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Title | Date added | Template | Original document | Paragraph text | Body | Document type | Thematics | Topic(s) | Person(s) affected | Year |
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The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 52 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | States parties are obliged to monitor effectively the realization of the right to water. In monitoring progress towards the realization of the right to water, States parties should identify the factors and difficulties affecting implementation of their obligations. | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2002 | ||
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 44c | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [While it is not possible to specify a complete list of violations in advance, a number of typical examples relating to the levels of obligations, emanating from the Committee's work, may be identified:] Violations of the obligation to fulfil occur through the failure of States parties to take all necessary steps to ensure the realization of the right to water. Examples includes, inter alia: (i) failure to adopt or implement a national water policy designed to ensure the right to water for everyone; (ii) insufficient expenditure or misallocation of public resources which results in the non-enjoyment of the right to water by individuals or groups, particularly the vulnerable or marginalized; (iii) failure to monitor the realization of the right to water at the national level, for example by identifying right-to-water indicators and benchmarks; (iv) failure to take measures to reduce the inequitable distribution of water facilities and services; (v) failure to adopt mechanisms for emergency relief; (vi) failure to ensure that the minimum essential level of the right is enjoyed by everyone (vii) failure of a State to take into account its international legal obligations regarding the right to water when entering into agreements with other States or with international organizations. | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2002 | ||
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 39 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | When the normative content of the right to water (see Part II) is applied to the obligations of States parties (Part III), a process is set in motion, which facilitates identification of violations of the right to water. The following paragraphs provide illustrations of violations of the right to water. | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2002 | ||
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 38 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | For the avoidance of any doubt, the Committee wishes to emphasize that it is particularly incumbent on States parties, and other actors in a position to assist, to provide international assistance and cooperation, especially economic and technical which enables developing countries to fulfil their core obligations indicated in paragraph 37 above. | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2002 | ||
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 33 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Steps should be taken by States parties to prevent their own citizens and companies from violating the right to water of individuals and communities in other countries. Where States parties can take steps to influence other third parties to respect the right, through legal or political means, such steps should be taken in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and applicable international law. | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2002 | ||
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 15 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | With respect to the right to water, States parties have a special obligation to provide those who do not have sufficient means with the necessary water and water facilities and to prevent any discrimination on internationally prohibited grounds in the provision of water and water services. | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2002 | ||
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 5 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The right to water has been consistently addressed by the Committee during its consideration of States parties' reports, in accordance with its revised general guidelines regarding the form and content of reports to be submitted by States parties under articles 16 and 17 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and its general comments. | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2002 | ||
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 37g | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [In General Comment No. 3 (1990), the Committee confirms that States parties have a core obligation to ensure the satisfaction of, at the very least, minimum essential levels of each of the rights enunciated in the Covenant. In the Committee's view, at least a number of core obligations in relation to the right to water can be identified, which are of immediate effect:] To monitor the extent of the realization, or the non-realization, of the right to water; | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2002 | ||
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 37e | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [In General Comment No. 3 (1990), the Committee confirms that States parties have a core obligation to ensure the satisfaction of, at the very least, minimum essential levels of each of the rights enunciated in the Covenant. In the Committee's view, at least a number of core obligations in relation to the right to water can be identified, which are of immediate effect:] To ensure equitable distribution of all available water facilities and services; | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2002 | ||
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 37d | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [In General Comment No. 3 (1990), the Committee confirms that States parties have a core obligation to ensure the satisfaction of, at the very least, minimum essential levels of each of the rights enunciated in the Covenant. In the Committee's view, at least a number of core obligations in relation to the right to water can be identified, which are of immediate effect:] To ensure personal security is not threatened when having to physically access to water; | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2002 | ||
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 36 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | States parties should ensure that their actions as members of international organizations take due account of the right to water. Accordingly, States parties that are members of international financial institutions, notably the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and regional development banks, should take steps to ensure that the right to water is taken into account in their lending policies, credit agreements and other international measures. | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2002 | ||
