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Title | Date added | Template | Original document | Paragraph text | Body | Document type | Thematics | Topic(s) | Person(s) affected | Year |
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Extreme poverty and human rights on universal basic income 2017, para. 57 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Finally, a simulation for the region of Catalonia, in Spain, suggests that a basic annual income of €7,968 for those aged over 18 and of €1,594 for minors would require a 49.57 per cent flat tax rate and extra financing of €7 billion. | Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights | Special Procedures' report |
| 2017 | |||
Challenges and lessons in combating contemporary forms of slavery 2013, para. 56 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Some countries have also taken action to punish perpetrators of contemporary forms of slavery and compensate their victims. In Argentina, in one notable court case, a judge ordered the owners of a garment factory that was employing Bolivian workers under conditions of forced labour to turn the factory over to the workers. In the Plurinational State of Bolivia, the Government has confiscated land on which individuals were subject to forced labour and turned it over to those who were forced to work on it. In 2013, the state of São Paulo in Brazil passed a law that makes companies liable for contemporary forms of slavery in their production chains (including in the operations of their subcontractors). The law allows the state government to cancel complicit companies' tax registration for 10 years, thereby making it impossible for them to continue operating legally. In May 2013, the Governor of São Paulo signed a decree enacting the above-mentioned Law 14.946, and the Senate of Brazil was considering passing the Proposed Constitutional Amendment (PEC) 57A/1999, which allows for the expropriation of the property of companies that have subjected workers to contemporary forms of slavery. | Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences | Special Procedures' report |
| 2013 | |||
Analysis of two alternative housing policies: rental and collective housing 2013, para. 64 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Although not all types of collective organizations are accessible to the poorest segments of society, there are numerous advantages to such a form of tenure, including: (a) the use of community leverage to compete with existing housing market forces; (b) cooperative and collective forms of tenure are inextricably linked to enhanced democratic participation, better access to information, and community-led governance; (c) both cooperatives and community funds provide their members with financial strength (through community loans or savings that enable low-income households better access to housing finance); (d) as opposed to the individual finance schemes detailed above, community organizations also have the ability to control land and housing affordability by controlling land prices (community land trusts), providing increased economic resilience (through financial support to households that temporary encounter financial difficulties (Federation of Mutual Aid Housing Cooperatives), protecting low-income households from the housing market volatility and by limiting economic displacement and gentrification. | Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living | Special Procedures' report |
| 2013 | |||
Lifelong learning and the right to education 2016, para. 67 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Technical and vocational education and training cuts across formal or school- based, non-formal or enterprise-based, and informal or traditional apprenticeship. It has a nexus with the right to education and the right to work and is valuable in providing "retraining for adults whose current knowledge and skills have become obsolete owing to technological, economic, employment, social or other changes ". Such education and training can enable vocational trainees to acquire further professional competence and improve their skills and competencies. Numerous initiatives taken in all regions of the world to introduce reforms in technical and vocational education and training systems are propelled by a variety of skill requirements in the rapidly changing economies of the twenty-first century and involve lifelong learning. In India, inspired by the vision of the Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, of a "skilled India", efforts are being made to align the "demands of the employers for a well-trained skilled workforce with aspirations of Indian citizens for sustainable livelihoods". With the launch of the national skill development mission (kaushal vikas yogna), a national skill development and entrepreneurship policy was adopted in 2015 for that purpose. | Special Rapporteur on the right to education | Special Procedures' report |
| 2016 | |||
Minimum Age Convention 1973, para. 2. (4) | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 3 of this Article, a Member whose economy and educational facilities are insufficiently developed may, after consultation with the organizations of employers and workers concerned, where such exist, initially specify a minimum age of 14 years. | International Labour Organization | International treaty |
| 1973 | |||
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 25 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Regarding recruitment regulation, the ILO launched in September 2016 the non-binding ILO general principles and operational guidelines for fair recruitment, in which it is reiterated that recruitment should take place in a way that respects, protects and fulfils internationally recognized human rights, including those expressed in international labour standards, such as prevention and elimination of forced labour. The guidelines enshrine principles related to the prohibition of recruitment fees, transparency in the terms and conditions of employment, the prohibition against confiscating workers’ identity documents, and contracts, among others. Another initiative, the International Recruitment Integrity System (IRIS) was launched by IOM in 2014. IRIS is a multi-stakeholder initiative for labour recruiters that offers a certification system to recognize ethical recruiters on the basis of an evaluation of their compliance with the IRIS Code of Conduct. Based on the ILO labour standards, the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and good practices in the industry, the Code of Conduct also includes principles on the prohibition of charging recruitment fees to jobseekers, respect for freedom of movement, respect for transparency of terms and conditions of employment, respect for confidentiality and data protection and respect for access to remedy. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
