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Title | Date added | Template | Original document | Paragraph text | Body | Document type | Thematics | Topic(s) | Person(s) affected | Year |
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Ability of associations to access financial resources as a vital part of the right to freedom of association & Ability to hold peaceful assemblies as an integral component of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly 2013, para. 8 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The ability to seek, secure and use resources is essential to the existence and effective operations of any association, no matter how small. The right to freedom of association not only includes the ability of individuals or legal entities to form and join an association but also to seek, receive and use resources - human, material and financial - from domestic, foreign, and international sources. | Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association | Special Procedures' report |
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Ability of associations to access financial resources as a vital part of the right to freedom of association & Ability to hold peaceful assemblies as an integral component of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly 2013, para. 15 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Article 22 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (hereafter the Covenant) affirms that "everyone shall have the right to freedom of association with others, including the right to form and join trade unions for the protection of his interests." Article 6 (f) of the Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief (General Assembly resolution 36/55) explicitly refers to the freedom to access funding, stating that the right to freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief shall include, inter alia, the freedom "to solicit and receive voluntary financial and other contributions from individuals and institutions." On 21 March 2013, the Human Rights Council adopted resolution 22/6, in which it called upon States to ensure that reporting requirements "do not inhibit functional autonomy [of associations]" and "do not discriminatorily impose restrictions on potential sources of funding." | Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association | Special Procedures' report |
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Ability of associations to access financial resources as a vital part of the right to freedom of association & Ability to hold peaceful assemblies as an integral component of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly 2013, para. 16 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | In communication No. 1274/2004, the Human Rights Committee observed that "the right to freedom of association relates not only to the right to form an association, but also guarantees the right of such an association freely to carry out its statutory activities. The protection afforded by article 22 extends to all activities of an association […]." Accordingly, fundraising activities are protected under article 22 of the Covenant, and funding restrictions that impede the ability of associations to pursue their statutory activities constitute an interference with article 22. Other United Nations treaty bodies have emphasized the obligation of States to allow civil society to seek, secure, and utilize resources, including from foreign sources. The Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights highlighted this issue when it expressed "deep concern" with Egypt's Law No. 153 of 1999, which "gives the Government control over the right of NGOs to manage their own activities, including seeking external funding." | Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association | Special Procedures' report |
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Ability of associations to access financial resources as a vital part of the right to freedom of association & Ability to hold peaceful assemblies as an integral component of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly 2013, para. 19 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The Special Rapporteur notes with concern laws and practices that constrain civil society organizations from seeking, receiving or utilizing foreign funding. As will be detailed in the following section of the report, most of the justifications put forward by States to restrict foreign funding do not comply with article 22, paragraph 2, of the Covenant, which states that "no restrictions may be placed on the exercise of [the right to freedom of association] other than those which are prescribed by law and which are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public safety, public order (ordre public), the protection of public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others." As will be repeatedly emphasized in this section, the conditions for any restriction are cumulative, that is, motivated by one of the above limited interests, have a legal basis and "necessary in a democratic society". | Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association | Special Procedures' report |
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Ability of associations to access financial resources as a vital part of the right to freedom of association & Ability to hold peaceful assemblies as an integral component of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly 2013, para. 22 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | One of the most common reasons used by governments to limit access to funding relate to security measures, including protection against terrorism and prevention of money-laundering. The crime of terrorism, which aims at the "destruction of human rights, fundamental freedoms and democracy, threaten[s] territorial integrity and security of States and destabiliz[es] legitimately constituted Governments", has devastating consequences and has caused tragic human suffering. The Special Rapporteur is aware that States have an interest in protecting "national security or public safety", which are legitimate grounds for restricting freedom of association, but he underscores that there is also need for States to comply with international human rights law while countering terrorism. | Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association | Special Procedures' report |
