A/68/294 involvement of the whole education community in achieving the agreed education goal in the post-2015 development agenda are important. IX. Monitoring mechanisms and indicators 78. Measuring, reporting on and ensuring that any future development goals are nationally enforceable will be instrumental in achieving successful progression towards their realization. 79. The report of the High-level Panel has recommended that a new global review mechanism for the post-2015 commitments be established based on international human rights standards, and that an independent review with effective civil society participation also be established. The report states that “any new goals should be accompanied by an independent and rigorous monitoring system, with regular opportunities to report on progress and shortcomings at a high political level”.3 The idea of an “institutional framework” has also been advanced in that respect. 80. It is necessary that existing legal obligations be operationalized in goals, targets and benchmarks, along with the development of national action plans and programmes with benchmarks for the progressive realization of a human rightsbased approach. 81. Developing a set of indicators and their use is therefore important. Such a set of indicators will enable legal mechanisms to better identify and assess whether Government policies, programmes and their implementation are leading to improved education and learning achievements. Indicators also enable the examination of situations to ensure that vulnerable groups are not being left behind. Disaggregated indicators are important for revealing disparities among vulnerable groups, and show rural and urban divides or disparate effects on the poor. 82. Indicators can also show the extent to which Governments fulfil their obligations and commitments, and the accountability gap. Under a rights-based framework, such indicators demonstrate the progressive realization of education rights and provide a basis upon which legitimate complaints against Governments can be made when efforts are lacking. The responsibility of Governments is perceived as involving their accountability to achieve agreed outcomes, rather than in terms of mere political commitment devoid of enforcement. X. Accountability of Governments 83. With accountability as a cornerstone of the post-2015 development agenda, emphasis should be laid on those mechanisms that can hold Governments accountable to their commitments. Thus, a sound framework of accountability with appropriate indicators should be an integral part of the post-2015 development goals. In his remarks at the High-level Panel on Human Rights Mainstreaming, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights noted that a human rights approach emphasizes accountability mechanisms, changing the commitments the post-2015 process should agree to monitor — for example, those based on human rights standards — and how we should agree to monitor them — for example, in a participatory fashion. 13-42277 17/26