A/HRC/54/30 of work and descent are more likely to experience homelessness. 22 Deep-rooted racial and caste-based discrimination undoubtedly play a part, as many of such people are not able to acquire access to high-quality education, decent work, affordable housing and essential public services. 23 Similarly, migrants, particularly those in irregular situations, face an increased risk of becoming homeless, as they are often not entitled to public housing or other social and financial benefits, such as preferential housing loans, compared with citizens, sometimes due to discriminatory policies and regulations. 24 In addition, some States are taking active steps to criminalize renting homes to migrants in an irregular situation, which is pushing hundreds of thousands of them into homelessness.25 When housing is provided as part of a work contract, such as for domestic workers, the risk of becoming homeless in case of the termination of employment is particularly high. Inadequate and/or harsh housing or living conditions in certain sectors dominated by migrant workers are an additional risk factor.26 29. In addition, displaced persons, including internally displaced persons, refugees and asylum-seekers, inevitably experience homelessness until they have access to a durable alternative and adequate housing solution. They are forced to leave their home and community because of events such as persecution and other gross violations of human rights inflicted by States or other actors, armed conflict, terrorism, natural disasters, the climate crisis and unemployment caused by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. 27 In countries of destination, access to affordable and safe housing, education, decent work and public services is often limited, 28 increasing the risk of homelessness and contemporary forms of slavery. Unaccompanied asylum-seeking children in temporary accommodations are particularly vulnerable, as they can easily be targeted by criminals and others for exploitation.29 The victims of human trafficking should also be included in this category, as they are coercively and/or deceptively moved internally and externally for sexual and labour exploitation and often find themselves in situations of homelessness. 30 30. Similarly, indigenous peoples are disproportionately affected by homelessness. This has been observed in several States, including Australia, Cambodia, Canada and New Zealand. 31 In addition to the causes already mentioned, the dispossession of their lands, territories and resources through land grabs, forced eviction or displacement 32 is the key contributing factor to homelessness among indigenous peoples. The Special Rapporteur on the rights of Indigenous Peoples has noted previously that homelessness among members of this group should encompass the entirety of the indigenous experience, including isolation from family, community, land, water, language, culture and identity. 33 Those living in urban 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 6 CERD/C/BRA/CO/18-20, para. 24; CERD/C/IRL/CO/5-9, para. 27; CERD/C/USA/CO/10-12, para. 39; and submissions from Rights Lab, the Global Forum of Communities Discriminated on Work and Descent and the European Roma Grassroots Organisations Network. See A/HRC/41/54/Add.2, A/HRC/42/59/Add.1, A/HRC/44/57/Add.1, A/HRC/45/44/Add.2, A/HRC/51/54/Add.1 and A/HRC/51/54/Add.2. CERD/C/IRL/CO/5-9, para, 27; CMW/C/CPV/CO/1-3, para. 61; and submissions from the Cepaim Foundation, the Global Alliance against Traffic in Women and Migrant Workers’ Action. See, for example, communication PER 6/2022. All communications mentioned in the present report are available from https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/Tmsearch/TMDocuments. Submissions from Dr Jesse Hohmann, the European Federation of National Organisations Working with the Homeless, Migrant Workers’ Action and Mission d’intervention et de sensibilisation contre la traite des êtres humains; and consultations with stakeholders in Australia. A/77/494, paras. 36–38; A/HRC/51/6, paras. 52–54; A/77/190, para. 55; A/77/226, paras. 32 and 56; A/74/183, paras. 41–44; A/75/148, para. 4; and submissions from the City of Houston Mayor’s Office of Human Trafficking and Domestic Violence and Baylor College of Medicine–Harris Health. A/HRC/48/52; and submissions from the Fenix Youth Project and Lawyers for Justice in Libya. Submissions from the Consortium for Street Children, Child Labour: Action-Research-Innovation in South and South-Eastern Asia, the Council of Women’s and Infants’ Specialty Hospitals and Lorraine van Blerk. Submission from the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta. A/76/202, paras. 26 and 31; E/C.12/AUS/CO/5, para. 42; CERD/C/KHM/CO/14-17, para. 27; A/HRC/47/43/Add.1, para. 62; and A/HRC/48/74, para. 53. A/74/183, paras. 2 and 5. A/76/202, para. 31. GE.23-12640