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Title | Date added | Template | Original document | Paragraph text | Body | Document type | Thematics | Topic(s) | Person(s) affected | Year |
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Child participation 2012, para. 81 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Children and young people are often more familiar with and exposed to evolving technology than adults, yet they continue to play a relatively modest role in the development and implementation of strategies to prevent and combat child pornography online. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2012 | ||
Child participation 2012, para. 72 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | In the United Kingdom, a prevention programme on sexual exploitation, administered by Nia (an organization that works towards the prevention of violence against children and the protection of victims of gender-based violence) in partnership with the Children's Society, developed and ran a train-the-trainers programme in which young people were trained to deliver training to professionals and other young people. The aim was to equip young people with information on sexual exploitation and to develop creative ways to engage participants in the learning process. The young people co-facilitated training sessions for professionals, in addition to giving presentations and workshops at various conferences and youth centres. The response from the trainers was unanimously positive; all felt that the experience had boosted their self-esteem, increased their own awareness of sexual exploitation and given them presentation skills. While the young people reportedly experienced rudeness and haughty behaviour from some professionals, they found the majority open and genuinely interested in hearing their viewpoint. The project benefited both the participants and the professionals by showing them another perspective and the unique knowledge of young people. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2012 | ||
Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 55 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The rape and sexual exploitation of young girls and women have been used as veritable weapons of war during conflict. The physical and psychological consequences are significant for the victims, who often find themselves stigmatized and marginalized and hence more vulnerable. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2010 | ||
Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 22 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Other practices such as forced marriage that are in effect in certain parts of the world can be considered "sale for purposes of sexual exploitation". One manifestation of this, among others, is that young girls are given as wives to men - often older men - in exchange for money. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2010 | ||
Tackling the demand for the sexual exploitation of children 2016, para. 53 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | In respect to gender-based discrimination and entrenched gender stereotypes, there have been positive initiatives such as the Empowering Young Men to End Sexual Exploitation module created by the Chicago Alliance Against Sexual Exploitation. It has focused on educating children, particularly boys, about masculinity and the realities of the commercial sex trade, as well as human trafficking. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Sale of children for the purpose of forced labour 2016, para. 71 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | In situations of the sale of children for the purpose of forced labour, children's right to be heard is seriously undermined, since they are treated as commodities and left with no possibility to choose or influence their lives. Younger children are particularly vulnerable and making them unable to express their concerns is often a strategy used by traffickers to keep control over them. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Information and communication technologies and the sale and sexual exploitation of children 2015, para. 64 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | A good example of this approach is the 2014 ECPAT International guide "Stay Safe from Online Sexual Exploitation", specifically aimed at children and young persons and written in child-friendly language. Crucially, it also presents case studies from across the world, with a series of questions to children to help them to work out the solutions. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2015 | ||
Sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism 2013, para. 32 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | In some cases this phenomenon may be veiled in a "culturally acceptable" practice through, for instance, child marriage. In countries where early marriage is still a common practice, money can be offered to families to marry young girls, despite the marriage only lasting for the length of the stay. Visitors may also take the minor back to their country, where the child will be subjected to continual sexual exploitation. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2013 | ||
Comprehensive prevention strategies against sale and sexual exploitation of children 2013, para. 98d | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [Addressing demand for child sexual exploitation implies a combination of interventions ranging from law enforcement to social change. Strategies include:] Efforts targeted at young people in order to educate them on the consequences of their actions; | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2013 | ||
Child participation 2012, para. 36 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The "Be-free" programme works under the umbrella of the Bahrain Women Association for Human Development and has since 2009 developed an environment that encourages the participation of children and young people in identifying issues and areas that might lead to risks of abuse and exploitation for them or their peers. It also helps children and teenagers to find practical and effective solutions to and ways to protect themselves from abuse and exploitation. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2012 | ||
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 21 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Research emphasizes that very young children, as well as children belonging to other vulnerable groups, are at particular risk of violence. For these children, special protection measures are essential to safeguard their rights and to ensure that they receive support from well-resourced institutions, services and professionals in a sensitive, relevant and ethical manner. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 19 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | There is often confusion between sexual exploitation and sexual abuse, particularly when they occur within the family. In the context of the Optional Protocol, sexual exploitation covers the use, recruitment or offer of a child for purposes of prostitution or pornographic material or performances. Forced and early marriage can be considered a form of sale for the purpose of sexual exploitation. One manifestation of this is the offering of young girls as wives to men - often older men - in exchange for money. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 49 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Increasingly accessible new technologies have exposed children to pornography and inspired and influenced young people's sexual practices. Pornography is becoming the main means of sex education and encouraging the spread of related practices and behaviours. Child pornography networks circulate photos of smiling children in order to trivialize sexual attraction to children and to convince children watching that they are having fun. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2010 | ||