| 2017 | |||
Debt bondage as a key form of contemporary slavery 2016, para. B. | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [Recommendations to Member States:] Establish and/or update comprehensive national action plans for the eradication of contemporary forms of slavery including debt bondage. The national action plans should outline measures to prevent and eradicate debt bondage, and ensure the protection of persons released from debt bondage. | Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences | Special Procedures' report |
| 2016 | |||
Challenges and lessons in combating contemporary forms of slavery 2013, para. 57 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | At the regional level, courts have also enforced slavery laws. For example, in 2008, Niger - which had criminalized slavery in 2003 - was brought before the Economic Community of West African States Community Court of Justice, which ruled that Niger was responsible for failing to protect 24-year-old Hadijatou Mani from slavery. | Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences | Special Procedures' report |
| 2013 | |||
Manifestations and causes of domestic servitude 2010, para. 97 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [Domestic workers have made impressive gains in organizing themselves across the globe. More efforts are needed, however, to empower individual workers. The Special Rapporteur recommends:] States should abolish all legal or factual obstacles preventing domestic workers from exercising their human right to freely associate, including in trade unions. | Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences | Special Procedures' report |
| 2010 | |||
Manifestations and causes of domestic servitude 2010, para. 95 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [In the case of live-in domestic workers, the identity of work place and home is deeply problematic as it makes this group dangerously isolated. In order to limit and regulate live-in domestic work, States should:] In addition, States should establish blacklists prohibiting households, in which one member has been found to have abused or exploited a live-in domestic worker, from employing other workers. | Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences | Special Procedures' report |
| 2010 | |||
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 100 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | An important part of the State's investment in care services is the recruitment of adequate numbers of paid care professionals such as nurses, and providing them with decent pay and working conditions. Overall, States should shift from a strategy of reliance on market and voluntary provision of care that is informal and exploitative to one that allows professional, decently paid and compassionate forms of care. | Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights | Special Procedures' report |
| 2013 | |||
Minorities and discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status 2016, para. 118 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | In 2002, Nepal established a National Dalit Commission tasked with a twofold objective: to increase the participation of Dalit communities "in the mainstream of national development" and to create a favourable environment for Dalit communities. | Special Rapporteur on minority issues | Special Procedures' report |
| 2016 | |||
Minorities and discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status 2016, para. 71 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Caste-based discrimination confines Dalits in South Asia to certain occupations associated with their caste, which often involve the most menial tasks, such as sanitation jobs. In Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Sri Lanka, street cleaning and the handling of human waste and animal carcasses are almost exclusively performed by Dalits. | Special Rapporteur on minority issues | Special Procedures' report |
| 2016 | |||
Minorities and discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status 2016, para. 33 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | In India, according to official data, Dalits (referred to as "scheduled castes") constitute more than 201 million people. This figure does not include Dalits who have converted or are born and raised within non-Hindu religious communities, such as the Dalit Muslim and Christian communities; unofficial statistics estimate that the actual number of Dalits in India is much higher. | Special Rapporteur on minority issues | Special Procedures' report |
| 2016 | |||
Minorities and discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status 2016, para. 28c | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [Caste and analogous systems present distinguishing characteristics:] (c) Untouchability practices: a set of collective behaviours and norms stemming from the belief that contact with individuals from lower castes is "polluting"; | Special Rapporteur on minority issues | Special Procedures' report |
| 2016 | |||
Recruitment practices and the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 54 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [Examples of current good practice in relation to business practice and the banning of recruitment fees include:] The International Confederation of Private Employment Agencies is an association of recruiters committed to promoting international fair recruitment practices. It participates in several projects to promote ethical recruitment practices and crucially has a code of conduct that members must uphold, which includes a principle that recruitment services should be free of charge to job seekers | Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants | Special Procedures' report |
