A/71/205 doctors and patients. It is equally important that parties to conflict emphasize that hospitals are neutral civilian spaces and that medical personnel should be free to treat all wounded persons in line with medical ethics and without fear of repercussions. 9. Training must be at the core of prevention efforts. Parties to conflict should develop specific child protection training modules, including outlining the responsibilities under international humanitarian law regarding hospitals, medical personnel and patients, and conduct training sessions and closely monitor awareness of laws and procedures. Precautionary measures for military operations must also be put in place, and the human cost of military actions should always be considered. Even in circumstances in which acts do not amount to international crimes, the civilian costs are nearly always too high; parties to conflict should refrain from engaging in combat and using explosive weapons with a wide impact in populated areas. To make these assessments, mechanisms can be put in place such as establishing a review board composed of military and civilian experts to act as an internal oversight mechanism on the conduct of operations. 10. All incidents must be investigated promptly and effectively, as ending impunity for attacks on health care is the best way to prevent their recurrence. Member States should investigate incidents, in a timely and transparent manner, and punish those responsible. Putting remedial measures in place is also a necessary element of accountability. When attacks have taken place, Governments should ensure that they mitigate the impact by repairing damage, clearing military hazards, providing emergency medical care and establishing safe routes and alternative medical facilities. 11. The international community has an important role to play in promoting accountability, protection and prevention. In resolution 69/132 on global health and foreign policy, the General Assembly urged Member States to protect, promote and respect the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health, in accordance with obligations under relevant provisions of international human rights law. Similarly, the Security Council, in resolution 2286 (2016), demanded that all parties to armed conflict comply fully with their obligations under international law. The provisions set out in resolution 2286 (2016) complement those contained in Assembly resolutions relating to the children and armed conflict mandate to monitor and report on attacks on hospitals and schools. 12. The protection of health care is also a key element of Goal 3 of the Sustainable Development Goals (General Assembly resolution 70/1). Initiatives to implement the Goals must include specific provisions for children affected by armed con flict. In that regard, the Special Representative welcomes the launch of the Charter on Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities in Humanitarian Action at the World Humanitarian Summit. The initiative will help to ensure that the many children who are permanently disabled during conflict, sometimes purely as a result of the lack of basic medical services to treat minor conditions, are not forgotten. 13. The protection of health care from attack is vital and the primary responsibility for upholding international humanitarian law lies with parties to conflict. The United Nations can support such efforts, but cannot make up for the lack of political will to comply with basic legal obligations. Clear and concrete actions are required; the Security Council, in its resolution 1998 (2011), called upon the parties listed in the annexes to the report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict that commit recurrent attacks on schools and/or hospitals and recurrent attacks or 4/18 16-12896