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Title | Date added | Template | Original document | Paragraph text | Body | Document type | Thematics | Topic(s) | Person(s) affected | Year |
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Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 30 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | A distinction should be drawn between sudden-onset and slow-onset events since they affect human mobility in different ways. Slow-onset disasters tend to prompt movements of people to other locations in search of livelihoods, food security and safety - a trend already being manifested in different parts of the world. In this context, regional particularities around displacement patterns and their various causes will be important to monitor and understand. This is particularly the case in Africa and Asia, as climate change is expected to have especially dire effects on developing countries, and the most vulnerable populations within them. At the time of writing of this report, an estimated 12 million people in the Horn of Africa required immediate humanitarian assistance owing to drought and food insecurity affecting, inter alia, Somalia, Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda and Djibouti. In Somalia, successive drought-induced crop failures, spiralling food prices and lack of food assistance, combined with conflict, insecurity and limited access by humanitarian organizations, have resulted in one of the worst famines in decades, placing 3.7 million people in need of urgent assistance and causing large-scale displacements. | Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
| Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
Protection from Sexual Abuse and Exploitation 2003, para. 6 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Acknowledging that inadequate protection or inappropriate assistance, particularly the quantity and quality of food and other material assistance, increases the vulnerability of refugees and asylum-seekers to sexual abuse and exploitation; | Executive Committee of the Programme of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees | ExCom Conclusion |
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| 2003 | ||
Refugee Children 1987, para. (q) | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Called upon all States, in co-operation with UNHCR and concerned agencies, to develop and/or support programmes to address nutritional and health risks faced by refugee children, including programmes to ensure an adequate, well-balanced and safe diet, general immunization and primary health care; | Executive Committee of the Programme of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees | ExCom Conclusion |
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| 1987 | ||
Working methods, thematic priorities and vision for a meaningful anti-torture advocacy 2017, para. 33 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Conflicts, violence, persecution, poverty and food insecurity are driving unprecedented waves of people to cross international borders in a desperate search for safety. According to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, in 2015 alone, 65.3 million individuals were forcibly displaced worldwide, the largest number since the Second World War. | Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2017 | ||
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 47 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Furthermore, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, the International Convention on the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and other international human rights instruments all contain provisions that require States to provide adequate protection, information and remedies in the context of pesticide use. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2017 | ||
Impact of climate change on the right to food 2015, para. 89d | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [In this context, the Special Rapporteur recommends that:] A separate category of "climate refugees" be recognized in international law and the necessary legal adjustments made to avoid further human catastrophe; | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2015 | ||
The transformative potential of the right to food 2014, para. 43 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | National strategies grounded in the right to food should be conceived as participatory processes, co-designed by all relevant stakeholders, including in particular the groups most affected by hunger and malnutrition - smallholder producers, fisherfolk, pastoralists, indigenous people, the urban poor, migrants and agricultural workers. Interministerial bodies should be provided with recommendations that can support local initiatives that support the transition to sustainable food systems (A/68/288, paras. 42-46). The strategies should set out objectives that are specific, measurable, attainable, relevant and time-bound. Their rights-based dimensions require that they identify which actor is responsible for which action, and that implementation be supported by independent monitoring in the hands of national human rights institutions or, perhaps preferably, food security and nutrition councils. Because gender-based discrimination violates the right to food of women and girls, the empowerment of women and gender equality, as well as the adoption of social protection schemes that are transformative of gender roles, should be a priority of such strategies. Enhancing the role of women in decision-making at all levels, including within the household, moreover, improves nutritional and health outcomes. And women must be better supported as economic agents in the food systems (A/HRC/22/50). | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2014 | ||
Human rights of internally displaced persons in the context of the Post-2015 development agenda 2015, para. 55 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | In many displacement situations access to land, livestock and employment are essential elements of durable solutions and development that must be put in place to enable IDPs to reduce or eliminate their dependency on humanitarian aid. Furthermore, where large numbers of IDPs are sheltered within host communities they can be a heavy burden on the food security of such non-IDP communities, whose food resources must be spread further. | Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
| Special Procedures' report |
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| 2015 | ||
