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Title | Date added | Template | Original document | Paragraph text | Body | Document type | Thematics | Topic(s) | Person(s) affected | Year |
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SRSG on children and armed conflict: Annual report 2010, para. 31 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The changing nature of conflict also carries implications and new challenges for the reintegration and rehabilitation of children. The United Nations system has invested significant resources in forging common standards and practice around disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of children. This has contributed significantly to system-wide buy-in and coordination for this critical priority. A tension exists, however, between the need for standardized practice and programmes and the fact that children face very different realities depending on the context. For instance, in settings of protracted conflict, children may be associated with armed forces and groups for many years. Others are abducted across borders, which has raised new challenges for regional coordination among many entities for family tracing, repatriation and reunification. In some contexts, children are increasingly used in terrorist activities and in counter-terrorism actions. It is also clear that the mode and rhythm for funding child disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programmes is increasingly under pressure where structured dialogue with parties to conflict and implementation of action plans to release children have yielded unanticipated caseloads. | Special Representative of the Secretary-General for children and armed conflict | SRSG report |
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| 2010 | ||
SRSG on children and armed conflict: Annual report 2010, para. 32 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [Vulnerabilities and risks faced by children who are internally displaced during armed conflict – addressing their rights]: Children are disproportionately affected by internal displacement not only in terms of the numbers of those affected, but also in the risks that they face. It is important to recall the challenges faced by internally displaced children, as articulated by Graça Machel, in her 1996 landmark report to the General Assembly on the impact of armed conflict on children (A/51/306): “During flight from the dangers of conflict, families and children continue to be exposed to multiple physical dangers. They are threatened by sudden attacks, shelling, snipers and landmines, and must often walk for days with only limited quantities of water and food. Under such circumstances, children become acutely undernourished and prone to illness, and they are the first to die. Girls in flight are even more vulnerable than usual to sexual abuse. Children forced to flee on their own to ensure their survival are also at heightened risk. Many abandon home to avoid forced recruitment, only to find that being in flight still places them at risk of recruitment, especially if they have no documentation and travel without their families.” | Special Representative of the Secretary-General for children and armed conflict | SRSG report |
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| 2010 | ||
Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of
conflict and humanitarian crisis 2017, para. 58 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Another aspect of States’ failure to protect children in the context of humanitarian responses is the alarming practice of child detention owing to their irregular migration status. The Committee on the Rights of the Child and other human rights mechanisms have underscored that immigration-related detention of children can never be in their best interests and that, no matter whether they are unaccompanied or with their families, their detention constitutes a violation of their rights that, at times, may amount to “torture and ill-treatment”. The reasons invoked by States to resort to immigration-related detention of children include health and security screening, identity verification, protection and the facilitation of removal from the country. Alternatives to child detention should be sought. Children should be allowed to reside in a community-based context while their immigration status is being resolved. Good practices of such alternatives include the child-sensitive community assessment and placement model. | Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2017 | ||
Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of
conflict and humanitarian crisis 2017, para. 56 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | While some refugee and internally displaced persons camps have separate facilities for unaccompanied or separated children, they often lack family-based solutions and have very limited capacity to face the increasing number of unaccompanied or separated children. As a consequence, children share their living space with adults or are held in prolonged detention. In addition, even when children are offered a separated living area, those are often easily accessible to everyone, especially during night-time. Moreover, certain camps fail to provide basic amenities, such as appropriate health-care services or gender-differentiated sanitation. The lack of adequate lightning, the layout of some camps and a shortage of security personnel further increase the vulnerability of children to abuse. Finally, the reluctance of many European countries to provide refugee children with a safe and permanent home continues to aggravate the situation by prolonging the stay of children in the facilities. | Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2017 | ||
SRSG on children and armed conflict: Annual report 2014, para. 70 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Armed conflict goes hand in hand with the fragmentation of families, the disintegration of communities and of the “social fabric”, the breakdown of support systems and the destruction of health services. Armed conflict affects all aspects of children’s development. | Special Representative of the Secretary-General for children and armed conflict | SRSG report |
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| 2014 | ||