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 37i | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [In General Comment No. 3 (1990), the Committee confirms that States parties have a core obligation to ensure the satisfaction of, at the very least, minimum essential levels of each of the rights enunciated in the Covenant. In the Committee's view, at least a number of core obligations in relation to the right to water can be identified, which are of immediate effect:] To take measures to prevent, treat and control diseases linked to water, in particular ensuring access to adequate sanitation; | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2002 | ||
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 37g | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [In General Comment No. 3 (1990), the Committee confirms that States parties have a core obligation to ensure the satisfaction of, at the very least, minimum essential levels of each of the rights enunciated in the Covenant. In the Committee's view, at least a number of core obligations in relation to the right to water can be identified, which are of immediate effect:] To adopt relatively low-cost targeted water programmes to protect vulnerable and marginalized groups; | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2002 | ||
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 37a | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [In General Comment No. 3 (1990), the Committee confirms that States parties have a core obligation to ensure the satisfaction of, at the very least, minimum essential levels of each of the rights enunciated in the Covenant. In the Committee's view, at least a number of core obligations in relation to the right to water can be identified, which are of immediate effect:] To ensure access to the minimum essential amount of water, that is sufficient and safe for personal and domestic uses to prevent disease; | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2002 | ||
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 31 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | To comply with their international obligations in relation to the right to water, States parties have to respect the enjoyment of the right in other countries. International cooperation requires States parties to refrain from actions that interfere, directly or indirectly, with the enjoyment of the right to water in other countries. Any activities undertaken within the State party's jurisdiction should not deprive another country of the ability to realize the right to water for persons in its jurisdiction. | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 12c (iv) | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [While the adequacy of water required for the right to water may vary according to different conditions, the following factors apply in all circumstances:] Accessibility. Water and water facilities and services have to be accessible to everyone without discrimination, within the jurisdiction of the State party. Accessibility has four overlapping dimensions: Information accessibility: accessibility includes the right to seek, receive and impart information concerning water issues. | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2002 | ||
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 20 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The right to water, like any human right, imposes three types of obligations on States parties: obligations to respect, obligations to protect and obligations to fulfil. | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2002 | ||
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 58 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Judges, adjudicators and members of the legal profession should be encouraged by States parties to pay greater attention to violations of the right to water in the exercise of their functions. | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2002 | ||
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 46 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Existing legislation, strategies and policies should be reviewed to ensure that they are compatible with obligations arising from the right to water, and should be repealed, amended or changed if inconsistent with Covenant requirements. | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2002 | ||
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 54 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Having identified appropriate right to water indicators, States parties are invited to set appropriate national benchmarks in relation to each indicator. During the periodic reporting procedure, the Committee will engage in a process of "scoping" with the State party. Scoping involves the joint consideration by the State party and the Committee of the indicators and national benchmarks which will then provide the targets to be achieved during the next reporting period. In the following five years, the State party will use these national benchmarks to help monitor its implementation of the right to water. Thereafter, in the subsequent reporting process, the State party and the Committee will consider whether or not the benchmarks have been achieved, and the reasons for any difficulties that may have been encountered (see General Comment No.14 (2000), para. 58). Further, when setting benchmarks and preparing their reports, States parties should utilize the extensive information and advisory services of specialized agencies with regard to data collection and disaggregation. | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2002 | ||
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 53 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | To assist the monitoring process, right to water indicators should be identified in the national water strategies or plans of action. The indicators should be designed to monitor, at the national and international levels, the State party's obligations under articles 11, paragraph 1, and 12. Indicators should address the different components of adequate water (such as sufficiency, safety and acceptability, affordability and physical accessibility), be disaggregated by the prohibited grounds of discrimination, and cover all persons residing in the State party's territorial jurisdiction or under their control. States parties may obtain guidance on appropriate indicators from the ongoing work of WHO, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Commission on Human Rights. | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2002 | ||
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 51 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Steps should be taken to ensure there is sufficient coordination between the national ministries, regional and local authorities in order to reconcile water-related policies. Where implementation of the right to water has been delegated to regional or local authorities, the State party still retains the responsibility to comply with its Covenant obligations, and therefore should ensure that these authorities have at their disposal sufficient resources to maintain and extend the necessary water services and facilities. The States parties must further ensure that such authorities do not deny access to services on a discriminatory basis. | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2002 | ||
