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Title | Date added | Template | Original document | Paragraph text | Body | Document type | Thematics | Topic(s) | Person(s) affected | Year |
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Women, the girl child and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 2001, para. 3a | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [Actions to be taken by Governments, the United Nations system and civil society, as appropriate]: Request Governments to ensure universal and equal access for women and men throughout their life cycle to social services related to health care, including education, clean water and safe sanitation, nutrition, food security and health education programmes, especially for women and girls living with and affected by HIV/AIDS, including treatment for opportunistic diseases; | Commission on the Status of Women | CSW Agreed Conclusions / Declaration |
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| 2001 | ||
Challenges and achievements in the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals for women and girls 2014, para. 42dd | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [The Commission urges Governments, at all levels [...] to take the following actions:] [Realizing women's and girls' full enjoyment of all human rights]: Ensure non-discriminatory access for women of all ages to gender-responsive, universally accessible, available, affordable, sustainable and high-quality services and infrastructure, including health care, safe drinking water and sanitation, transport, energy, housing, agricultural technology, financial and legal services, and information and communications technologies; | Commission on the Status of Women | CSW Agreed Conclusions / Declaration |
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| 2014 | ||
Rights of rural women 2016, para. 82 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Rural women and girls are among those most affected by water scarcity; a situation that is aggravated by unequal access to natural resources and the lack of infrastructure and services. Rural women and girls are frequently obliged to walk long distances to fetch water, sometimes exposing them to a heightened risk of sexual violence and attacks. Owing to poor rural infrastructure and services in many regions, rural women often spend four to five hours per day (or more) collecting water from sometimes poor-quality sources, carrying heavy containers and suffering acute physical problems, as well as facing illnesses caused by the use of unsafe water. Various forms of low-cost and effective technology exist that could ease the burden, including well-drilling technology, water extraction systems, wastewater reuse technology, labour-saving irrigation technology, rain-harvesting and household water treatment and purification systems. | Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2016 | ||
Rights of rural women 2016, para. 39e | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [States parties should safeguard the right of rural women and girls to adequate health care, and ensure:] That rural health-care facilities have adequate water and sanitation services; | Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2016 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 60 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development also acknowledges the critical importance of advancing gender equality and empowering women and girls to realize sustainable development. Many of the climate-related SDGs include gender-specific targets, including those related to ownership and control over land and access to new technology (SDG1), women small-scale food producers (SDG2), and water and sanitation (SDG6). These goals provide a mandate for advancing gender equality and women's empowerment across all areas of climate change action. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Priorities for the work of the Independent Expert and the twentieth anniversary of the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities 2012, para. 76 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Sex- and minority-based discrimination in hiring, promotion and pay also create significant barriers for minority women. Increasingly informal labour markets - a result of globalization - have brought more women into paid work, but often with low pay, excluded from basic labour protection and employed under poor working conditions. This renders the conditions under which minority women - and all too often young girls - earn incomes that may be insecure, difficult, harmful or even dangerous. Their workload can be made heavier by the lack of such basic amenities as clean water and sanitation, the availability of child-care support and protection against domestic and social violence. Minority girls and women in difficult circumstances are often forced to find survival opportunities outside their communities and home, and can easily fall victim to trafficking, exploitation and illegal migration within or outside their own country, which makes them even more vulnerable. | Special Rapporteur on minority issues | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2012 | ||
Integrating non-discrimination and equality into the post-2015 development agenda for water, sanitation and hygiene 2012, para. 32 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | In her country missions, the Special Rapporteur has noted that specific groups are excluded from access to water and sanitation, often reflecting patterns of discrimination, marginalization and limited political will to ensure substantive equality. These groups can be identified along ethnicity and socioeconomic divides. In some countries, indigenous peoples living on reserves do not have access to water or sanitation services. Dalits often suffer discrimination in accessing water and sanitation, while Roma are most disadvantaged in many European countries. Moreover, the Special Rapporteur's attention has repeatedly been drawn to vast gender inequalities and multiple discrimination, or the compounded impact of various grounds of discrimination on the same individual or group. For instance, women and girls are overwhelmingly tasked with collecting water and are physically and sexually threatened when they fetch water. Persons with disabilities are also disproportionately represented among those who lack access to safe drinking water and sanitation. | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2012 | ||
Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 25 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Hygiene facilities and services must be culturally acceptable. Personal hygiene is a highly sensitive issue across regions and cultures. Differing perspectives on the acceptability of hygiene practices must be taken into account regarding the design, positioning and conditions of use for sanitation, hand-washing and menstrual hygiene facilities. Facilities should accommodate hygiene practices in specific cultures, such as anal and genital cleansing, and women's toilets must accommodate menstruation hygiene management needs, particularly with respect to privacy. Menstruation is taboo in many countries, which makes menstrual hygiene a major concern for the health and well-being of women, and particularly of girls, who may not have sufficient knowledge about managing menstruation to be able to develop good practices. Education is necessary at schools, for boys as well as girls, to start to address the social taboos associated with menstruation and menstrual hygiene. | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2015 | ||
Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 28 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Achieving equality does not mean that everyone should be treated identically. With respect to water, sanitation and hygiene, human rights requires that everyone has equal access to services; but this does not mean that everyone must enjoy the same type of service, such as flush toilets, as these are not appropriate in all circumstances and contexts. Also some individuals or groups have specific needs such as menstrual hygiene for women and girls. However, States may need to adopt affirmative measures, giving preference to certain groups and individuals in order to redress past discrimination. Social, cultural, economic and political inequalities perpetuate social exclusion, and this needs to be carefully considered in the development of water, sanitation and hygiene service delivery options (see E/C.12/2002/11, para. 17). | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2015 | ||
Common violations of the human rights to water and sanitation 2014, para. 65 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Many cultures have certain prescriptions for women's and girls' behaviour during menstruation which may amount to harmful traditional and cultural practices, violating not only the right to sanitation but, more broadly, women's and girls' human rights and gender equality. In Nepal, the Supreme Court issued an order to eliminate the practice of chaupadi, which forces menstruating women and girls to sleep in isolation from the rest of the family, in a hut or shed, with risks to their health and security. The Court declared that the practice was discriminatory and violated women's rights. It ordered the Government to conduct a study on the impact of the practice, to create awareness and to take measures to eliminate the tradition. | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2014 | ||
Gender equality in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2016, para. 30 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | People who do not conform to a fixed idea of gender may experience violence and abuse when using gender-segregated sanitation facilities. Gender non-conforming people face harassment in or avoid gender-segregated public toilets altogether out of fear. For example, transgender girls who use the boys' toilets and transgender boys who use the girls' toilet in schools are highly vulnerable to bullying, harassment and assault by other students. Research from India indicates that transgender persons face difficulties in finding rental housing and are often forced to live in remote slum areas, where access to water and sanitation facilities is poor. | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Gender equality in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2016, para. 8 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Gender equality refers to the equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities between genders taking into consideration the different interests, needs and priorities and recognizing the diversity of different groups of women and men. Gender equality means that everyone must be able to enjoy the rights to water and sanitation equally. In order to attain substantive equality, therefore, it is necessary to address the specific gendered circumstances that act as barriers to the realization of those rights for women and girls in practice. States must assess existing legislation, policies and strategies, and find out to what extent the enjoyment of the rights to water and sanitation between men and women are equally guaranteed. On the basis of that review, remedies should be provided and gender-responsive strategies should be developed that guide policymaking and the corresponding allocation of budgets. Temporary affirmative measures will in many cases be necessary. | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Gender equality in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2016, para. 13 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | In humanitarian situations, including in times of conflict or natural disaster, when water and sanitation sources are at a minimum, the specific needs of women and girls are often not taken into account. It is vital to better understand and share experiences about the kinds of responses that can be deployed across the diverse range of emergencies, including the most adequate and effective adaptations and interventions. It further requires an integrated approach and ongoing coordination among all sectors concerned. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex and gender non-conforming people face additional challenges in areas affected by disaster. A recent United Nations assessment found that, in Europe, women and girls who are refugees are vulnerable to violence and lack services that specifically meet their needs, such as private bathing and sanitation facilities. Some women have reported having stopped eating or drinking to avoid going to the toilet where they felt unsafe. The reaction of Governments and others to these situations is considered inadequate and there is an emphasis on the urgent need to scale up such response efforts. | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Development and people of African descent 2015, para. 52 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The Working Group recognizes that women and girls of African descent face multiple, aggravated or intersecting forms of discrimination based on sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, social origin, property, birth, disability or other status. Such discrimination manifests itself in high rates of illiteracy, unemployment, lack of access to health services, quality education, landownership, drinking water and sanitation, and gender-based violence. | Working Group of experts on people of African descent | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2015 | ||
Women’s economic empowerment in the changing world of work 2017, para. 40 (s) | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Improve the security and safety of women on the journey to and from work and the security and safety of women and girls on the journey to and from educational facilities through gender-responsive rural development strategies and urban planning and infrastructure, including sustainable, safe, accessible and affordable public transportation systems, street lighting, and separate and adequate sanitation facilities, so as to facilitate women's access to places, products, services and economic opportunities; | Commission on the Status of Women | CSW Agreed Conclusions / Declaration |
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| 2017 | ||
