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Affordability of water and sanitation services 2015, para. 52
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- Recent projects in Dar es Salaam (United Republic of Tanzania), Blantyre (Malawi), Chinhoyi (Zimbabwe) and Kitwe (Zambia) driven by slum or shack dweller federations seek to develop citywide sanitation provision in situations where households can only afford $3-$4 per month. They look into choices for low-income households, loan financing and the crucial role of engagement with local authorities from the outset.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Year
- 2015
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
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Stigma and the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2012, para. 61
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- In the context of sex workers, the Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee, a grassroots sex workers' collective in India, began organizing self-regulatory boards made up of its staff, doctors, advocates, national human rights commissioners, local politicians and officials, and sex workers themselves in a number of red-light districts. Their objectives included mitigating violence against sex workers, but also brought about improvements in access to water and sanitation.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Gender
- Violence
- Water & Sanitation
- Year
- 2012
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
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Stigma and the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2012, para. 56
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- For many stigmatized individuals, stigma results in a negative impact on their right to privacy when attempting to meet their water and sanitation needs. For instance, homeless people may be forced to urinate and defecate in public, given the inexistence or lack of maintenance of public facilities. During her mission to Slovenia, the Special Rapporteur met with Roma communities who were forced to defecate in the open and bathe in a stream due to the lack of adequate facilities. When doing so they were reportedly chased by the police (A/HRC/18/33/Add.2, para. 35). In these cases, the State directly interferes with people's privacy, not only by chasing them, but also by not allowing their dwellings to be connected to water supply and sewerage systems due to their alleged "illegal" status. Similar situations can be found in slums all over the world where the alleged "illegal" status of settlements results in people being denied access to facilities that would guarantee their privacy. In South Africa, a case was brought to the court concerning unenclosed toilets built by the municipality, that is, toilets that were erected without the enclosing superstructure that would hide people from view when using them. The Western Cape High Court found, inter alia, a violation of the right to privacy enshrined in article 14 of the South African Constitution.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Year
- 2012
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Planning for the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2011, para. 76
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- For example, the planning process for the Rights-based Development Strategy 2006-2013 of the Kiseljak municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina aimed at the identification of development priorities in terms of human rights, and included an assessment of the water infrastructure in the municipality. As the assessment showed that the situation was most severe in the Hrastovi settlement, inhabited mostly by Roma, the municipality prioritized improving the infrastructure there.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 65
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- Environmental sustainability is a concern where there is not an adequate sanitation system to remove the water that is brought into a household. In urban areas, in particular, this can be a problem when water is piped into a settlement without adequate removal systems. Beyond the pollution of water bodies and the consequent impacts on health, stagnant and standing water can encourage the breeding of mosquitoes, including those responsible for spreading malaria, dengue and yellow fever.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Year
- 2015
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Integrating non-discrimination and equality into the post-2015 development agenda for water, sanitation and hygiene 2012, para. 71
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- In addition, it would be extremely valuable to monitor how gender, age, and disability-related inequalities manifest themselves in relation to water, sanitation, and hygiene in public facilities such as schools and health facilities where other human rights are also compromised. Indeed, such inequalities may be even more acute in public spaces, making the collection of data about equity and equality variables especially important in these contexts.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Year
- 2012
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 69
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- Households may also have their own water supply from a private well or borehole. Private wells may not provide a regular or year-round supply of water, with seasonal dry periods being problematic in some regions. To ensure water quality, wells must be protected from animals and other sources of contamination. Wells in high-density urban areas are often at great risk of contamination. In some instances, a household will sell water to neighbours. Although this may be safe in some rural areas, there is seldom any regulation of water quality or affordability, or of construction and maintenance.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Water & Sanitation
- Year
- 2015
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Common violations of the human rights to water and sanitation 2014, para. 21