| 2015 | |||
Mapping and framing security of tenure 2013, para. 29 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Informal settlements are self-made, spontaneous, self-managed and unplanned settlement and housing arrangements, initiated by urban poor themselves. They are generally characterized by precarious infrastructure and housing conditions. The term informal settlement has become common, but many other terms are used, such as "slums", "bidonvilles" and "favelas", among others. | Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living | Special Procedures' report |
| 2013 | |||
Mapping and framing security of tenure 2013, para. 20 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Any discussion of land and housing tenure needs to recognize the importance of cultural, historical and political contexts, and the specific legal systems in place. The particular combination of these specificities results in subtle differences in the way key terms and relationships are defined. | Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living | Special Procedures' report |
| 2013 | |||
Analysis of two alternative housing policies: rental and collective housing 2013, para. 22 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The sections below provide a review of alternative housing policies for the urban poor that have been largely ignored by States in recent years - rental arrangements and collective and tenure - while analysing their compatibility with the promotion of the right to adequate housing of those living in poverty. | Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living | Special Procedures' report |
| 2013 | |||
Analysis of two alternative housing policies: rental and collective housing 2013, para. 43 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | While increasing access to homeownership for low-income households through credit has proved to lead to overindebtedness and housing crises, rental housing has the potential to promote a range of more affordable options, while reducing financial risk and enabling better mobility. | Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living | Special Procedures' report |
| 2013 | |||
Analysis of two alternative housing policies: rental and collective housing 2013, para. 41 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Most informal landlords let property that lacks a building license, do not issue written contracts, do not abide by rental and tax legislations and requirements, and in most cases are unaware(as are their tenants) of the existing relevant legislation. | Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living | Special Procedures' report |
| 2013 | |||
Access to medicines in the context of the right-to-health framework 2013, para. 35 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Pricing policies of pharmaceutical industries greatly impact the affordability of medicines. Under the right to health, pharmaceutical companies have a shared responsibility to ensure that the prices of their medicines do not put them out of the reach of a majority of the population. Earlier tiered pricing of essential medicines was the norm, whereby essential medicines were sold systematically at a lower price in developing countries as compared to developed countries. Later many multinationals however opted for universal tiered prices. Tiered pricing policies have now re-emerged. Some multinational companies now engage in tiered pricing between and within countries, based on income levels (equity based pricing), which can be profitable for companies due to increases in volume and attractive to developing countries due to reductions in prices. In practice, however, tiered pricing has been limited to certain medicines such as ARVs, vaccines and contraceptives. Moreover, given the lack of guarantee of low prices and the diminished role for government decision-making in such pricing policies, alternatives such as promoting robust market competition have been recommended as good practices with a view to lowering the prices of medicines. | Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health | Special Procedures' report |
| 2013 | |||
The exercise of the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association in the workplace 2016, para. 75 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Other States generally fail to protect workers against employer violations or to enforce their own laws. In fact, many do not stop at benign neglect, but support or collude with employers to infringe upon workers' rights to peaceful assembly and to association. In the United States, Tennessee State officials reportedly offered nearly $300 million in incentives to Volkswagen for adding a production line to a factory, but the offer was contingent on the plant remaining non-unionized (A/HRC/32/36, para. 38). In the State of Georgia in the United States, police called in by the company prevented union organizers from distributing leaflets outside the company's gates, and issued a citation that carried the comment: "picketing drivers to become union". The State government of Mississippi touts the lack of unionization as a great benefit when courting potential employers. The dangers of that are exemplified by the situation at the Nissan plant in Canton, where the company has aggressively worked to prevent unions from organizing. During his official visit to the United States in July 2016, the Special Rapporteur was informed that Nissan operates 44 major plants throughout the world; all of them are unionized, except for two of them in the south of the United States. | Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association | Special Procedures' report |
| 2016 | |||