Child participation 2012, para. 48 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | As part of the "Thinkuknow" education initiative by the Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre in the United Kingdom, a website was created to provide children with age-appropriate information, including games and videos (www.thinkuknow.co.uk). As part of the "Fighting against child exploitation" initiative, young people who were aware of the dangers of grooming and sexual exploitation and were willing to help others came together to create a website that uses fun quizzes, games and stories to convey information (www.faceup2it.org). | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2012 | ||
Child participation 2012, para. 28 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | In Guatemala, peer educators at the Education Programme for Working Children and Adolescents, an institution of some 1,800 students providing education to working children, created a mural to raise awareness. The aim of this microproject was to ensure that young people and adolescents were aware of the dangers of commercial sexual exploitation of children. It provided a fun and interactive way to discuss the sensitive issues of commercial sexual exploitation of children, trafficking of children and HIV/AIDS with the most at-risk young people. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2012 | ||
Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 54 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Early or forced marriage, which is not considered a form of exploitation, makes young girls more vulnerable to mistreatment and exploitation. It often results in their leaving school early and prevents them from acquiring the skills that could make them more independent. When girls flee a marriage, they most often find themselves with no education or source of livelihood, separated from their family environment and, therefore, in a situation of great vulnerability in which one of the sole means of survival is prostitution. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2010 | ||
Reflection on a 6-year tenure as Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography 2014, para. 53 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The Internet brings tremendous positive opportunities, in particular for children and young people. Although the Internet may not represent a determinant per se of the sale and sexual exploitation of children, it does nonetheless operate as an instrument for offenders, multiplying the possibilities of obtaining, distributing and selling child abuse material and facilitating access to children in all parts of the world, and consequently promoting the growth of this phenomenon. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2014 | ||
Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 89 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Domestic labour is one of the most common forms of labour primarily affecting girls. Thousands of out-of-school young girls from disadvantaged backgrounds are placed in household service to supplement family income. These girl domestic workers are often subjected to violence and sexual abuse by employers. Because of their precarious economic situation and fearful of being sent back, these young girls feel obliged to submit to their employers' advances. Those who flee oppression most often end up in the street and get caught up in the spiral of prostitution. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2010 | ||
Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 72 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The exponential growth of technology and means of communication, constantly changing patterns of production and consumption, social networks, video sharing, instant messaging and the increasing interactivity of online content offer new opportunities for users but, at the same time, pose new risks for children and young persons. Technological convergence between mobile phones and the Internet has had a major impact on online security. Children are now able to log on to pornographic sites and chat online with sexual predators, and, in this way, may fall victim to sexual exploitation. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2010 | ||
Tackling the demand for the sexual exploitation of children 2016, para. 42 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | A major enabler of demand is the perception of youth, consent and virginity. Indeed, the attraction of preferential offenders who are not paedophiles to adolescents often stems from social and cultural constructs. The obsession with virginity owing to notions of purity and health is, for example, a source of demand for the sexual exploitation of children. There are thus in several regions of the world those who specifically seek to have intercourse with virgins. Concurrently, a child who has lost his or her virginity is considered in negative terms and devalued, thus being more vulnerable to sexual exploitation. Besides, the definition of a child, although set at any person under 18 in international law, varies from one culture to another and is strongly related to his or her sexual maturity. There is further confusion as a result of the varying ages of sexual consent across the world. Preferential and situational offenders will thus justify their actions by affirming, based on their personal belief or on the degree of social tolerance, that their victim was not a child or consented to his or her exploitation. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Tackling the demand for the sexual exploitation of children 2016, para. 28 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | As indicated above, certain preferential offenders cannot be described as paedophiles as they are interested solely in pubescent children. The specific sexual interest in teenagers is called hebephilia and derives from a range of factors linked to the underlying level of demand. A strong motivation for committing such sexual exploitation of children is, for instance, linked to the context of sexually transmitted diseases with offenders believing that virgins or young children pose less of a health risk. There are also other practices, such as adults becoming sexually involved with teenagers in exchange for money or goods. This phenomenon is present across the world and those adults are often referred to as "sugar daddies", and the practice is often referred to as "compensated dating". It is also at the heart of the exploitation of children in the context of tourism and travel. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Sale of children for the purpose of forced labour 2016, para. 39 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Reports on the garment industry have also demonstrated the extensive use of forced labour involving children in factories, amounting to slavery-like practices. Child labour is facilitated by the close relationship between employers and parents, who often come from the same village. A system of work in spinning mills was found to involve young women and girls, who are only paid at the end of their three-year contract. They do not get paid if they leave, a situation amounting to forced labour and debt bondage. Products made from such labour feed the global retail market, driven by multinational companies in search of lower prices to respond to consumer demand. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Information and communication technologies and the sale and sexual exploitation of children 2015, para. 66 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Technology offers new opportunities to empower children. They are advanced users of the Internet and they actively participate in social media. Initiatives must be adopted which harness the energy that accompanies the use of social media networks by children and encourages them to discuss those issues online and support each other in reporting exploitative behaviour to the authorities. Young persons supporting other young persons can only be a positive experience, especially when some children believe that "adults don't get technology" and therefore may be sceptical about messages produced by adults. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2015 | ||