SRSG on children and armed conflict: Annual report 2010, para. 37 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [Vulnerabilities and risks faced by children who are internally displaced during armed conflict – addressing their rights]: Regional legal instruments also affirm the main rights and guarantees provided for in international law and often elaborate upon them, including with express reference to internally displaced children. Most notably, the African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention), adopted in October 2009, includes specific provisions reaffirming the right of IDPs to personal documentation, education, protection against recruitment and use in hostilities, kidnapping, abduction, sexual slavery and trafficking, and protection that addresses the special needs of separated and unaccompanied minors, as well as of mothers with young children. The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child emphasizes the responsibility of States to ensure that IDP children “receive appropriate protection and humanitarian assistance” and pays special attention to the importance of reuniting families separated by displacement. The Council of Europe has adopted a number of recommendations concerning internal displacement, including as regards the right of internally displaced children to education. | Special Representative of the Secretary-General for children and armed conflict | SRSG report |
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| 2010 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 64 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | A range of conditions particular to or commonly associated with situations of conflict fuel trafficking by amplifying vulnerabilities and increasing opportunities for exploitation. These include, but are not limited to, a distorted economy that is heavily reliant on criminality and the presence of organized criminal groups already involved in cross-border trafficking of arms, drugs and other illicit products that have the capacity to expand their activities into trafficking in persons and are therefore in a position to take advantage of additional opportunities to generate profit. A weak or non-existent justice and protection system that perpetuates impunity fails to protect the most vulnerable groups and individuals of society from exploitation. Other factors include a high prevalence and toleration of violence that extends beyond armed forces to include communities and families, as well as pressure to move, leading to dangerous migration decisions. Failure to consider anti-trafficking responses within humanitarian or peacekeeping efforts at the outset of conflicts further increases the vulnerability of trafficked persons or potential victims of trafficking. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Reflection on a 6-year tenure as Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography 2014, para. 43 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The breakdown of families, communities and social and institutional structures during conflict and in its aftermath puts children at great risk of being sold, trafficked and sexually exploited. The World Development Report 2011 of the World Bank estimates that approximately 1.5 billion people live in countries affected by repeated cycles of political and criminal violence. The current nature of conflicts, mostly civil wars fought by armed groups rather than the military, disproportionately affects civilians. Children pay a high toll. A child living in a conflict-affected or fragile developing country is nearly three times more likely to be out of school than a child living in a developing country that is unaffected by these factors. Sexual and gender-based violence is a major issue, during and in the aftermath of conflict. Women and children account for close to 80 per cent of refugees and internally displaced persons. As more countries fall into conflict and high levels of political and criminal violence, involving an increasingly complex range of protagonists and ever more violent schemes, children will continue to be exposed to heightened risks. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2014 | ||
Women human rights defenders and those working on women’s rights or gender issues 2011, para. 62 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | During the 2004-2009 period, the mandate sent some 29 communications regarding threats and death threats against this group of defenders in sub-Saharan African countries. Half of these communications concerned those working in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In this context, those regularly targeted included members of organizations working on women's rights issues, particularly impunity for sexual and other forms of violence against women in the context of the armed conflict, and their family members, along with wives and other female family members of male human rights defenders. The threats delivered included numerous death threats and often accompanied attacks or break-ins at the home of the defender in question. The sources of such threats were often armed individuals and members of the armed groups party to the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, including State forces and police. A similar pattern of threats against defenders working on women's rights, albeit less frequently reported, was notable in Zimbabwe, primarily women's rights defenders. Other communications were also sent to the Central African Republic, Kenya and Uganda. | Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
Post conflict and post disaster reconstruction and the right to adequate housing 2011, para. 41 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | With the correct approach and support from the national government and outside agencies, the people directly affected by disasters and conflicts ought to remain directly involved despite the enormity of the challenges they face. This is particularly important in the areas of resettlement and reconstruction. The individuals, families and communities affected possess vital local knowledge and experience, and when working together can be an invaluable partner in designing and implementing creative solutions. Community-based reconstruction, linked to planning and reconstruction processes developed at the municipal and national levels, should be promoted wherever possible. The IASC guidelines accordingly advise agencies "In the planning and rehabilitation of housing and human settlements, [to] devise community-based strategies to maximize the participation of all sectors of affected communities (e.g. community housing teams). Local communities should be involved in decision-making regarding the location, design and infrastructure of housing and settlements to ensure that they are safe, habitable, accessible and culturally appropriate." | Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
