council should:] Consider abbreviating the title of the mandate by removing the specific reference to women and children. While that reference is part of the title of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, it may deflect attention from the reality that trafficking is a problem affecting men as well as women and children. However, the substance of the mandate as set out in Human Rights Council resolution 8/12: "to promote the prevention of trafficking in persons in all its forms and the adoption of measures to uphold and protect the human rights of victims" has proved to be a sound one that requires no substantial modifications. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2014 | ||
Regional and subregional cooperation in promoting a human rights-based approach to combatting trafficking in persons 2010, para. 120 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [Regional mechanisms should carry out the activities set out in the following paragraphs, which have a specific added value:] Promote the provision of gender-sensitive responses which adequately address the needs of both women and men as victims. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2010 | ||
Regional and subregional cooperation in promoting a human rights-based approach to combatting trafficking in persons 2010, para. 121 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [Regional mechanisms should carry out the activities set out in the following paragraphs, which have a specific added value:] Promote the participation of both women and men in decision-making concerning counter-trafficking policies, at every level and notably in positions of leadership. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2010 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 78 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The media should be adequately sensitized about the linkage between trafficking in persons, especially women and children, and conflict, and should be aware of its gender dimension, in order to be able to report correctly about incidents of trafficking affecting girls, boys, women and men living in such circumstances. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 73 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The media should be adequately sensitized on the linkage between trafficking in persons, especially women and children, and conflict and be aware of its gender dimension, in order to be able to report correctly about incidents of trafficking affecting girls, boys, women and men occurring in such circumstances. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
The first decade of the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children 2014, para. 21 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | That definition affirmed that trafficking is much wider in scope than previously envisaged: that it can take place for a wide range of end purposes, including, but not limited to, sexual exploitation; that it can involve as victims men and boys, as well as women and girls; and that it can take place across borders or within a country, including the victim's own. The Special Rapporteur has embraced this understanding of trafficking, affirming in her first report the scope of the mandate to include trafficking in children for sexual purposes, child labour, adoption and participation in armed conflict; trafficking in men for forced labour, organized crime and other exploitation; trafficking in women and girls for forced marriage, sexual exploitation and forced labour; and trafficking in persons for the removal of organs (A/HRC/10/16, para. 16). | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2014 | ||
The first decade of the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children 2014, para. 35 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | As noted above, international understanding of the nature and scope of trafficking has expanded significantly in the past several decades. It is now widely accepted that women, men and children are trafficked and that the forms of trafficking are as varied as the potential for profit or other personal gain. This development is highly significant from the perspective of international law because it brings within the relevant legal framework a wide range of exploitative conduct, much of which has been poorly or selectively regulated at both national and international levels. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2014 | ||
The first decade of the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children 2014, para. 36 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Both mandate holders have embraced this comprehensive understanding of trafficking, which includes trafficking in children for sexual purposes, child labour, adoption and participation in armed conflict; trafficking in men for forced labour and other exploitation; trafficking in women and girls for forced marriage, sexual exploitation and forced labour; and trafficking in persons for removal of organs. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2014 | ||
Regional and subregional cooperation in promoting a human rights-based approach to combatting trafficking in persons 2010, para. 99 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | COMMIT in the Mekong region has taken relevant steps to include men and boys in the COMMIT national plans, anti-trafficking laws and MOUs that previously focused solely on women and children, thereby reinforcing certain myths and stereotypes about the issue. It has encouraged member States who are also parties to the Palermo Protocol to adopt its definition, which covers trafficking of all persons, including men, and in all its forms, including trafficking for labour exploitation, which in some sectors, such as agriculture or fishing, predominantly affects men. Furthermore, it acknowledges the differential risks to exploitation in sex-division of labour and addresses gender-based vulnerabilities to trafficking in persons. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2010 | ||
