A/HRC/56/47 New Guinea, Peru, the Solomon Islands and Uruguay. In Fiji, the Planned Relocation Guidelines are rooted in international environmental, human rights and migration law alongside national Fijian legislation and traditional customary law (kastom) that governs local communities.41 In Vanuatu, the national policy on climate change and disaster-induced displacement lays down guidelines for planned relocation in the context of disasters and/or the adverse effects of climate change. It is important to note that, even with adopted planned relocation frameworks, consistent implementation, institutional capacity and adequate funding are not always assured. 32. Planned relocation is also incorporated into some legal and policy frameworks relating to disasters. In Mozambique, the National Disaster Management Law includes relocation as a preventive measure and clarifies institutional responsibilities. 42 In Malawi, the Disaster Management Act (2023) has established a procedure for classifying certain disaster-prone areas as “high-risk”, and includes provisions on the relocation of persons living in those areas. In Guatemala, the action plan for 2022–2024 to prevent, minimize and address displacement related to the adverse effects of climate change calls for the development of principles for planned relocations with respect for human rights, gender perspectives, and territorial and cultural identities.43 National disaster risk reduction policies and strategies in Bangladesh, Côte d’Ivoire, Egypt, Grenada, India, Japan, Malawi, Myanmar, Namibia, Pakistan, the Philippines, the territory of American Samoa, Vanuatu and Viet Nam refer to planned relocation. 33. Some States regulate planned relocation within climate change adaptation plans (Cuba), land planning laws (Dominican Republic) or access to housing laws (Argentina). Others, such as Ghana and Senegal, have expanded existing land use and disaster risk management policies to develop ad hoc frameworks for specific relocation initiatives. 44 Planned relocation may also be regulated in development, resettlement, internal displacement or zoning and planning instruments. D. Funding for planned relocations 34. Funding arrangements for planned relocations vary. Multiple funding sources are often combined, including from national and local governments, multilateral banks, nongovernmental organizations, private sector, churches, United Nations agencies, the Green Climate Fund and Adaptation Fund, or funds can be crowd-sourced by members of the relocating community themselves. Fiji established a trust fund for planned relocation in 2019, financed partially through revenue from the national Environment and Climate Adaptation Levy and international contributions.45 Various funders often cover different stages of the process, such as risk assessment and planning, land acquisition or facility construction. Commonly, existing funds for physical relocation are insufficient to cover long-term costs, particularly the restoration of livelihoods. In some cases, planned relocation is seen as a last resort, although funding for it is never secured.46 35. The Special Rapporteur recalls decision 1/CP.28, taken at the twenty-eighth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, on the operationalization of new funding arrangements, including a fund, for responding to loss and damage. She believes that the fund should also be used to finance planned relocations, when relocation is required as a last resort measure and no alternatives are feasible or available. As part of a global effort, developed States Parties should finance the fund and lead in mobilizing climate finance while supporting the needs, priorities and 41 42 43 44 45 46 8 Fiji, Ministry of Economy, “Planned Relocation Guidelines: a framework to undertake climate changerelated relocation” (2018). See Erica Bower and Sanjula Weerasinghe, Leaving Place, Restoring Home: Enhancing the ?Evidence Base n Planned Relocation Cases in the Context of Hazards, Disasters, and Climate Change (2021). See https://pamad.disasterdisplacement.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/04/Guatemala-NIP.pdf. pub2021_183_r_2022_final-version-march-2022.pdf (iom.int). See https://researchinginternaldisplacement.org/short_pieces/planned-relocations-what-we-knowdont-know-and-need-to-learn/. UNHCR, Georgetown University and IOM, A Toolbox: Planning Relocations.