A/78/310 28. The potential opacity of artificial intelligence can be mitigated by requiring compliance with minimum transparency standards. Accordingly, the Commission ha s identified the following requirements: Ensuring clear information to be provided as to the [artificial intelligence] system’s capabilities and limitations, in particular the purpose for which the systems are intended, the conditions under which they ca n be expected to function as intended and the expected level of accuracy in achieving the specified purpose [...] Separately, citizens should be clearly informed when they are interacting with an [artificial intelligence] system and not a human being [...]. It is furthermore important that the information provided is objective, concise and easily understandable. 24 29. In its recommendation, UNESCO stated that: Specific to the [artificial intelligence] system, transparency can enable people to understand how each stage of an [artificial intelligence] system is put in place, appropriate to the context and sensitivity of the [artificial intelligence] system. It may also include insight into factors that affect a specific prediction or decision, and whether or not appropriate assurances (such as safety or fairness measures) are in place. 25 30. The High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence has noted that certain requirements, including transparency, must be met in order to achieve trustworthy artificial intelligence. As regards transparency, it is necessary to: Communicate, in a clear and proactive manner, information to stakeholders about the [artificial intelligence] system’s capabilities and limitations, enabling realistic expectation setting, and about the manner in which the requirements are implemented[; and] be transparent about the fact that they are dealing with an [artificial intelligence] system. 26 UNESCO has also recommended that “[artificial intelligence] actors should inform users when a product or service is provided directly or with the assistance of [artificial intelligence] systems in a proper and timely manner.” 27 31. According to the UNESCO recommendation: Explainability is closely related to transparency, as outcomes and sub -processes leading to outcomes should aim to be understandable and traceable, appropriate to the context. [Artificial intelligence] actors should commit to ensuring that the algorithms developed are explainable. In the case of [artificial intelligence] applications that impact the end user in a way that is not temporary, easily reversible or otherwise low risk, it should be ensured that the meaningful explanation is provided with any decision that resulted in the action taken in order for the outcome to be considered transparent. 28 32. The High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence has explained that transparency “is closely linked with the principle of explicability and encompasses transparency of elements relevant to an [artificial intelligence] sy stem: the data, the system and the business models.” 29 It has also highlighted the relevance of traceability, explainability and communication in the following terms: __________________ 24 25 26 27 28 29 10/20 Ibid., pp. 23–24. See https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381137 , p. 22. See https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai, pp. 2 and 3. See https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381137 , p. 22. Ibid., p. 22. See https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai, p. 18. 23-15851