Comprehensive, rights-based and child-centred care, recovery and reintegration programmes 2015, para. 28 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Research shows that girls account for the majority of documented victims of sexual exploitation. However, the fact that boys are also victims cannot be disregarded. Similarly, children who identify as transgender are extremely vulnerable to sexual exploitation. In the United States of America, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex youth are disproportionately represented in runaway and homeless youth programmes and child welfare systems and 42 per cent of them have been sexually exploited. A 2006 study in Cambodia found that 80 per cent of interviewed victims of street-based sexual exploitation were male. In Taiwan Province of China, the number of boys being prostituted discovered through social networking sites peaked in 2008. In Ethiopia, a study revealed that male children are specifically targeted for prostitution on the basis of the belief that anal intercourse is less likely to transmit HIV/AIDS. A recent study in the United Kingdom found that one third of children accessing specialist sexual exploitation services were male. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2015 | ||
Comprehensive, rights-based and child-centred care, recovery and reintegration programmes 2015, para. 59 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Common challenges to successful care, recovery and reintegration of child victims of sexual exploitation include: (a) a lack of understanding of child sexual exploitation on the part of professionals, which hampers their ability to take complaints seriously; (b) a lack of specialized caregivers, mandatory training and minimum qualifications for caregivers and minimum standards for organizations that provide care; (c) a lack of consistent resources, including funding, to establish long-term care and recovery programmes; and (d) discrimination on the basis of legal status, gender and age. Other challenges are related to lack of gender sensitivity and child and youth participation, and social norms and cultural values that tolerate the sexual exploitation of children. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2015 | ||
Reflection on a 6-year tenure as Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography 2014, para. 104 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | A significant number of businesses have adopted codes of conduct in an attempt to adhere to international standards. In partnership with governments and non-governmental organizations, they have also supported information and awareness-raising campaigns, as well as prevention and child protection programmes. Initiatives include the creation and expansion of various networks. The International Association of Internet Hotlines (INHOPE) was created in 1999 and has grown to a network of 44 hotlines in 38 countries, where the public can report child sexual abuse. In 2007, leading mobile telephone operators and content providers in the European Union signed the European Framework for Safer Mobile Use by Younger Teenagers and Children. Since 2008, Google has used technology to identify duplicates of abuse images online and has recently developed additional tools towards ending online child pornography. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2014 | ||
Reflection on a 6-year tenure as Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography 2014, para. 37 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Globally, between 2007 and 2012, the economic and financial crisis significantly affected households and contributed to destabilizing the socioeconomic environment for children. In particular, unemployment and less secure employment have been on the rise, with young people bearing the brunt of the crisis. This has simultaneously affected the economic stability of families and reduced young people's prospects of being gainfully employed, in turn increasing their exposure to risky behaviours and making them vulnerable to exploitation. Studies have shown that children are at increased risk of leaving education to enter employment after the main household income earner has become unemployed. Furthermore, evidence suggests that crises lead to an increase in the number of children living or working on the street and the number of children entering into commercial sexual exploitation in order to assist their parents financially. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2014 | ||
Child participation 2012, para. 71 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | In South Asia, a peer support programme, part of the Youth Partnership Programme, is run entirely by youth motivators and peer supporters and is self-sustaining. The main objective is to promote awareness of the dangers of commercial sexual exploitation of children and to use direct motivational support to build life and social skills for children most at risk or survivors of sexual exploitation. Peer supporters need to have a positive and empathetic attitude, skills that can benefit the programme and consistent school attendance. Their training and activities include providing direct support to the survivors of sexual abuse and exploitation by building children's confidence, motivation, creativity and life skills to overcome trauma. Educational support on topics such as commercial sexual exploitation of children, trafficking and early marriage is also provided. It is an innovative programme that has proven to be powerful and life-changing, both for the peer supporters themselves and for the children to whom they provide support. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2012 | ||
Child participation 2012, para. 70 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The African Movement of Working Children and Youth is a movement led and managed by children, present in 25 African countries, with a membership of almost 450,000 working children and young people organized into 2,411 grass-roots groups. Through this movement, activities are carried out at the local, national and regional levels, such as counselling, campaigns and partnerships with other organizations and groups. The primary aim is to build, promote and protect the rights of children. In September 2010, for example, a forum on violence against children was held in Accra, at which participants discussed such issues as physical, psychological and sexual violence. They exchanged experiences and used lessons learned to inspire them to continue to fight their cause. A regional anti-trafficking campaign led by young people was also recently initiated. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2012 | ||
Child participation 2012, para. 69 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Child Assistance for Mobilization and Participation is a Cambodian organization led by young people that works to promote children's rights and improve opportunities for marginalized children through participation. It mobilizes children and young people by forming clubs and village networks, carrying out advocacy with local and national governments and working closely with communities to raise awareness of the need to prevent and address commercial sexual exploitation of children and trafficking of young people. Members have been elected as East Asia and Pacific youth representatives to the ECPAT International Child and Youth Advisory Committee, enabling the organization to bring its grass-roots experiences in the field of children's participation in efforts to combat commercial sexual exploitation of children to the regional and international levels. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2012 |