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Ability of associations to access financial resources as a vital part of the right to freedom of association & Ability to hold peaceful assemblies as an integral component of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly 2013, para. 23 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Under the Covenant, any limitation must not only pursue a legitimate interest but also be "necessary in a democratic society." It is only when groups engage in the aforementioned confined activities that they can be labelled as a terrorist group. It is therefore a violation of international law for counter-terrorism or "anti-extremism" measures to be used as a pretext to constrain dissenting views or independent civil society. As highlighted by the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights while countering terrorism, "[s]tates shall not invoke national security as a justification for measures aimed at suppressing opposition or to justify repressive practices against its population. The onus is on the Government to prove that a threat to one of the grounds for limitation exists and that the measures are taken to deal with the threat." In order to meet the proportionality and necessity test, restrictive measures must be the least intrusive means to achieve the desired objective and be limited to the associations falling within the clearly identified aspects characterizing terrorism only. They must not target all civil society associations, as is regrettably the case in a new law against organized crime in Venezuela. Laws drafted in general terms limiting, or even banning funding under the justification of counter-terrorism do not comply with the requisites of "proportionality" and "necessity". | Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association | Special Procedures' report |
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Ability of associations to access financial resources as a vital part of the right to freedom of association & Ability to hold peaceful assemblies as an integral component of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly 2013, para. 30 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | In order to analyse whether the limitation motivated by the protection of State sovereignty complies with international human rights law, it must first be explored whether it falls within one of the limited legitimate grounds for restrictions. The protection of State sovereignty is not listed as a legitimate interest in the Covenant. The Special Rapporteur emphasizes that States cannot refer to additional grounds, even those provided by domestic legislation, and cannot loosely interpret international obligations to restrict the right to freedom of association. In his view, such justification cannot reasonably be included under "the interests of national security or public safety" or even "public order". Affirming that national security is threatened when an association receives funding from foreign source is not only spurious and distorted, but also in contradiction with international human rights law. | Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association | Special Procedures' report |
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Ability of associations to access financial resources as a vital part of the right to freedom of association & Ability to hold peaceful assemblies as an integral component of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly 2013, para. 31 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Human Rights Council resolution 22/6 calls upon States to ensure that "that no law should criminalize or delegitimize activities in defence of human rights on account of the origin of funding thereto." Article 2 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights requires States to "take steps, individually or through international assistance and co-operation […] to the maximum of their available resources, with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of the rights recognized in the present Covenant". Coupled with article 11 of the same Covenant, which provides for States to "take appropriate steps to ensure the realization of this right, recognizing to this effect the essential importance of international co-operation based on free consent" (emphasis added), this means that States have the obligation to mobilize resources that are available within the society as a whole, but also to gather those that are available from the international community. Hence, restrictions on foreign funding under the guise of preservation of State sovereignty arguably constitute a violation of States' obligation to respect, protect and fulfil these rights, as it amounts to failure on the part of the State to maximize resources through international assistance and cooperation. This is also the sense of the Maastricht Guidelines on Violations of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which stipulate that violations of these rights notably include: "the adoption of legislation or policies which are manifestly incompatible with pre-existing legal obligations relating to these rights […]; the adoption of any deliberately retrogressive measure that reduces the extent to which any such right is guaranteed." | Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association | Special Procedures' report |
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Ability of associations to access financial resources as a vital part of the right to freedom of association & Ability to hold peaceful assemblies as an integral component of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly 2013, para. 32 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Protection of State sovereignty is not just an illegitimate excuse, but a fallacious pretext which does not meet the requirement of a "democratic society". The expression "democratic society" places the burden on States imposing restrictions to demonstrate that the limitations do not harm the principles of "pluralism, tolerance and broadmindedness". Associations, whether domestic- or foreign-funded, should therefore be free to promote their views - even minority and dissenting views, challenge governments about their human rights record or campaign for democratic reforms, without being accused of treason and other defamatory terms. Dissenting views should be seen by the authorities as an opportunity for dialogue and mutual understanding. The European Court of Human Rights in affirming this principle ruled that "an organisation may campaign for a change in the legal and constitutional structures of the State if the means used to that end are in every respect legal and democratic and if the change proposed is itself compatible with fundamental democratic principles." | Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association | Special Procedures' report |
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Ability of associations to access financial resources as a vital part of the right to freedom of association & Ability to hold peaceful assemblies as an integral component of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly 2013, para. 35 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Restrictions to funding are also regularly justified by the need to ensure greater transparency and accountability within the civil society sector. Combatting fraud, embezzlement, corruption, money-laundering and other modes of trafficking is legitimate, and may qualify as being in the "interests of national security, public safety, or public order". Nevertheless, it is not sufficient to simply pursue a legitimate interest, limitations need also to be prescribed by law and "be necessary" in a democratic society. In this regard, limitations must be proportionate to the interest to be protected and must be the least intrusive means to achieve the desired objective. In this respect, several legislations or practices unduly restrict the ability of associations to access funding since other less intrusive measures exist to mitigate the risk. | Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association | Special Procedures' report |