Elimination of all forms of discrimination and violence against the girl child 2007, para. 14.2.l | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [The Commission [...] urges Governments [...] to:] [14.2. Education and training] (l) Increase girls' ability to attend school and extra-curricular activities by investing in public infrastructure projects and quality public services, such as transport, water, sanitation and sustainable energy, in order to reduce the amount of time girls spend on everyday routine household maintenance tasks, while also working to change attitudes that reinforce the division of labour based on gender, in order to promote shared family responsibility for work in the home and reduce the domestic work burden for girls; | Commission on the Status of Women | CSW Agreed Conclusions / Declaration |
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| 2007 | ||
Challenges and achievements in the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals for women and girls 2014, para. 42j | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [The Commission urges Governments, at all levels [...] to take the following actions:] [Realizing women's and girls' full enjoyment of all human rights]: Enact and implement legislation to protect, support and empower child-headed households, in particular those headed by girls, and include provisions to ensure their economic well-being and access to health-care services, nutrition, safe drinking water and sanitation, shelter, education and inheritance, and ensure that these families are protected, supported and assisted to stay together; | Commission on the Status of Women | CSW Agreed Conclusions / Declaration |
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| 2014 | ||
Eliminating discrimination against women in the area of health and safety, with a focus on the instrumentalization of women's bodies 2016, para. 68 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Menstruation is surrounded by stigma, resulting in the ostracism of and discrimination against women and girls. In some cultures menstruating women and girls are considered to be contaminated and impure and restrictions and interdictions during menstruation are imposed on them. Women and girls may continue to harbour internalized stigma and are embarrassed to discuss menstruation even where there are no restrictions. They live with a lack of privacy for cleaning and washing, a fear of staining and smelling and a lack of hygiene in school toilets or separate sanitation facilities. | Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and practice | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Women’s right and the right to food 2013, para. 16 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Various programmes have proven to be effective in removing some of these obstacles. Bangladesh launched the Female Secondary School Assistance Project (FSSAP) in 1993; ten years later, as it entered its second phase, the project covered one quarter of rural Bangladesh and now benefits almost one million girls across the country in more than 6,000 schools. FSSAP provides a stipend to girls who agree to delay marriage until they complete secondary education, for a total cost to the programme of about US$121 per year per person; and it has improved sanitation facilities in schools. It has spectacularly succeeded in improving girls' school attendance rates. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2013 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 66 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | In rural areas, women and girls spend the majority of their time engaged in subsistence farming and in the collection of water and fuel. As a result of flooding, droughts, fires and mudslides, these tasks become more difficult. Water shortages and depletion of forests require women and girls to walk longer distances to collect water and wood. In Senegal and Mozambique, women spend 17.5 and 15.3 hours respectively each week collecting water. In Nepal, girls spend an average of five hours per week on this task. In rural Africa and India, 30 percent of women's daily energy intake is spent in carrying water. Depletion of land and water resources may place additional burdens on women's labour and health as they struggle to make their livelihoods in a changing environment. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 24 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Use of hygiene facilities and services must be available at a price that is affordable to all people. The main costs, other than for installation, are associated with supplying water, soap and cleaning products for hand-washing, food hygiene, home hygiene and washing clothes, and for sanitary napkins or other products required for menstrual hygiene. Paying for these services must not limit people's capacity to acquire other basic goods and services guaranteed by human rights, such as food, housing, health services and education. Assistance should be provided to households or individuals who are unable to afford soap and cleaning products, or sanitary products for women and girls. | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2015 | ||
Gender equality in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2016, para. 37 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Affordability is of special concern to women and girls, who often have less access to financial resources than men. Women and girls need toilets for urination, defecation and menstrual hygiene management as well as for assisting younger children. Combined with women's lower access to financial resources, pay-per-use toilets with the same user fee for men and women are in practice often more expensive for women. Besides, public urinals are often free for men but not for women. To tackle this, the municipal government of Mumbai is currently constructing several toilet blocks the maintenance of which is financed through family passes instead of by charging a fee for each use. Some public toilets can be used free of charge by women and other groups that often lack access to economic resources, such as children and older people. | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Gender equality in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2016, para. 40 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | According to international human rights law, States must allocate their maximum available resources to the progressive realization of human rights, paying particular attention to the rights and needs of the most marginalized segments of the population. Progressive policies and plans will be rendered worthless, however, without a proper budget. A gender analysis supports Governments in making better budget-related choices by highlighting existing gender inequalities and the impact of public expenditures on women and girls. States should promote gender mainstreaming in budgeting activities for water sanitation and hygiene, and increase women's participation in budgeting processes. Specialized units throughout government can be tasked with oversight. | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Normative action for quality education 2012, para. 52 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The physical environment requirements can include aspects such as the presence of basic facilities (sanitation, separate toilets for girls, ramp for persons with disabilities) and adequate infrastructure (lighting, acoustic, safety and security, communication facilities). Facilities and equipment in schools must be appropriate in terms of instruction needs, health and sanitation, safety and management. Specific norms are required for infrastructure for technical and vocational education. | Special Rapporteur on the right to education | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2012 | ||
