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Title | Date added | Template | Original document | Paragraph text | Body | Document type | Thematics | Topic(s) | Person(s) affected | Year |
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Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 43 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | There are several intersecting groups in society that suffer from corruption on other grounds. There is, for example, evidence that corruption does not affect rural areas in the same way as it affects urban areas. Women can often be particularly affected by health sector corruption. In many countries, they are more likely to use health care than men, a pattern partly explained by their increased use of services during their reproductive years. They may thus be disproportionately affected by the effects of health sector corruption, for example when they lack the money to afford informal payments necessary for assistance around childbirth. Women may also be more vulnerable to informal payments where they lack economic means, for example where they do not participate equally in the paid labour force or do not have equal access to or control of financial resources within the household. Furthermore, women constitute a large proportion of health-care personnel, and can thus be disproportionately affected when health sector corruption negatively affects the timely payment of proper wages. | Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2017 | ||
Women’s economic empowerment in the changing world of work 2017, para. 40 (i) | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Strengthen laws and regulatory frameworks that promote the reconciliation and sharing of work and family responsibilities for women and men, including by designing, implementing and promoting family-responsive legislation, policies and services, such as parental and other leave schemes, increased flexibility in working arrangements, support for breastfeeding mothers, development of infrastructure and technology, and the provision of services, including affordable, accessible and quality childcare and care facilities for children and other dependents, and promoting men's equitable responsibilities with respect to household work as fathers and caregivers, which create an enabling environment for women's economic empowerment in the changing world of work; | Commission on the Status of Women | CSW Agreed Conclusions / Declaration |
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| 2017 | ||
Compendium of good practices in the elimination of discrimination against women 2017, para. 56 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | That civil society organization navigated the challenging context by building strategic partnerships with experts and Government. Together with educational experts, they developed a theoretical and practical educational guidebook entitled “Women and Men: Different but Equal”, which was subsequently approved for use by the Ministry of Education and Science. It supported the incorporation of gender curricula into mandatory courses, such as social studies, and included discussion of gender, reproductive rights and violence prevention. | Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and practice | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2017 | ||
Eliminating discrimination against women in the area of health and safety, with a focus on the instrumentalization of women's bodies 2016, para. 60 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Women prisoners show high rates of mental health problems owing to violence and trauma to which they had been exposed and which are exacerbated by imprisonment. Concerns about their children also have a significant impact on the mental health of women prisoners, especially when they are breastfeeding; separation from their children creates anxiety and guilt, resulting in great suffering. Women are more likely to harm themselves or attempt suicide while in detention than men. Extensive reliance on preventive use of psychotropic medication for "safety" reasons in such situations is an example of overmedicalization. | Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and practice | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Eliminating discrimination against women in the area of health and safety, with a focus on the instrumentalization of women's bodies 2016, para. 97 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | A growing number of States worldwide have confirmed their commitment to comprehensive sexuality education as an essential priority for achieving national development, health and education goals. In its resolution 70/137, the General Assembly called upon all States to develop and implement educational programmes and teaching materials, as well as teacher education and training programmes for both formal and non-formal education, including comprehensive evidence-based education on human sexuality, based on full and accurate information, for all adolescents and youth; to modify the social and cultural patterns of conduct of men and women of all ages; to eliminate prejudices; and to promote and build decision-making, communication and risk reduction skills for the development of respectful relationships based on gender equality and human rights. | Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and practice | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
The right to just and favourable conditions of work (Art. 7) 2016, para. 47j | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [The right to just and favourable conditions of work relates to specific workers:] Unpaid workers: Women work in activities that are significant for their households and the national economy, and they spend twice as much time as men in unpaid work. Unpaid workers, such as workers in the home or in family enterprises, volunteer workers and unpaid interns, have remained beyond the coverage of ILO conventions and national legislation. They have a right to just and favourable conditions of work and should be protected by laws and policies on occupational safety and health, rest and leisure, and reasonable limitations on working hours, as well as social security. | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2016 | ||
Gender perspectives on torture and other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment
or punishment 2016, para. 16 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Women comprise between 2 and 9 per cent of the prison population in 80 per cent of the world's prison systems. Although their numbers are increasing, their needs in detention often go unnoticed and unmet, as prisons and prison regimes are typically designed for men. However, women's unique experiences of prison, as well as the motivations for women's criminal behaviour and their pathways into criminal justice systems are often distinct from those of men (A/68/340). Different incarceration and treatment policies, services and even infrastructure are required to address women's distinct needs and ensure their protection. | Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Sports and healthy lifestyles as contributing factors to the right to health 2016, para. 73 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Moreover, as women's motivations for engaging in exercise often differ from those of men, greater attention to acceptable forms of organized sport may increase female participation. Research has indicated that women frequently place more importance on social aspects of physical activity than on performance outcomes. In order to promote physical activity and sport, States should inform their policies with research, and adopt best practices adapted to the country and to the preferences of women, with meaningful participation by women in the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes. | Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Gender equality in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2016, para. 37 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Affordability is of special concern to women and girls, who often have less access to financial resources than men. Women and girls need toilets for urination, defecation and menstrual hygiene management as well as for assisting younger children. Combined with women's lower access to financial resources, pay-per-use toilets with the same user fee for men and women are in practice often more expensive for women. Besides, public urinals are often free for men but not for women. To tackle this, the municipal government of Mumbai is currently constructing several toilet blocks the maintenance of which is financed through family passes instead of by charging a fee for each use. Some public toilets can be used free of charge by women and other groups that often lack access to economic resources, such as children and older people. | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Eliminating discrimination against women in the area of health and safety, with a focus on the instrumentalization of women's bodies 2016, para. 22 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | In the area of health, the distinctly different biological and reproductive functions of women and men necessitate differential treatment and proper algorithms are required to make sure that women have equal access to and enjoy the highest achievable level of health treatment. An identical approach to treatment, medication, budgeting and accessibility would in fact constitute discrimination. | Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and practice | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 13 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Structural violence is an under-examined barrier to women's right to adequate food and nutrition. Gender-based violence, which is a primary form of discrimination, impedes women from engaging in their own right to adequate food and nutrition, and efforts to overcome hunger and malnutrition. Some men control women's behavior and monitor women's food work in households. A woman's perceived failure to adequately prepare food and meals is a common justification for "disciplinary" action. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
The right to sexual and reproductive health (Art. 12) 2016, para. 25 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Due to women's reproductive capacities, the realization of the right of women to sexual and reproductive health is essential to the realization of the full range of their human rights. The right of women to sexual and reproductive health is indispensable to their autonomy and their right to make meaningful decisions about their lives and health. Gender equality requires that the health needs of women, different from those of men, be taken into account and appropriate services provided for women in accordance with their life cycles. | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2016 | ||
Sports and healthy lifestyles as contributing factors to the right to health 2016, para. 62 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | In addition to the rights outlined in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, article 13 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women guarantees women equal rights to participate in recreational activities, sports and all aspects of cultural life, without discrimination. This is reinforced by the obligation under article 10 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women to take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in respect of education, ensuring to women the same opportunities as to men to participate actively in sports and physical education. Article 5 of the same Convention also requires States to eliminate stereotyped roles for men and women, which equally applies in the field of sport and physical activity. | Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Sports and healthy lifestyles as contributing factors to the right to health 2016, para. 63 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Securing the right of women to participate in physical activity can improve women's health. Women experience certain health risks at higher rates than men at various points in their lifespan, which are mitigated by exercise. For example, regular weight-bearing exercise has been shown to reduce the incidence of osteoporosis, a bone disease experienced primarily by postmenopausal women. Risks of other illnesses suffered almost exclusively by women, such as breast cancer, can also be modified through the promotion of physical activity and healthy lifestyles. | Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Gender equality in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2016, para. 46 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Worldwide, there are more possibilities for men than for women to relieve themselves outside the house. Examples include the plenty free-to-use urinals for men in the capital of the Netherlands. In India, public facilities for men outnumber those for women by up to 42 per cent. The construction of public urinals to tackle open urination by men is relatively easy, as such urinals do not need to have doors and locks, have no seat to turn up, generally use less water and are therefore