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Ability of associations to access financial resources as a vital part of the right to freedom of association & Ability to hold peaceful assemblies as an integral component of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly 2013, para. 44 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | However, in far too many instances, the ability to hold peaceful assemblies has been denied or restricted by authorities in violation of international human rights norms and standards. As a consequence, the right to take part in the conduct of public affairs, as recognized in article 25 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Affairs, has been narrowed. In this connection, the Special Rapporteur wishes to refer once again to the Human Rights Committee's general comment No. 25 (1996) on participation in public affairs and the right to vote, which considers that "citizens also take part in the conduct of public affairs by exerting influence through public debate and dialogue with their representatives or through their capacity to organize themselves. This participation is supported by ensuring freedom of expression, assembly and association". | Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association | Special Procedures' report |
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Ability of associations to access financial resources as a vital part of the right to freedom of association & Ability to hold peaceful assemblies as an integral component of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly 2013, para. 46 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Article 21 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights recognizes the right to freedom of peaceful assembly to be enjoyed by everyone, as provided for by article 2 of the Covenant and resolutions 15/21 and 21/16 of the Human Rights Council. Article 15 of the Convention of the Rights of the Child recognizes this right for persons below 18 years of age. Unregistered associations should equally be able to enjoy this right. | Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association | Special Procedures' report |
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Ability of associations to access financial resources as a vital part of the right to freedom of association & Ability to hold peaceful assemblies as an integral component of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly 2013, para. 47 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The Special Rapporteur recalls that the exercise of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly can be subject to certain restrictions only, "which are prescribed by law and which are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public safety, public order (ordre public), the protection of public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others." In this connection, he stresses once again that freedom is to be considered the rule and its restriction the exception. | Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association | Special Procedures' report |
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Ability of associations to access financial resources as a vital part of the right to freedom of association & Ability to hold peaceful assemblies as an integral component of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly 2013, para. 48 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | He further reminds that whenever authorities decide to restrict an assembly, they should provide assembly organizers, in writing, with "timely and fulsome reasons" which should satisfy the strict test of necessity and proportionality of the restrictions(s) imposed on the assembly pursuant to legitimate aims. | Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association | Special Procedures' report |
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Ability of associations to access financial resources as a vital part of the right to freedom of association & Ability to hold peaceful assemblies as an integral component of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly 2013, para. 49 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The Special Rapporteur has already stressed in his first thematic report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/20/27), that States have a positive obligation under international human rights law not only to actively protect peaceful assemblies, but also to facilitate the exercise of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly (para. 27). The law only protects assemblies that are not violent and where participants have peaceful intentions, and that shall be presumed. Acts of sporadic violence or other punishable acts committed by others do not deprive peaceful individuals of their right to freedom of peaceful assembly (para. 25). | Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association | Special Procedures' report |
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Ability of associations to access financial resources as a vital part of the right to freedom of association & Ability to hold peaceful assemblies as an integral component of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly 2013, para. 50 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | In this connection, the Special Rapporteur highlights again the existence of "presumption in favour of holding peaceful assemblies," as was first stressed by the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) Panel of Experts on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and the Council of Europe's European Commission for Democracy through Law (the Venice Commission). This means that an assembly should be presumed lawful and deemed as not constituting a threat to public order. Such presumption should apply to everyone, without any discrimination, and should be "clearly and explicitly established in the law, enshrined either in constitutions or in laws governing peaceful assemblies" (A/HRC/20/27, para. 26). The Special Rapporteur believes that unclear legal provisions should be clarified, and that in the absence of clarity, such provisions should be interpreted in favour of those wishing to exercise their right to freedom of peaceful assembly. | Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association | Special Procedures' report |