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 18 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Seasonal and migrant workers are also more vulnerable, as they may work temporarily at various agricultural sites, multiplying their exposure risk to pesticides. Language barriers may further prevent these workers from understanding labels and safety warnings, they may experience poor working conditions without access to adequate safety equipment and they may have difficulty accessing medical care and compensation for pesticide-related diseases. Workers may also have little control over the types of pesticides used. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2017 | ||
Refugee Children 1989, para. (e) | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Noted with serious concern the increasing incidence of nutritional deficiency diseases and malnutrition amongst refugee children dependent upon food aid and called upon UNHCR to initiate as a matter of urgency formal discussions with relevant United Nations bodies, donors and other humanitarian organizations to develop collaborative strategies for alleviating the nutritional problems of refugee children and to seek the incorporation into their programmes of appropriate provisions for such needs; | Executive Committee of the Programme of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees | ExCom Conclusion |
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| 1989 | ||
Overview of working methods and vision 2011, para. 66 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | In previous reports , conditions of detention have been documented extensively based on information received from various sources, in particular, factual observations made as a result of fact-finding missions. The Special Rapporteur is deeply concerned by the large number of places of detention that do not meet minimum international standards. He plans to engage with States that permit such conditions as well as with those that lack the ability or resources to institute minimum standards. He will seek to address the systematic deprivation of the most basic human rights standards relating to conditions of detention, including those related to food, water, clothing, health care and minimum space, as well as hygiene, privacy and security necessary for a humane and dignified existence, as conditions that in and of themselves can constitute cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. | Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
Detention of migrants in an irregular situation 2012, para. 26 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Substandard detention conditions may potentially amount to inhuman or degrading treatment, and may increase the risk of further violations of economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to health, food, drinking water and sanitation. | Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2012 | ||
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 32a | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Increased droughts, environmental degradation and slow-onset disasters such as desertification which undermine agricultural livelihoods and reduce food security; | Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
| Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
The impact of bilateral and multilateral trade agreements on the human rights of migrants 2016, para. 89 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Multi-stakeholder partnerships have also engaged migrants and diaspora organizations in developing their communities of origin and destination. The Patrimonio Hoy programme of Cemex, a company operating in the building materials industry, provides migrant families with financing, construction materials and technical assistance so they can erect or expand their homes. In the United States, workers participating in the Fair Food Program play a leading role in monitoring and protecting their rights. Some retail brands have made a binding commitment to support the enforcement of human rights by leveraging their purchasing power. | Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Human rights of internally displaced persons in the context of the Post-2015 development agenda 2015, para. 53 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | While humanitarian aid staples often consist of rice, beans, oil and tinned produce, as well as products to meet the nutritional needs of children, there is frequently a shortage of higher value or perishable foodstuffs, such as meat, fish and vegetables. A restricted diet over any significant period can result in inadequate nutrition and malnutrition, with a lasting effect on the health of individuals and their susceptibility to illness. In this respect, the Special Rapporteur stresses the importance of taking into account the specific needs of children, breastfeeding mothers and groups with specific dietary habits, such as nomadic peoples. Systematically implementing an approach to hunger and food security that recognizes the need for availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality, means also including IDPs. | Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
| Special Procedures' report |
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| 2015 | ||
Human rights of internally displaced persons in the context of the Post-2015 development agenda 2015, para. 52 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Hunger and food insecurity are frequently the most pressing problems for IDPs. Having lost access to lands and livelihoods, their ability to produce or purchase food may be limited, leaving them heavily reliant on humanitarian aid or the charitable donations of host families and communities, who may also face food insecurity. Where displacement becomes protracted, without durable solutions in place, food security and nutrition problems may be particularly pronounced, especially where humanitarian aid has diminished or ended. Often lacking adequate coping mechanisms, IDPs are amongst the most vulnerable communities in terms of food security. | Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
| Special Procedures' report |
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| 2015 | ||
Human rights of internally displaced persons in the context of the Post-2015 development agenda 2015, para. 54 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | During his joint visit to the Central African Republic in February 2015, the Special Rapporteur deplored the living conditions of nearly 500 members of the Peulh minority group, trapped in an enclave in Yaloke. According to reports, the food being distributed in Yaloke does not meet the cultural and nutritional needs of the Peulh minority group. The Peulh, living largely on a diet of beef and milk from cattle, are not used to the rice and beans that humanitarian agencies distribute. As of December 2014, over 40 Peulh had died from malnutrition and other diseases, the majority of them children. | Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
| Special Procedures' report |
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| 2015 | ||