a relatively cheaper solution. States must set targets to scale up adequate public sanitation facilities for women and girls. | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Homelessness as a global human rights crisis that demands an urgent global response 2016, para. 36 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Many societal changes without adequate State responses contribute to homelessness. For example, the break-up of traditional family structures is a prevalent cause of homelessness. Men who move to cities for economic reasons often forgo shelter in order to save money to send back to their families in rural areas. In many States, long traditions of extended family support and kinship responsibility at the community level have been eroded. Illness, including the HIV/AIDS pandemic, is both a major cause and effect of homelessness. | Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Gender equality in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2016, para. 28 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | In addition to risking physical violence, women and girls may also experience sanitation-related psychosocial stress, including fear of sexual violence. Women and girls who have limited access to sanitation facilities experience environmental barriers when they engage in water, sanitation and hygiene practices, including carrying water, managing menstruation, defecating and bathing, that contribute to that kind of stress. Examples include the fear of encountering snakes and mosquitos when walking to a defecation site, or the stress caused by social norms that view the fact of being seen by men while bathing as negative, among other issues. A better understanding of the range of causes of stress and adaptive behaviours is needed to inform context-specific, gender-sensitive water and sanitation interventions. | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Eliminating discrimination against women in the area of health and safety, with a focus on the instrumentalization of women's bodies 2016, para. 64 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | In patriarchal cultures, the preference for sons leads to the prioritization of boys' and men's health before that of women and girls, resulting in discriminatory practices such as female infanticide. This is evident in cultural customs relating to food which cause girls and women, including pregnant and nursing women, to suffer disproportionately from malnutrition. | Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and practice | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 84 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Researchers and breeders often work in isolation from women and men farmers and are sometimes unaware of their needs and priorities beyond yield and resistance to pests and diseases. Moreover, extension agents and research organizations tend to consider many local varieties and breeds to be low-performing and inferior. As a result, national policies that provide incentives such as loans and direct payments for the use of modern varieties and breeds contribute to the loss of genetic diversity and affect traditional gender roles. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 52 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Disadvantages for women in both agricultural and non-agricultural sectors undermine their right to food. Women's income possibilities are more constrained than men's; the women's participation in the labour force is lower than men on a global scale - 70 percent of working age men are in the labour force compared to only 40 percent of working age women and the labour force participation rates have stagnated around the world in the past two decades. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Sports and healthy lifestyles as contributing factors to the right to health 2016, para. 29 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The provision of education is a State obligation under article 13 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which should include physical education. The right of the child to education is also recognized in article 28 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Physical education is not limited to people of school age, however; it is confirmed in the International Charter of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Sport that every human being has a right to physical education, and that physical education, activity and sport programmes must inspire lifelong participation. This is bolstered by other human rights instruments, including the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women which explicitly obliges States to provide women with the same opportunities to participate actively in physical education as men. Accordingly, all States should take steps to update school curricula and other relevant policies to ensure compatibility with the relevant human rights instruments and the International Charter of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Sport. States should also take steps to facilitate or provide access to physical education for people who are not enrolled in formal education. | Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 10 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Women are more vulnerable to malnutrition than men because of different physiological requirements. Although women require 35 per cent less dietary energy per day than men, they need at least the same amount of nutrients. Consequently, a woman's ideal diet contains significantly more nutrients than those of a male counterpart. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
The right to just and favourable conditions of work (Art. 7) 2016, para. 62 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | To help assess the enjoyment of the right to just and favourable conditions of work, States parties should establish obligatory notification schemes in the event of occupational accidents and disease, as well as mechanisms to assess systematically the level of the minimum wage, fair wages and the gender pay gap between men and women within organizations in the public and private sectors, including in high-level posts. States parties should also periodically review the impact of laws and policies, in consultation with workers and employers, with a view to updating standards in the light of practice. For example, the national policy on occupational safety and health should include a built-in periodic review mechanism. States parties should promote the extension of protective regimes to sectors at risk; introduce schemes that allow for coverage of informal workers, coupled with measures to regularize the informal economy; create adequate dialogue mechanisms to raise pertinent issues; and introduce incentives to overcome the gender pay gap, including through initiatives to alleviate the burden of reproductive work on women, for example, by promoting access to goods and services, such as day-care facilities and non transferable parental leave for men. | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2016 | ||