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 49 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The national water strategy and plan of action should also be based on the principles of accountability, transparency and independence of the judiciary, since good governance is essential to the effective implementation of all human rights, including the realization of the right to water. In order to create a favourable climate for the realization of the right, States parties should take appropriate steps to ensure that the private business sector and civil society are aware of, and consider the importance of, the right to water in pursuing their activities. | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2002 | ||
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 48 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The formulation and implementation of national water strategies and plans of action should respect, inter alia, the principles of non-discrimination and people's participation. The right of individuals and groups to participate in decision-making processes that may affect their exercise of the right to water must be an integral part of any policy, programme or strategy concerning water. Individuals and groups should be given full and equal access to information concerning water, water services and the environment, held by public authorities or third parties. | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2002 | ||
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 44b | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [While it is not possible to specify a complete list of violations in advance, a number of typical examples relating to the levels of obligations, emanating from the Committee's work, may be identified:] Violations of the obligation to protect follow from the failure of a State to take all necessary measures to safeguard persons within their jurisdiction from infringements of the right to water by third parties. This includes, inter alia: (i) failure to enact or enforce laws to prevent the contamination and inequitable extraction of water; (ii) failure to effectively regulate and control water services providers; (iv) failure to protect water distribution systems (e.g., piped networks and wells) from interference, damage and destruction; and | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2002 | ||
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 44a | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [While it is not possible to specify a complete list of violations in advance, a number of typical examples relating to the levels of obligations, emanating from the Committee's work, may be identified:] Violations of the obligation to respect follow from the State party's interference with the right to water. This includes, inter alia: (i) arbitrary or unjustified disconnection or exclusion from water services or facilities; (ii) discriminatory or unaffordable increases in the price of water; and (iii) pollution and diminution of water resources affecting human health; | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2002 | ||
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 37f | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [In General Comment No. 3 (1990), the Committee confirms that States parties have a core obligation to ensure the satisfaction of, at the very least, minimum essential levels of each of the rights enunciated in the Covenant. In the Committee's view, at least a number of core obligations in relation to the right to water can be identified, which are of immediate effect:] To adopt and implement a national water strategy and plan of action addressing the whole population; the strategy and plan of action should be devised, and periodically reviewed, on the basis of a participatory and transparent process; it should include methods, such as right to water indicators and benchmarks, by which progress can be closely monitored; the process by which the strategy and plan of action are devised, as well as their content, shall give particular attention to all disadvantaged or marginalized groups; | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2002 | ||
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 37c | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [In General Comment No. 3 (1990), the Committee confirms that States parties have a core obligation to ensure the satisfaction of, at the very least, minimum essential levels of each of the rights enunciated in the Covenant. In the Committee's view, at least a number of core obligations in relation to the right to water can be identified, which are of immediate effect:] To ensure physical access to water facilities or services that provide sufficient, safe and regular water; that have a sufficient number of water outlets to avoid prohibitive waiting times; and that are at a reasonable distance from the household; | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2002 | ||
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 37b | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [In General Comment No. 3 (1990), the Committee confirms that States parties have a core obligation to ensure the satisfaction of, at the very least, minimum essential levels of each of the rights enunciated in the Covenant. In the Committee's view, at least a number of core obligations in relation to the right to water can be identified, which are of immediate effect:] To ensure the right of access to water and water facilities and services on a non-discriminatory basis, especially for disadvantaged or marginalized groups; | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2002 | ||
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 28 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | States parties should adopt comprehensive and integrated strategies and programmes to ensure that there is sufficient and safe water for present and future generations. Such strategies and programmes may include: (a) reducing depletion of water resources through unsustainable extraction, diversion and damming; (b) reducing and eliminating contamination of watersheds and water-related eco-systems by substances such as radiation, harmful chemicals and human excreta; (c) monitoring water reserves; (d) ensuring that proposed developments do not interfere with access to adequate water; (e) assessing the impacts of actions that may impinge upon water availability and natural-ecosystems watersheds, such as climate changes, desertification and increased soil salinity, deforestation and loss of biodiversity; (f) increasing the efficient use of water by end-users; (g) reducing water wastage in its distribution; (h) response mechanisms for emergency situations; (i) and establishing competent institutions and appropriate institutional arrangements to carry out the strategies and programmes. | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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