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 56 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The Special Rapporteur on the right to food for example, has analysed the adverse impact of extreme climate changes on livelihoods and food security. The impact of climate change on agricultural production in developing countries in particular, which has been well documented, will result in volatile markets and threaten the right to food for millions of people. It may be necessary to address and re-evaluate methods of agricultural production, in addition to addressing humanitarian assistance needs. Research and decisions made with regard to agricultural approaches and other measures to ensure food security and resource management will profoundly affect displacement patterns. | Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
| Special Procedures' report |
|
| 2011 | ||
The primary duty of the State to provide humanitarian assistance and the corresponding rights of internally displaced persons 2010, para. 89 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Flexibility, multi-stakeholder dialogue and willingness to come to pragmatic compromises can significantly help to address tensions. For example, some months after the earthquake of 12 January 2010, the Government of Haiti asked to phase out the blanket distribution of free food aid, fearing that it might exacerbate recipient dependency and undermine local markets. Accordingly, the United Nations and other major providers of humanitarian assistance agreed to adapt their approach, including by providing recipient rights-holders with cash or food in exchange for community work (for example, rubble removal), while still maintaining targeted free food aid programmes for the most vulnerable. | Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
| Special Procedures' report |
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| 2010 | ||
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 54 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | If TNC activities are criminally justiciable and reasonable compensation is enforceable, the issue of extraterritoriality may not arise. However, in cases of indirect violations of the right to food, for instance by way of voluntary displacement or not being able to farm because of a lack of access to necessary resources such as water because of privatization, or seeds because of a monopoly by TNCs, human rights adjudication becomes vital. Consequently, such remedies should provide enforceable compensation and restitution. The remedies currently available for individuals whose economic, social and cultural rights are violated are somewhat limited. Considerable improvements in this regard are essential for cases involving violations of the right to food to be protected from violations committed by foreign and national actors. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2015 | ||
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 41 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Development-induced displacement is an increasingly widespread phenomenon with devastating impact. An estimated 15 million people each year are forced to relocate and resettle as a result of such interventions. Despite some of the more recent efforts to highlight land dispossession, as yet global institutions have been unable to discourage the practices and processes that undermine land rights, prevent equitable access and establish the context for large and small-scale displacements. The expanding mining sector has contributed to strong economic growth in some countries, with mining and oil concessions dramatically increasing in countries. The industry has however also generated social conflict in many States, particularly in rural areas, with mining activities coming into direct competition with small-scale agriculture. Indigenous peoples are particularly vulnerable as they are often forced to leave their land and sources of livelihood. A lack of engagement and opportunities for participation in decisions that affect their lives has left many communities in situations of dire poverty and without access to adequate food and nutrition. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2015 | ||
Impact of climate change on the right to food 2015, para. 66 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Climate change mitigation strategies that aim to reduce emissions from land use may also have a negative impact on food production methods. The clean development mechanism was established to encourage industrialized States to fund carbon reduction projects in developing countries. It has generated many projects and in 2012 it was estimated to have generated approximately $215 billion for developing countries. Yet the mechanism has been criticized for failing to ensure human rights protections and to prevent the approval of projects that have negative human rights impacts, including on food security, owing to a lack of a rigorous impact assessment procedure for prospective projects. Activities have been proposed that would change land use patterns to reduce carbon emissions or promote carbon capture and storage; it is claimed that such projects have led to the displacement of small-scale farmers and indigenous peoples and that farmers may not be directly compensated for the carbon credits derived from their activities. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2015 | ||
Vision of the mandate 2014, para. 26 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Although traditionally the role of women has been a part of the agenda on the right to food, the Special Rapporteur believes that the empowerment of women and the protection of their rights should be placed at the centre of the policymaking process on the right to food. Specific programmes and policies should be developed to empower women as agents of change. That means ensuring that they are granted equal access to resources, such as land ownership or tenure, water and seeds, and financial and technological assistance. The empowerment of women should not be limited to rural areas, but should also be extended to urban women, women from indigenous communities, those living in refugee camps and undocumented migrants. In the agricultural sector, policies tend to be "gender blind or gender sensitive in mild ways", failing to address some of the main obstacles women face. Moving towards gender transformative policies will require major additional efforts on the part of States. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2014 | ||