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- In Argentina, a court considered the situation of impoverished neighbourhoods in Córdoba, where wells had been contaminated with faecal and other matter from a water treatment plant overflowing with untreated sewage. The court ordered the municipality to take urgent measures to address the situation, including providing 200 litres of safe water per household per day until a permanent solution was found. With regard to the licensing of projects such as mining, the Special Rapporteur has received numerous communications alleging water contamination.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Water & Sanitation
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 40
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- A growing number of regulatory bodies have been created in recent years. The Palestinian Water Sector Regulatory Council was established by Water Decree by Law No. 14 in 2014, and its mandate includes monitoring the performance of all service providers, approving water prices, issuing licences, setting qualitative standards and handling complaints. Similarly, in Portugal, Law No. 10/2014, establishing the Water and Waste Services Regulatory Authority, confers on the Authority monitoring and enforcement powers and the power to regulate, which apply to all service providers. This is also the case of Brazil, a federal State, which passed a National Water and Sanitation Act in 2007 that establishes guidelines for the creation of regulatory agencies at the municipal, intermunicipal or State level.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Year
- 2017
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Affordability of water and sanitation services 2015, para. 33
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- Disconnection of services due to an inability to pay for the service is a retrogressive measure and constitutes a violation of the human rights to water and sanitation (Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 15 (2002) (E/C.12/2002/11), para. 44a). Disconnections are only permissible if it can be shown that households are able to pay but are not paying. The South African 1997 Water Services Act states that disconnections may not result in a lack of access to services for non-payment where the individual is unable to pay for basic services. More recently, France adopted the Brottes Law, which prohibits disconnections for inability to pay.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Year
- 2015
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Common violations of the human rights to water and sanitation 2014, para. 72
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- Treaty bodies have increasingly addressed violations of extraterritorial obligations. The Human Rights Committee has called for the regulation and monitoring of corporate activities abroad that may violate human rights and for measures to ensure access to remedies in the event of such violations. Both the Human Rights Committee and the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights have expressed concern about the denial by Israel of access to water and sanitation and about the destruction of infrastructure in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. The Special Rapporteur recommends that increased attention be paid to violations of extraterritorial obligations.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Common violations of the human rights to water and sanitation 2014, para. 30
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- In the case of Sardinal, the Costa Rican Supreme Court ordered the authorities to assess whether a permit should be granted to build a pipeline that would withdraw water from an aquifer, in order to make sure that the pipeline would not deprive the local population of water for personal and domestic use. Without certainty that there would be sufficient water, the pipeline would violate the residents' rights, including that to a healthy environment. A French court held a public water company accountable for ensuring that the water it provided was not detrimentally impacted by agricultural runoff. The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights found violations, inter alia of the rights to life and to health, owing to the failure of the Government of Nigeria to monitor the impact of oil operations polluting water in the Niger Delta.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Water & Sanitation
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Participation in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2014, para. 70
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- Initiatives taken by residents can also have a significant impact on the improvement of services and sanitary conditions. For instance, Rialto Rights in Action has been campaigning in Dublin for improvement of the conditions in Dolphin House, a large public housing complex. The campaign seeks to empower people to claim their right to housing. Residents gathered evidence of wastewater invasion through toilets and baths and mould. They developed indicators based on human rights that are monitored regularly, including sewage invasion and dampness; records were kept of responses received from the Dublin City Council and on instances of inclusion of residents in decision-making. Residents successfully engaged with the media and, following public pressure, by 2013 the city had refurbished 40 of the worst-affected housing units. While progress has not been as quick as initially agreed, a regeneration plan is in progress.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Participation in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2014, para. 66
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- An essential part of the budget cycle is determining whether allocations are spent as planned. Civil society can play a role in facilitating people's engagement in budget monitoring. WaterAid Nepal, for instance, has developed materials for assisting communities to monitor the Government's budgetary allocations to the water and sanitation sector. Another tool used to monitor government expenditure is the public expenditure tracking survey, a process through which residents can follow the flow of public funds. For instance, in the United Republic of Tanzania, communities use such tracking to monitor government spending of funds allocated for water and sanitation. They request explanations from the relevant authorities, which result in greater responsiveness and accountability. The methodology has received the support of the Government, which has promulgated a series of national guidelines for the process.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
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