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Title | Date added | Template | Original document | Paragraph text | Body | Document type | Thematics | Topic(s) | Person(s) affected | Year |
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The right to sexual and reproductive health (Art. 12) 2016, para. 9 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The realization of the right to sexual and reproductive health requires that States parties also meet their obligations under other provisions of the Covenant. For example, the right to sexual and reproductive health, combined with the right to education (articles 13 and 14) and the right to non-discrimination and equality between men and women (articles 2 (2) and 3), entails a right to education on sexuality and reproduction that is comprehensive, non-discriminatory, evidence-based, scientifically accurate and age appropriate. The right to sexual and reproductive health, combined with the right to work (article 6) and just and favourable working conditions (article 7), as well as the right to non discrimination and equality between men and women, also requires States to ensure employment with maternity protection and parental leave for workers, including workers in vulnerable situations, such as migrant workers or women with disabilities, as well as protection from sexual harassment in the workplace and prohibition of discrimination based on pregnancy, childbirth, parenthood, sexual orientation, gender identity or intersex status. | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2016 | ||
Equality in marriage and family relations 1994, para. 10 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Migrant women who live and work temporarily in another country should be permitted the same rights as men to have their spouses, partners and children join them. | Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 1994 | ||
Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 22 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Other practices such as forced marriage that are in effect in certain parts of the world can be considered "sale for purposes of sexual exploitation". One manifestation of this, among others, is that young girls are given as wives to men - often older men - in exchange for money. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2010 | ||
Economic consequences of marriage, family relations and their dissolution 2013, para. 4 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The economic consequences for women of marriage, divorce, separation and death have been of growing concern to the Committee. Research conducted in some countries has found that while men usually experience smaller, if not minimal, income losses after divorce and/or separation, many women experience a substantial decline in household income and increased dependence on social welfare, where it is available. Throughout the world, female-headed households are the most likely to be poor. Their status is inevitably affected by global developments such as the market economy and its crises; women's increasing entry into the paid workforce and their concentration in low-paying jobs; persistent income inequality within and between States; growth in divorce rates and in de facto unions; the reform of social security systems or the launching of new ones; and, above all, the persistence of women's poverty. Despite women's contributions to the economic well-being of the family, their economic inferiority permeates all stages of family relationships, often owing to their responsibility for dependants. | Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2013 | ||
Agenda setting of the work of the Special Rapporteur 2015, para. 23 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Men and boys can also become victims of trafficking, particularly for forced labour and to a lesser extent for sexual exploitation. However, lack of awareness about the involvement of men as trafficked persons has resulted in identification failures, as well as significant discrimination against male victims, particularly in terms of access to protection and assistance (A/HRC/26/37/Add.2, para. 34). | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2015 | ||
Servile marriage 2012, para. 67 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The sale of wives also manifests itself in the form of mail-order marriages and paper marriages. In the case of mail-order marriages, women from developing countries in East and South Asia, Eastern Europe and Latin America advertise themselves in newspapers, magazines and on the Internet for marriage outside their countries of origin, usually to men in developed countries. In many instances, the women are economically vulnerable and advertise themselves in the hope of improving their economic situation. | Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2012 | ||
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 59 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | One of the most significant factors inhibiting women's capacity to participate in public life is men's failure to share unpaid care work, and the lack of services supporting this work. Intense and unequal care responsibilities often confine women to the domestic sphere, excluding them from paid work and public life and preventing them from participating in important decision-making processes at the community and national level. | Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2013 | ||
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 13 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The unequal distribution of unpaid care work is highly reflective and determinative of power relations between women and men. Discriminatory gender stereotypes, which construe women as second-class citizens whose place is in the home, cause and perpetuate this unequal distribution of work, rendering women's equal enjoyment of rights impossible. Addressing care responsibilities is thus an essential component of the obligations of States to ensure gender equality at home, work and in society more broadly. | Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2013 | ||
The importance of social protection measures in achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2010, para. 56 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | In order to ensure that men and women benefit equally from them, social protection systems must address women's life-cycle risks and the impediments to women's access to work and productive activities, as well as the burden of care. | Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2010 | ||
The importance of social protection measures in achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2010, para. 86 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The positive contribution of social protection to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals depends in large part on access (both economic and physical) to culturally and gender-sensitive social services of good quality. This requires that policymakers understand and take into account the various challenges faced by women and men in seeking to gain access to social services. | Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2010 | ||
The impact of bilateral and multilateral trade agreements on the human rights of migrants 2016, para. 93d | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [To address the structural impact of international trade on the human rights of migrants, the Special Rapporteur recommends that States:] Ensure that gender-specific considerations are adequately integrated into the development of such human rights impact assessments so that the impact of trade agreements on the human rights of migrant women and men are identified and effectively mitigated; | Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Women and their right to adequate housing 2012, para. 14 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The foreclosure crisis also has specific gender implications. Again, in the United States alone, researchers estimate that there were 2.5 million foreclosures from 2007 to 2009. Due to gender-based discrimination in mortgage lending, women in the United States - and ethnic minority women, in particular - were 32 per cent more likely than men to be targets of sub-prime and predatory lenders, despite having on average higher credit scores. | Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2012 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 90f | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [The Special Rapporteur provides the following recommendations: In order for States to address discrimination against women in terms of equal labour opportunities, States should:] Ensure gender mainstreaming in all adaptation and mitigation responses to climate change and encourage policy-makers to work with both women and men taking their views into consideration at all levels. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 44 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Most of the world's poor who live and work in rural areas are employed in the agriculture sector. Globally, 20 - 30% of the 450 million waged agricultural workers are women, as are 30 % of those employed in the fishing sector and this number is increasing. Yet, women face difficulty in engaging in market behavior when cultural norms make it socially unacceptable for women to interact with men. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Eliminating discrimination against women in economic and social life with a focus on economic crisis 2014, para. 48 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Women are concentrated in higher numbers than men in informal work, not recognized, recorded, protected or regulated by the public authorities, and overrepresented in precarious, atypical and vulnerable work or employment. There are extreme examples in which 93 per cent of women workers are in informal work. | Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and practice | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2014 | ||