The right to an adequate diet: the agriculture-food-health nexus 2012, para. 15 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Assessments of these various nutrition promotion initiatives and the projects under the umbrella of the SUN initiative fall outside the scope of the present report. The increasing international profile of nutrition should be welcomed. It is positive too that SUN acknowledges the need for efforts to scale up nutrition to be driven by national authorities with a cross-sectoral approach, and that it brings together commitment and support from developing country Governments, donors, civil society, development agencies and the private sector. In providing assistance however, these actors must not overlook the entitlements that have been established under international law for women, children, minorities, refugees and internally displaced persons, and other groups that may be subjected to marginalization and discrimination. The Special Rapporteur, while welcoming the progress made through SUN, calls for an explicit alignment of its initiatives with human rights, including the right to food. A number of observations should be made in this regard. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2012 | ||
Access to land and the right to food 2010, para. 14 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Access to land and security of tenure are also essential for the ability of smallholders to achieve a decent standard of living. As noted above, the right to food imposes on States an obligation not to deprive individuals of access to the productive resources on which they depend. Where a community has settled on a piece of land and depends on that land for its livelihood, the obligation to respect the right to food thus requires that eviction of the community from that land be prohibited unless certain conditions are fulfilled. No eviction should take place that does not meet the criteria set out by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in its general comment No. 7, on the right to adequate housing: forced evictions, and in the Basic Principles and Guidelines on Development-Based Evictions and Displacement. Those guidelines provide a practical tool to assist States and agencies in developing policies, legislation, procedures and preventive measures to ensure that forced evictions do not take place or, should prevention fail, to provide effective remedies to those whose human rights have been violated. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2010 | ||
The right to adequate food (Art. 11) 1999, para. 38 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | States have a joint and individual responsibility, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, to cooperate in providing disaster relief and humanitarian assistance in times of emergency, including assistance to refugees and internally displaced persons. Each State should contribute to this task in accordance with its ability. The role of the World Food Programme (WFP) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), and increasingly that of UNICEF and FAO is of particular importance in this respect and should be strengthened. Priority in food aid should be given to the most vulnerable populations. | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 1999 | ||
Conclusion On Local Integration 2005, para. (m) iv | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [Notes the important part, subject to States' consideration, self-reliance plays in the economic dimension of local integration of refugees whereby individuals, households and communities are enabled increasingly to become self-sufficient and can contribute to the local economy, and in this respect:] notes that facilitating refugees' access to agricultural land in rural areas where appropriate and when feasible is a positive contribution by all States, which can help foster opportunities for self- reliance and enhance the food security of refugees and the local population; | Executive Committee of the Programme of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees | ExCom Conclusion |
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| 2005 | ||
General Conclusion On International Protection 2005, para. (t) | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Reaffirms the importance of timely and adequate assistance and protection for refugees; that assistance and protection are mutually reinforcing and that inadequate material assistance and food shortages undermine protection; notes the importance of a rights and community-based approach in engaging constructively with individual refugees and their communities to achieve fair and equitable access to food, and other forms of material assistance; and expresses concern in regard to situations where minimum standards of assistance are not met, including situations where adequate needs assessments have yet to be undertaken; | Executive Committee of the Programme of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees | ExCom Conclusion |
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| 2005 | ||
Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War 1949, para. undefined | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Art. 89. Daily food rations for internees shall be sufficient in quantity, quality and variety to keep internees in a good state of health and prevent the development of nutritional deficiencies. Account shall also be taken of the customary diet of the internees. Internees shall also be given the means by which they can prepare for themselves any additional food in their possession. Sufficient drinking water shall be supplied to internees. The use of tobacco shall be permitted. Internees who work shall receive additional rations in proportion to the kind of labour which they perform. Expectant and nursing mothers and children under fifteen years of age, shall be given additional food, in proportion to their physiological needs. | International Committee of the Red Cross | International treaty |
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| 1949 | ||
Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War 1949, para. undefined | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Art 26. The basic daily food rations shall be sufficient in quantity, quality and variety to keep prisoners of war in good health and to prevent loss of weight or the development of nutritional deficiencies. Account shall also be taken of the habitual diet of the prisoners. The Detaining Power shall supply prisoners of war who work with such additional rations as are necessary for the labour on which they are employed. Sufficient drinking water shall be supplied to prisoners of war. The use of tobacco shall be permitted. Prisoners of war shall, as far as possible, be associated with the preparation of their meals; they may be employed for that purpose in the kitchens. Furthermore, they shall be given the means of preparing, themselves, the additional food in their possession. Adequate premises shall be provided for messing. Collective disciplinary measures affecting food are prohibited. | International Committee of the Red Cross | International treaty |
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| 1949 |
30 shown of 30 entities