Women and their right to adequate housing 2012, para. 70 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | States should ensure that housing includes water points and sanitation facilities available for and accessible to women, ensuring women their rights to water and sanitation, as well as to health. States should also ensure that housing is adequately located in order to provide women with access to employment options, health-care services, schools, childcare centres and other social facilities, such that they are non-discriminatory, adequate, available and fully accessible to women and girls. | Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2012 | ||
Stigma and the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2012, para. 74 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | While the focus in combating stigma must be on bringing about societal change and changes in attitude, technical measures are still crucial to ensure accessibility, for instance for persons with disabilities or older persons, as are public health measures to prevent and cure neglected tropical diseases. Sanitation systems should be adjusted to avoid manual sanitation work. The provision of adequate facilities is crucial for menstrual hygiene management, since it is often the lack of a safe and clean space that prevents women and girls from exercising proper hygiene. | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2012 | ||
Gender equality in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2016, para. 34 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Soap and clean water for personal hygiene is of particular importance during menstruation. Women and girls must be able to use clean materials to absorb or collect menstrual fluid, and change them regularly and in privacy. They must have access to water and soap to wash their hands and body and facilities to dispose safely and hygienically of menstrual materials like pads, cups, cloths and tampons. Facilities must be easy to maintain and to clean. Women and girls with disabilities face unique challenges in accessing sanitation facilities. Their ability to properly manage their hygiene may be particularly compromised and, when facilities do not provide for the space and materials they need, they are especially prone to diseases. Service providers must ensure that facilities are designed with the participation of women and girls in order to adapt them to their biological and sociocultural needs. The specific needs of women and girls must be incorporated into the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of sanitation facilities. Approaches must go beyond advocacy to address policies, infrastructure, maintenance systems and monitoring in order to ensure that services are adapted to the specific needs of users by, for example, taking into account their bodies, including their physical abilities, and their age. Formal independent regulators, as well as locally based participatory water and sanitation committees, should monitor whether regulations are well interpreted, implemented and effective. | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Women's empowerment and the link to sustainable development 2016, para. 23k | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [The Commission [...] urges Governments, at all levels [...] to take the following actions:] [Strengthening normative, legal and policy frameworks]: Urges governments to provide universal and equitable access for all to safe and affordable drinking water and adequate sanitation and hygiene, in particular in schools, public facilities and buildings, paying special attention to the specific needs of all women and girls, who are disproportionately affected by inadequate water and sanitation facilities, are at greater risk of violence and harassment when practising open defecation and have specific needs for menstrual hygiene management, and to improve water management and wastewater treatment with the active participation of women; | Commission on the Status of Women | CSW Agreed Conclusions / Declaration |
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| 2016 | ||
Sustainability and non-retrogression in the realisation of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 50 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | What emerges from the above is a pattern of neglect of the needs of the most vulnerable and marginalized groups in society across planning, institutional responsibilities and resource allocation. Disadvantaged groups can often be identified along ethnic, geographic, and socioeconomic divides (see, for example, A/HRC/18/33/Add.4, para. 79). Indigenous peoples, Dalits and Roma are among such groups facing discrimination with whom the Special Rapporteur has met during the course of her mandate. Moreover, there are vast gender inequalities - in many poor communities, the task of collecting water overwhelmingly falls to women and girls (see, for example, A/HRC/15/31/Add.3 and Corr.1, para. 22). Persons with disabilities are also disproportionately represented among those lacking access to water and sanitation (A/HRC/15/55, para. 21). Neglect can occur for a variety of reasons: groups and individuals may experience stigmatization, they may live in remote areas making serving them costly, or politicians may be indifferent to their needs. | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2013 | ||
Participation in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2014, para. 45 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | An assessment of barriers must address all types of obstacles: physical, economic, institutional, attitudinal and social. Physical barriers affect persons with disabilities, but they also relate to decisions on meeting times and childcare. Social barriers include prejudices and stereotypes. Gender norms and stereotypes play a significant role in determining what degree of control men and women exercise. In many instances, social norms legitimize women's exclusion from decision-making. Social norms explain, for instance, why authorities fail to take seriously reports of women being subjected to indignities and risks of sexual violence when accessing sanitation facilities outside their home. As the Special Rapporteur has noted elsewhere, taboos around menstruation, combined with inadequate access to water and sanitation, explain why a significant number of girls consistently lose a week of schooling each month (A/HRC/21/42, para. 22). Without a deliberate effort to draw out their own analysis and ideas, solutions will often fail to address women's and girls' needs. | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2014 |