Eliminating discrimination against women in economic and social life with a focus on economic crisis 2014, para. 41 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Participation rates of women in the global labour force continue to be lower than men's, hovering steadily from 1990 to 2010 at around 52 per cent. | Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and practice | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2014 | ||
The right to just and favourable conditions of work (Art. 7) 2016, para. 62 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | To help assess the enjoyment of the right to just and favourable conditions of work, States parties should establish obligatory notification schemes in the event of occupational accidents and disease, as well as mechanisms to assess systematically the level of the minimum wage, fair wages and the gender pay gap between men and women within organizations in the public and private sectors, including in high-level posts. States parties should also periodically review the impact of laws and policies, in consultation with workers and employers, with a view to updating standards in the light of practice. For example, the national policy on occupational safety and health should include a built-in periodic review mechanism. States parties should promote the extension of protective regimes to sectors at risk; introduce schemes that allow for coverage of informal workers, coupled with measures to regularize the informal economy; create adequate dialogue mechanisms to raise pertinent issues; and introduce incentives to overcome the gender pay gap, including through initiatives to alleviate the burden of reproductive work on women, for example, by promoting access to goods and services, such as day-care facilities and non transferable parental leave for men. | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2016 | ||
The equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all economic, social and cultural rights 2005, para. 40 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | States parties must fulfil their immediate and primary obligation to ensure the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights. | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2005 | ||
The equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all economic, social and cultural rights 2005, para. 21 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [The obligation to fulfil requires States parties to take steps to ensure that in practice, men and women enjoy their economic, social and cultural rights on a basis of equality. Such steps should include:] To promote equal representation of men and women in public office and decision making bodies; | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2005 | ||
The equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all economic, social and cultural rights 2005, para. 20 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | States parties have an obligation to monitor and regulate the conduct of non-State actors to ensure that they do not violate the equal right of men and women to enjoy economic, social and cultural rights. This obligation applies, for example, in cases where public services have been partially or fully privatized. | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2005 | ||
The equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all economic, social and cultural rights 2005, para. 16 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights is a mandatory and immediate obligation of States parties. | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2005 | ||
Equality in marriage and family relations 1994, para. 27 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | In countries that are undergoing a programme of agrarian reform or redistribution of land among groups of different ethnic origins, the right of women, regardless of marital status, to share such redistributed land on equal terms with men should be carefully observed. | Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 1994 | ||
Equality in marriage and family relations 1994, para. 26 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Article 15 (1) guarantees women equality with men before the law. The right to own, manage, enjoy and dispose of property is central to a woman's right to enjoy financial independence, and in many countries will be critical to her ability to earn a livelihood and to provide adequate housing and nutrition for herself and for her family. | Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 1994 | ||
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 23 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | While fostering sociocultural change is a medium- to long-term objective, ensuring the equal enjoyment of rights of men and women is an immediate obligation for States. Therefore they must take immediate actions to alleviate the intensity of women's unpaid care work and redistribute their disproportionate share, including through the "provision of the necessary supporting social services to enable parents to combine family obligations with work responsibilities and participation in public life" (article 11 (2) (c)). | Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2013 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 52 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Disadvantages for women in both agricultural and non-agricultural sectors undermine their right to food. Women's income possibilities are more constrained than men's; the women's participation in the labour force is lower than men on a global scale - 70 percent of working age men are in the labour force compared to only 40 percent of working age women and the labour force participation rates have stagnated around the world in the past two decades. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Economic consequences of marriage, family relations and their dissolution 2013, para. 5 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Regardless of the vast range of economic arrangements within the family, women in both developing and developed countries generally share the experience of being worse off economically than men in family relationships and following the dissolution of those relationships. Social security systems, nominally designed to improve economic status, may also discriminate against women. | Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2013 | ||
Comprehensive, rights-based and child-centred care, recovery and reintegration programmes 2015, para. 31 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Most important, however, is the demand for sex with children. Those who support the exploitation of children include men from industrialized and developing countries who keep traffickers and exploiters in business through their demand for and purchase and exploitation of children. This topic will be the specific focus of the next thematic report of the Special Rapporteur. | Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2015 | ||
The importance of social protection measures in achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2010, para. 47 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Rights-based social protection systems can support progress towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals by, inter alia, promoting women's participation in economic activities, increasing their participation in the workforce, providing them with income security in old age and improving nutritional levels and food security, as well as girls' access to education. If women cannot, on an equal basis with men, benefit from development, participate in the labour market and participate in public decision-making, the achievement of the Goals will be seriously compromised. | Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2010 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 41 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Agricultural trade liberalization is generally premised on export-promotion policies that benefit men and larger-scale farmers. Liberalization has also opened smaller markets to subsidized imports, thus displacing the farmed products of local women, and encouraging the production of export crops over subsistence agriculture. Women are struggling to maintain household incomes due to increased competition with imported agricultural goods, reduced prices, and declining commodity prices in international markets. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 32 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Unfortunately, the IPR regime disproportionately excludes women, particularly in the context of agriculture. For example, IPR tends to reward "high technology" but ignores the contributions that the female labour force makes to agricultural production. Meanwhile, the privatization of agricultural resources leads to increased monetization. Women are less likely than men to have discretionary income, and are therefore less able to afford expensive seeds that were once managed communally. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 |