A human rights-based approach to the administration of criminal justice in cases of trafficking in persons 2012, para. 17 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | It is important to emphasize that the relevant legislation must be clear, enforceable and comprehensive to ensure effective protection of the victim. States must criminalize trafficking as it has been defined by international law. This means that criminalization must cover a range of end purposes, including forced and exploitative labour; it must recognize the possibility of women, men and children being victims of trafficking; and that the trafficking in children must be defined differently to trafficking in adults. A trafficking law that covers only one of these aspects would fall short of this standard. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2012 | ||
Stocktaking exercise on the work of the mandate on its tenth Anniversary 2014, para. 48 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The work of the mandate holders has confirmed that the problem of human trafficking continues to be endemic in all parts of the world. While awareness of trafficking and of relevant rights and obligations has improved significantly, it has not resulted in substantial improvements on the ground. Large numbers of women, men and children continue to be exploited; very few receive support, protection or redress; few of the perpetrators are apprehended; and in every country the number of prosecutions remains stubbornly low. It is thus pertinent to draw out the challenges that are likely to be of particular concern to the international community and to the holders of the mandate as it evolves in the future. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2014 | ||
Stocktaking exercise on the work of the mandate on its tenth Anniversary 2014, para. 10 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | That definition affirmed that trafficking is much wider in scope than previously envisaged; that it can take place for a wide range of end purposes, including, but not limited to, sexual exploitation; that it can involve men and boys, as well as women and girls, as victims; and that it can take place across borders or within a country, including the victim's own. The scope of the mandate of the Special Rapporteur also includes trafficking in children for sexual purposes, child labour, adoption and participation in armed conflict; trafficking in men for forced labour, organized crime and other exploitation; trafficking in women and girls for forced marriage, sexual exploitation and forced labour; and trafficking in persons for the removal of organs (A/HRC/10/16, para. 16 and Corr. 1). A number of partners of the mandate have highlighted the substantive contribution that has been made to expanding the discourse in relation to the identification and exploration of different forms and manifestations of exploitation related to trafficking. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2014 | ||
Stocktaking exercise on the work of the mandate on its tenth Anniversary 2014, para. 53 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Partners have emphasized that the mandate holders could make a further contribution to the understanding of trafficking in persons by continuing to provide greater clarity on emerging and new forms of trafficking. Some themes proposed in this regard include trafficking for the purpose of forced labour (outside the sex sector), begging, criminality and forced marriage. The issue of trafficking of men and boys and the link between trafficking and corruption were also proposed. Further research on trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal and on prosecutions and punishments was deemed useful to determine the types of penalty imposed on traffickers and to what extent they acted as a deterrent. A focus on strengthening the accountability of non-State actors and the engagement of civil society in the efforts to combat trafficking in persons was also suggested. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2014 | ||
The first decade of the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children 2014, para. 45 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Trafficked men. The Special Rapporteur has regularly raised concerns about the lack of appropriate assistance to men and boys who have been trafficked. Low identification rates are a widespread problem. Many States have been slow to recognize the issue of trafficking in men, a situation that is explained, at least in part, by the continuing strong focus on trafficking for sexual exploitation at the expense of trafficking for labour exploitation. For cultural and other reasons, male victims of trafficking are often reluctant to self-identify. Even where victim support assistance is available, it may be inaccessible or not properly adapted for them and declined for those reasons. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2014 | ||
The first decade of the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children 2014, para. 66 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The work of the mandate has confirmed that the problem of human trafficking continues to be endemic in all parts of the world. While awareness of trafficking and of relevant rights and obligations has improved significantly, this has not resulted in substantial improvements on the ground. Large numbers of women, men and children continue to be exploited; very few receive support, protection or redress; few of those who are doing the exploiting are apprehended and in every country the number of prosecutions remains stubbornly low. Many of the obstacles to a more effective response have been addressed in the previous sections of the present report. Nevertheless, it is pertinent to draw out those challenges that are likely to be of particular concern to the international community and to the mandate as it evolves in the future. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2014 | ||
Agenda setting of the work of the Special Rapporteur 2015, para. 24 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | With regard to perpetrators, while the majority of traffickers are men, women constitute 28 per cent of convicted trafficking offenders. It is not uncommon for women victims of trafficking to be convicted for offences connected with, or arising out of, their trafficking situation, as a result of coercion by their perpetrators to undertake criminal activities. In those situations, they often come to the attention of the authorities primarily as offenders, whilst they should rather be identified as victims of trafficking. On the other hand, in some cases women start out as victims of trafficking and, as a means of escaping their own victimization, turn into perpetrators, undertaking the most visible and dangerous criminal tasks. In that regard, the mandate has noted the involvement of women traffickers in areas such as the recruitment and controlling of children for forced labour and domestic servitude, and of women and girls for sexual exploitation (A/HRC/23/48/Add.2 and A/HRC/26/37/Add.4). | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2015 | ||