Post conflict and post disaster reconstruction and the right to adequate housing 2011, para. 32 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | While people from all economic groups suffered from the effects of the hurricane, the damage disproportionately affected the most marginalized sectors of the population - poor women, peasants, indigenous groups. Significantly, many of these had been living under insecure tenure conditions in irregular settlements and inadequate housing, located in vulnerable areas exposed to strong winds, flooding and landslides. Although evacuation orders were issued, many refused to leave their homes for fear of losing their belongings, with disastrous and often fatal consequences. Vulnerability and in particular tenure insecurity was both the cause and effect of the disaster for such families. In the absence of officially recognized tenure rights, people ended up living on the fringes in dangerous areas, which due to their location were often worst affected by the hurricane. Any post-disaster response measures intended to form the basis for longer-term recovery would therefore have needed to address pre-existing insecurity, in order to provide a basis for the full realization of the right to adequate housing. | Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
Right to health in conflict situations 2013, para. 45 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Mass displacement, breakdown of community and family networks, and institutional collapse may create a vacuum in which women and young girls are vulnerable to sexual violence. They face a heightened risk of sexual exploitation and trafficking, as well as increased domestic violence and abuse from family members. Health facilities that lack qualified health professionals, patient referral mechanisms and psychological counselling may be unable to identify and respond to these forms of conflict-related sexual violence. This is especially true when health services are restricted to sexual violence perpetrated by armed groups. The stigma associated with sexual violence and HIV and the absence of adequate protection mechanisms may also contribute to negative physical and mental health outcomes. Stigma, abandonment by families and communities, and retribution from perpetrators create an atmosphere that perpetuates gender-based violence and leads to the exclusion and disempowerment of survivors. The failure to provide services that promote the safety and respect the confidentiality of survivors undermines their full participation in society, particularly in post-conflict reconstruction efforts. | Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2013 | ||
Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of
conflict and humanitarian crisis 2017, para. 60 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | In addition, States’ capacities and approach to implementing durable solutions for children vary. While some prioritize child protection, others look at it as a matter of security, do not consider such situations as their responsibility or do not have the capacity to provide child protection in conflict- and disaster-affected areas. Concerns have been raised about the policy adopted by some States to discourage unaccompanied children in transit to apply for asylum or any other form of protection. In Europe, in particular, States’ responses are very fragmented. In places where migrants or refugees reside, including reception centres, refugee camps or informal settlements, unaccompanied children are viewed as young people in transit for whom local integration is not a suitable option. While family reunification applies in such cases, it is rarely implemented in practice, owing to, among other reasons, the restricted concept of family (limited to close relatives only) which does not take into account the diversity in type and composition of families across regions. In addition, the process for family reunification is often lengthy and complex. | Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2017 | ||
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2014, para. 101 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Models of restorative justice in school may involve teaching conflict resolution, promoting peace studies, training student mediators to resolve conflicts among their peers and, in some cases, bringing parents and teachers together to play a supportive role in the mediation process. Peer mediation is used to help students to address issues at the root of their disputes and build their resolution skills. | Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children | SRSG report |
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| 2014 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 32 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The trafficking of women and girls for sexual exploitation, including sexual slavery, forced marriage, forced prostitution and forced pregnancy, features within the broader picture of sexual violence perpetrated against the civilian population during and in the wake of conflicts. The nexus between trafficking in persons and sexual violence is further affirmed in a statement by the President of the Security Council (S/PRST/2015/25) in which the President underscored the urgency of efforts to deter, detect and disrupt trafficking in persons, including by terrorist and violent extremist groups. Recently, an egregious pattern of abductions from their homes or schools of women and girls who are subsequently forced to marry and/or serve as sex slaves has been reported in conflict-affected settings, though some forms of this phenomenon have also been a feature of armed conflicts in the past. Such exploitation, which in some cases involves trafficking for forced marriage and sexual enslavement by extremist groups such as Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant, Boko Haram and their affiliates, is believed to be a strategy to generate revenue as well as to recruit, reward and retain fighters. In order to prevent such abductions, families are reported to be confining women and girls and removing girls from school (see S/2015/203, para. 61). | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 23 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | After fleeing conflict, children may be compelled to work to sustain themselves and/or to support their families. Unaccompanied children often have no choice but to work to meet their basic needs. Iraqi and Syrian refugee children in Lebanon, for example, work in textile factories, construction, the food service industry, agricultural labour or as street vendors in conditions amounting to forced labour. Moreover, there appear to be organized systems within refugee camps for making these work arrangements. In Iraq and Lebanon, Syrian refugee children are trafficked for purposes of exploitation, including begging and selling items on the street. In May 2015, at least 1,500 children, 75 per cent of whom were Syrian, were reported as begging or working as street vendors in and around Beirut, working excessive hours to earn income for their families. These worst forms of child labour, which often mask other forms of exploitation, such as trafficking for forced labour and sexual exploitation, have negative consequences on children's health and education. Unaccompanied children from Afghanistan and the Sudan in refugee camps in Calais and Dunkirk in France are trafficked for sexual exploitation and forced to commit crimes, including stealing or selling drugs, by traffickers who promise them passage to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Study on illegal adoptions 2017, para. 51 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Intercountry adoptions in the context of emergency situations are specifically open to several abuses. For example, in Haiti adoption processes were not interrupted but rather expedited following the 2010 earthquake, under the pressure of receiving countries. In Rwanda, during the genocide, several children were evacuated abroad and some were subsequently adopted without the consent of surviving parents. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2017 | ||
Sale of children for the purpose of forced labour 2016, para. 65 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | During conflict, armed groups destroy the social and economic environment and interrupt the delivery of social services, dismantling a protective environment for children and driving the population into dire poverty. Families may entrust their children to intermediaries who then exploit them for various purposes. The long-lasting effects of institutional breakdown enable trafficking to flourish and lead to its persistence after a conflict has ended (see A/HRC/32/41). | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Reflection on a 6-year tenure as Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography 2014, para. 33 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Recent studies have highlighted numerous factors that have affected the ability of families to care for their children. With the economic crisis, parents have been forced to spend longer hours at work, leaving children unattended. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2014 | ||
Protection of children from sale and sexual exploitation following humanitarian crisis due to natural disasters 2012, para. 141 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Awareness-raising campaigns should be created to provide children and their families with information regarding the risks related to natural disasters, and the particular risks faced by children. States must also ensure that children and their families are aware of their unconditional entitlement to humanitarian assistance in a natural disaster. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2012 | ||
Protection of children from sale and sexual exploitation following humanitarian crisis due to natural disasters 2012, para. 121 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Temporary shelter arrangements and the delivery of basic services should be established with a view to avoiding accidental separation of children from their families. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2012 | ||
Protection of children from sale and sexual exploitation following humanitarian crisis due to natural disasters 2012, para. 115 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Evacuation should only be undertaken by agencies or individuals as part of a coordinated plan of action. Children should have the opportunity to express their opinion and have it taken into consideration. Contact should be maintained between the child and her/his family and steps should be taken to initiate family reunification at the earliest possible stage. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2012 | ||
Protection of children from sale and sexual exploitation following humanitarian crisis due to natural disasters 2012, para. 70 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | After a disaster, extensive time is required to conduct impact studies, design programmes and projects, negotiate and secure reconstruction financing and initiate reconstruction activities. This consequently leaves the most vulnerable people, especially children and their families, without adequate support. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2012 | ||
Protection of children from sale and sexual exploitation following humanitarian crisis due to natural disasters 2012, para. 60 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Among the tools available for tracing activities is the ICRC's website entitled FamilyLinks, which seeks to help people to reconnect with relatives separated as a result of natural disaster or conflict. Several other technologies have been developed by corporations to help locate missing and separated persons, including Person Finder (Google), Ushahidi and CrisisCommons. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2012 | ||