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Ability of associations to access financial resources as a vital part of the right to freedom of association & Ability to hold peaceful assemblies as an integral component of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly 2013, para. 53 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | In this regard the Special Rapporteur believes that the organizers should be able to notify the designated primary authority of the holding of a peaceful assembly in the simplest and fastest way, by filling, for instance, a clear and concise form, available in the main local language(s) spoken in the country, preferably online to avoid uncertainties and possible delays in postage. The notification should merely contain information regarding the date, time, duration and location or itinerary of the assembly, and the name, address and contact details of the organizer. | Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association | Special Procedures' report |
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Ability of associations to access financial resources as a vital part of the right to freedom of association & Ability to hold peaceful assemblies as an integral component of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly 2013, para. 57 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The Special Rapporteur is also of the opinion that the notification procedure should at all times be free of charge so as not to financially deter organizers from exercising their right to freedom of peaceful assembly. Similarly, the cost of protecting and facilitating the assembly (such as deploying security barriers, medical services or temporary sanitary facilities) should not be borne by the organizers. | Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association | Special Procedures' report |
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Ability of associations to access financial resources as a vital part of the right to freedom of association & Ability to hold peaceful assemblies as an integral component of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly 2013, para. 58 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Once the organizers have notified the designated primary authority of their intention to hold an assembly, a receipt acknowledging that timely notification has been submitted should be provided in an expeditious manner. Should the organizers not hear from the authority prior to the designated time for holding the assembly, it should be assumed that said assembly does not present any problem. The Special Rapporteur warns against any possible abuse of the receipt system. | Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association | Special Procedures' report |
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Ability of associations to access financial resources as a vital part of the right to freedom of association & Ability to hold peaceful assemblies as an integral component of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly 2013, para. 59 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The Special Rapporteur is mindful of States' obligation to guarantee law and order, but restrictions on peaceful assembly in relation to its "time, place and manner" should be limited to the extent that such restrictions meet the aforementioned strict test of necessity and proportionality. Any restriction imposed on the nature or content of the message the organizers and participants want to convey, especially in relation to criticism of Government policies, should be proscribed, unless the message constitutes "incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence", in conformity with article 20 of the Covenant. In this connection, he stresses the recommendation that he has already put forward to States to "provide individuals exercising their rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association with the protection offered by the right to freedom of expression". | Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association | Special Procedures' report |
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Ability of associations to access financial resources as a vital part of the right to freedom of association & Ability to hold peaceful assemblies as an integral component of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly 2013, para. 64 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Finally, organizers should be given the possibility of an expedited appeal procedure, with a view to obtaining a judicial decision by an independent and impartial court prior to the notified date of the assembly. The decision of the regulatory authority and of the appeal court should be published for the purposes of transparency and fairness, possibly on a specific website. | Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association | Special Procedures' report |
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Ability of associations to access financial resources as a vital part of the right to freedom of association & Ability to hold peaceful assemblies as an integral component of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly 2013, para. 65 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | A key measure with regard to facilitating the holding of peaceful assemblies is to make public space available for organizers and participants. The Special Rapporteur deems it useful to refer again to an important decision of the Spanish Constitutional Court which stated that "in a democratic society, the urban space is not only an area for circulation, but also for participation". The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) also stressed that although the exercise of the right of assembly can sometimes be disruptive to the normal routine of daily life, or may even cause problems or affect the exercise of other rights that the State has an obligation to protect and ensure, such as freedom of movement, "such disruptions are part of the mechanics of a pluralistic society in which diverse and sometimes conflicting interests coexist and find the forums and channels in which to express themselves". Furthermore, the Human Rights Council in its resolution 22/10 urged States to facilitate peaceful protests by providing protestors with access to public space and protecting them, where necessary, against any forms of threats, and underlined the role of local authorities in this regard. The issue of access to public space is all the more important in light of the increased privatization of public space in many States, where peaceful assemblies have been curtailed through the use by private bodies, both companies and individuals, of civil injunctions, which can be difficult to challenge, coupled with the issue of aggravated trespass, as in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, for example. | Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association | Special Procedures' report |
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Ability of associations to access financial resources as a vital part of the right to freedom of association & Ability to hold peaceful assemblies as an integral component of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly 2013, para. 66 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Access to public space means concretely that organizers and participants should be able to use public streets, roads and squares to conduct (static or moving) peaceful assemblies. The Special Rapporteur believes that spaces in the vicinity of iconic buildings such as presidential palaces, parliaments or memorials should also be considered public space, and peaceful assemblies should be allowed to take place in those locations. In this regard, the imposition of restrictions on "time, place and manner" should meet the aforementioned strict test of necessity and proportionality. In Kenya, protesters have been temporarily prohibited from gathering around the Supreme Court as they awaited a decision, as well as from other public places. | Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association | Special Procedures' report |