Key trends and challenges to the right of all individuals to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds through the Internet 2011, para. 77 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Broadband Internet access through mobile phones is also increasing rapidly. According to ITU statistics, by the end of 2010, the total number of mobile broadband subscriptions worldwide had reached 940 million. This number is expected to top 1 billion in 2011, from 73 million in 2005. One key reason for the growth in mobile broadband is that operators are offering both competitive and affordable data packages. This development is complemented and supported by new technologies, which are bringing more efficiency to networks. Singapore is one such example with a 100 per cent penetration rate for mobile phones, and with a majority of households having at least one mode of broadband access. In addition, in 2008 and 2009, the Government selected two companies to work on a coordinated nationwide roll-out of the network. As stipulated under the terms of the broadband deployment, one of these companies will waive all installation charges for home and building owners when the network first reaches their area. These companies are also to provide network connectivity to outdoor locations. | Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression | Special Procedures' report |
| 2011 | |||
Human rights criteria for making contract farming and other business models inclusive of small-scale farmers 2011, para. 41 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Joint ventures, however, are not a panacea. A number of studies indicate that this model does not necessarily deliver better livelihoods for small-scale farmers or improve rural development and the realization of the right to food. The firm frequently controls all business decisions, and the joint venture might manipulate accounts to avoid paying out dividends. Questions arose in South Africa, for instance, after the beneficiaries of the post-1994 land restitution and redistribution programmes were encouraged to establish joint ventures with agribusinesses or to conclude leaseback agreements granting the former landowners use of their lands in conditions sometimes deemed unfair, and in Malaysia, after the Government, under the "Konsep Baru" (New Concept) scheme, encouraged production of palm oil on land under native customary rights in Sabah and Sarawak, in the form of a three-way joint venture among a private plantation company (60 per cent of the shares), a local community (30 per cent) and a parastatal agency (10 per cent) in which the local communities in effect relinquished all day-to-day decision-making power within the joint venture. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
| 2011 | |||
Lifelong learning and the right to education 2016, para. 60 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The National Agreement for Skills and Workforce Development of Australia introduced a national training entitlement for government-subsidized training to at least the Certificate III qualification, with a view to ensuring that working -age Australians without qualifications can obtain the skills that they need to work in higher-skilled jobs. | Special Rapporteur on the right to education | Special Procedures' report |
| 2016 | |||
Minorities and discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status 2016, para. 114 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | In South Asia, India and Nepal have enacted specific legislation to combat caste based discrimination. In India, two of the most recent laws are the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Bill (2015) and the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and Their Rehabilitation Act (2013). Nepal enacted the Caste Based Discrimination and Untouchability (Offence and Punishment) Act in 2011, which criminalizes such discrimination in private and public spheres. | Special Rapporteur on minority issues | Special Procedures' report |
| 2016 | |||
The human rights situation of Roma worldwide, with a particular focus on the phenomenon of anti-Gypsyism 2015, para. 86 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Concerns have been raised about technical and substantial challenges facing Roma organizations in accessing European Union funding, including overly burdensome bureaucratic requirements, constantly changing rules and formalities and liquidity and cash flow issues. In addition, the level of expertise and the financial resources needed to implement European Union programmes are often too onerous for smaller grass-roots organizations. As a result, large funding sources are often absorbed by large non-Roma recipients and just a small percentage reaches Roma communities. | Special Rapporteur on minority issues | Special Procedures' report |
| 2015 | |||
Financialization of housing and the right to adequate housing 2017, para. 56 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Domestic adjudication in the area of housing and finance has also tended to protect investors and has been oriented towards enforcing the contractual relationship between lenders and creditors, both with individual households and with States, without considering imbalances in power or the implications for human rights of the means used for enforcing repayment. The right to adequate housing has rarely been referenced in the adjudication of foreclosures and subsequent evictions, although it is clearly at issue. | Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living | Special Procedures' report |
| 2017 | |||
Financialization of housing and the right to adequate housing 2017, para. 7 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | While much has been written about the financialization of housing, it has not often been considered from the standpoint of human rights. Decision-making and assessment of policies relating to housing and finance are devoid of reference to housing as a human right. Issues related to business and human rights have received some attention in recent years. However, the housing and real estate sector - the largest business sector with many of the most serious impacts on human rights - appears to have been mostly ignored. | Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living | Special Procedures' report |
| 2017 |