Protection of children from sale and sexual exploitation following humanitarian crisis due to natural disasters 2012, para. 48 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Following a natural disaster, surviving children are at greater risk for exploitation due to poor camp design and security. Emergency camps and temporary shelters are often established without attention to a design that would provide safe and secure rest, play and wash areas for children - particularly those who are separated or unaccompanied-, and minimize the chance of accidental separation of children from their families. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2012 | ||
Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 91 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Such migration, both internal and external, can occur in response to individual imperatives (such as the search for economic or professional opportunities), or to family and communal imperatives in connection with survival strategies or efforts to find suitable social or educational environments for children. Permanent and seasonal migrations, whether cross-border or within a country, are dictated by poverty, deteriorating living conditions, chronic drought, armed conflict and/or political instability. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2010 | ||
Minorities in the criminal justice system 2015, para. 26 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | States must ensure full compliance with the requirements of proportionality and strict necessity in any use of force against persons belonging to ethnic, national and other minorities, with intentional use of lethal force being restricted to situations where it is strictly unavoidable to save life. Victims, families and others who allege unlawful use of force must have access to impartial, independent and effective complaints mechanisms, and police officers involved must be held accountable, including criminally. | Special Rapporteur on minority issues | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2015 | ||
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 51 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Provincial and municipal authorities can play a key role in liaising with their national Government authorities and displacement-affected communities, as well as in the development and implementation of IDP-specific and community based programmes. Supporting local authorities in the development of community based programmes may be particularly appreciated when authorities must contend with the competing demands of other vulnerable sectors of the population who may feel their needs are being neglected. Such programmes should be based on disaggregated data on both IDPs and the host community, which includes their specific vulnerabilities, needs and coping mechanisms, and be participatory and inclusive. Community-based programmes can vary significantly depending on the context, but can include financial or in kind assistance to host families; community revitalisation programmes; or the expansion and strengthening of local infrastructures and services. Support to local authorities, through awareness raising and training, including on technical matters such as the conduct of consultative processes, data collection and programme design, should be areas for investment. | Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
| Special Procedures' report |
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| 2012 | ||
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 44 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The establishment of emergency assistance and complementary support structures are also necessary in order to address situations when host family arrangements break down or are insufficient. In many cases, the assistance and hospitality provided by hosts may be primarily based on affiliations with some members of the family and not others (e.g. one of the spouses), so that when the nuclear IDP family disintegrates during the period of displacement, some members may have to leave and find their own solutions. In other situations, the strains of assisting and providing shelter to IDPs for prolonged periods may be such that host families may simply no longer be able to continue providing this support unassisted. In all of these situations, IDPs will in many cases need to leave the host family. Ensuring that systems are in place to support hosting arrangements, and to provide protection and assistance alternatives for IDPs who can no longer remain in these arrangements, will be vital in order to prevent the most vulnerable IDPs from having to adopt negative coping mechanisms, such as early marriage, dangerous and exploitative livelihood activities, and from living in precarious settings. | Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
| Special Procedures' report |
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| 2012 | ||
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 29 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Moreover, while family, friends and communities may initially welcome and assist IDPs, when their stay drags on, for months or years, strains on resources may lead to an eventual breaking point and the need for IDPs to find alternative assistance or living arrangements, often resulting in secondary movements and a more precarious situation. Even when specific IDP assistance exists in the form of food or other emergency assistance, distribution of assistance to non-camp IDPs, often tends to be one-off distributions at the beginning of displacement rather than the sustained assistance which is needed. Similarly, while State assistance programmes may sometimes be available for vulnerable groups in society, these will often be insufficient to take into account the heightened needs brought about by displacement, may be contingent on local residency or identity documents which IDPs may not be able to provide, or IDPs may not access them out of fear of drawing attention to themselves, for security reasons. Discrimination on the basis of their being displaced may also create an additional barrier to accessing State services. The considerations below aim to provide an initial framework for strengthening humanitarian and development responses to the needs of IDPs outside camps and those of their host communities. | Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
| Special Procedures' report |
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| 2012 |