The right to just and favourable conditions of work (Art. 7) 2016, para. 42 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Part-time workers should receive paid annual leave equivalent to that of comparable full-time workers and proportionate to hours of work. A failure to include part-time workers in the scope of legislation will lead to inequality between men and women where a higher proportion of women rely on part-time work, for example, when returning to work after maternity leave. | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2016 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 46 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Moreover, agricultural labour is one of the most dangerous sectors in which to work, particularly for women. It is physically demanding and safety standards are often low or non-existent, and protective equipment and clothing are often designed with men in mind. Women are also most often engaged on a piecework basis, which motivates them to put their health at risk to complete as much work as possible. In Guatemala, allegations of serious breaches of this kind were received by the UN Country Office in 2014, referring to the widespread practice of tying wages to productivity goals, which in turn affected women proportionally more, as they were often forced to work in an unrecognized manner, helping the men reach those goals. Women agricultural workers also face rights violations related to their reproductive roles. Exposure to certain chemicals used in agriculture can cause spontaneous abortions, premature births and affect child and infant development through exposure to toxic chemicals in utero and also by way of breastmilk. As a result of discriminatory hiring practices, women often hide their pregnancies and employers often hire women on short-term contracts in order to avoid paying maternity benefits. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Eliminating discrimination against women in the area of health and safety, with a focus on the instrumentalization of women's bodies 2016, para. 31 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Discrimination against women is also manifest in the unequal provision of health services required by both women and men. This has been especially severe in countries where women have been excluded from receiving medical treatment by male doctors on the grounds of "modesty". | Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and practice | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 72 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Despite women's role in collecting biofuels for household use, women are often excluded from energy plans and policies because energy is associated with electricity and fossil fuels and is therefore considered to be within men's domain. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
The right to sexual and reproductive health (Art. 12) 2016, para. 9 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The realization of the right to sexual and reproductive health requires that States parties also meet their obligations under other provisions of the Covenant. For example, the right to sexual and reproductive health, combined with the right to education (articles 13 and 14) and the right to non-discrimination and equality between men and women (articles 2 (2) and 3), entails a right to education on sexuality and reproduction that is comprehensive, non-discriminatory, evidence-based, scientifically accurate and age appropriate. The right to sexual and reproductive health, combined with the right to work (article 6) and just and favourable working conditions (article 7), as well as the right to non discrimination and equality between men and women, also requires States to ensure employment with maternity protection and parental leave for workers, including workers in vulnerable situations, such as migrant workers or women with disabilities, as well as protection from sexual harassment in the workplace and prohibition of discrimination based on pregnancy, childbirth, parenthood, sexual orientation, gender identity or intersex status. | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2016 | ||
The right to sexual and reproductive health (Art. 12) 2016, para. 27 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Seemingly neutral laws, policies and practices can perpetuate already existing gender inequalities and discrimination against women. Substantive equality requires that laws, policies and practices do not maintain, but rather alleviate, the inherent disadvantage that women experience in exercising their right to sexual and reproductive health. Gender based stereotypes, assumptions and expectations related to women being the subordinates of men and their role being solely as caregivers and mothers, in particular, are obstacles to substantive gender equality, including the equal right to sexual and reproductive health, and need to be modified or eliminated, as does the role of men solely as heads of household and breadwinners. At the same time, special measures, both temporary and permanent, are necessary to accelerate the de facto equality of women and to protect maternity. | Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2016 | ||
Eliminating discrimination against women in the area of health and safety, with a focus on the instrumentalization of women's bodies 2016, para. 16 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Substantive equality in the area of health and safety requires differential treatment. Throughout their life cycle from childhood to old age, women have health needs and vulnerabilities that are distinctively different from those of men. Women have specific biological functions, are exposed to health problems that affect only women, are victims of pervasive gender-based violence and, statistically speaking, live longer than men, resulting in their greater need to access health services frequently and into older age. Hence, women and girls experience the negative effects of insufficiencies in health-care services more intensively than men. | Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and practice | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 |