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Ability of associations to access financial resources as a vital part of the right to freedom of association & Ability to hold peaceful assemblies as an integral component of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly 2013, para. 70 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Law enforcement authorities should be prepared and properly trained to handle the presence of agents provocateurs and counter-demonstrators aiming to disrupt or disperse the assembly, and to extract them from the assembly or contain them effectively. The authorities should also be prepared to handle simultaneous demonstrations, which should be facilitated and protected when possible. | Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association | Special Procedures' report |
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Ability of associations to access financial resources as a vital part of the right to freedom of association & Ability to hold peaceful assemblies as an integral component of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly 2013, para. 71 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Fundamentally, law enforcement authorities should always be forthcoming and genuinely cooperate with organizers, bearing in mind their duty to facilitate and protect peaceful assemblies. | Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association | Special Procedures' report |
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Ability of associations to access financial resources as a vital part of the right to freedom of association & Ability to hold peaceful assemblies as an integral component of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly 2013, para. 73 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The Special Rapporteur is of the opinion that organizers and participants of peaceful assemblies should be allowed access to the Internet and other new technologies at all times, as made clear by the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, who also stated that "any determination on what [website] content should be blocked must be undertaken by a competent judicial authority or a body which is independent of any political, commercial, or other unwarranted influences". In this connection, the OSCE/ODIHR Panel of Experts recommended that "States should ensure that efforts to disseminate information to publicize forthcoming assemblies are not impeded in any way". Finally, the Human Rights Council, in its resolution 20/8, recognized the global and open nature of the Internet as a driving force in accelerating progress towards development in its various forms (para. 2) and "called upon all States to promote and facilitate access to the Internet and international cooperation aimed at the development of media and information and communications facilities in all countries" (para. 3). | Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association | Special Procedures' report |
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Ability of associations to access financial resources as a vital part of the right to freedom of association & Ability to hold peaceful assemblies as an integral component of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly 2013, para. 74 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Likewise, new communications technologies, in particular the Internet, should be seen by the authorities as an excellent opportunity to interact with a large and diversified audience prior to and during peaceful assemblies, with a view to sensitizing them on their role and functions, and ultimately building or reinforcing trust among the population. | Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association | Special Procedures' report |
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Ability of associations to access financial resources as a vital part of the right to freedom of association & Ability to hold peaceful assemblies as an integral component of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly 2013, para. 76 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The Special Rapporteur also warns against possible abusive use of laws governing the prevention and fight against offences linked to information and communications technologies, which "should be applied only as an exception to the general norm of permitting the open and free use of the Internet, like all other forms of communication; only very few qualified and clearly legislated exceptions should be permitted". | Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association | Special Procedures' report |
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Ability of associations to access financial resources as a vital part of the right to freedom of association & Ability to hold peaceful assemblies as an integral component of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly 2013, para. 80 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Moreover, the Special Rapporteur believes that the "Arab Spring", and the "occupy movement" which subsequently flourished in many parts of the world, have opened a door which will never be closed. They provide a non-violent alternative for change as well as give authorities a chance to understand the views and feelings of citizens. These events indelibly confirmed that holding peaceful assemblies is a legitimate and powerful means to make calls for democratic change; greater respect for human rights, including economic, social and cultural ones; and accountability for human rights violations and abuses. The ability to hold such assemblies has proven particularly crucial for groups most at risk of violations and discrimination enabling them to address their often desperate plight in a meaningful manner. | Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association | Special Procedures' report |
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Ability of associations to access financial resources as a vital part of the right to freedom of association & Ability to hold peaceful assemblies as an integral component of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly 2013, para. 81c | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [As general recommendations, the Special Rapporteur calls upon States:] To ensure that a detailed and timely written explanation for the imposition of any restriction is provided, and that said restriction can be subject to an independent, impartial and prompt judicial review; | Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association | Special Procedures' report |
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