Agenda setting of the work of the Special Rapporteur 2015, para. 52 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | In continuation of the broad interpretation of trafficking in persons adopted by the mandate, the Special Rapporteur will embrace and further develop a comprehensive understanding of trafficking for any illicit purpose. This includes - but is not limited to - trafficking in adults and children for sexual purposes, for labour exploitation, for exploitative adoption and for participation in armed conflicts; trafficking in women, men and children for forced labour and other forms of exploitation, such as exploitation in criminal or illicit activities, or forced and organized begging; trafficking in women and girls for forced and servile marriages, sexual exploitation and forced labour, including domestic servitude; and trafficking in persons for the removal of organs (A/HRC/26/37, para. 36). | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2015 | ||
Integration of a human rights-based approach in measures to discourage the demand that fosters all forms of exploitation of persons, especially women and children, and which leads to human trafficking 2013, para. 11 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Over the past decade, anti-trafficking practitioners have debated what actions are required to discourage demand and what measures have proved effective. Progress in answering these questions has been notably slow. One reason is that the term "demand" is still subject to different interpretations, with some States and organizations putting the emphasis on measures to discourage exploitation associated with services, particularly sexual services and the exploitation of the prostitution of others, considering it appropriate to discourage men and boys from paying for commercial sexual services in any circumstances, whether the women, girls or men and boys with whom they pay for sex have been trafficked or not. Another reason is that addressing the demand side requires giving priority to measures in the places where trafficked persons are exploited, rather than in the locations (and States) where adults and children are recruited to be trafficked and exploited elsewhere. This has been a challenge for States that have either made no estimate of the scale of trafficking and exploitation of persons occurring in their territory or which refuse to acknowledge the scale of such abuse (with the result that they have not given priority to measures to prevent human trafficking). It also calls for an analysis and understanding of the factors that allow demand to be met by the exploitation of trafficked persons, including economic, social and cultural factors. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2013 | ||
The right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons 2011, para. 26 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | While many States have made positive progress in establishing and providing services to support recovery of trafficked persons, a number of challenges remain in ensuring that these services are provided in a manner that is non-discriminatory and enhances the human rights of trafficked persons. In some States, recovery services are only available to certain categories of trafficked persons at the exclusion of others, such as men and children who are internally trafficked. It appears that the distribution of services often seems to be skewed towards foreign adult women trafficked for sexual exploitation. Furthermore, many States make access to recovery services conditional upon the capacity or willingness of trafficked persons to cooperate with law enforcement authorities, which is contrary to "the fundamental tenet of the human rights approach to trafficking". | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
Stocktaking exercise on the work of the mandate on its tenth Anniversary 2014, para. 30 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The Special Rapporteur has also systematically raised concerns about the low identification rates and provision of appropriate assistance to men and boys who have been trafficked, which is a widespread problem in many States. The continuing strong focus on trafficking for sexual exploitation at the expense of a focus on trafficking for labour exploitation, the reluctance of male victims of trafficking to self-identify (for cultural and other reasons) and the inaccessible, or not properly adapted, support provided to them are possible reasons for the slow recognition of the issue of trafficking in men. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2014 | ||
Agenda setting of the work of the Special Rapporteur 2015, para. 50 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The Special Rapporteur will adopt a gendered perspective on trafficking which acknowledges that both women and men can be involved in trafficking and provides a better understanding of how to address the similarities and differences in the trafficking experience of women and men. In her work, she plans to pay particular attention to understanding the characteristics of trafficking crimes from a gender perspective to ensure the adoption of targeted measures. A gender perspective is necessary to understand why women constitute the majority of victims of trafficking in certain sectors, and why men are less likely to be identified as victims of trafficking and less likely to be reached by existing support measures for trafficked persons. In addition, the compounded effects of various types of exploitation which affect women disproportionately should be examined. For instance, in the agriculture sector, women trafficked for labour exploitation who work in the fields during the day are often sexually exploited at night by fellow workers and/or brokers and intermediaries. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2015 |