A/71/279 family reunification; participation in public affairs; and access to effective remedies and justice. 49. A key objective of the Special Rapporteur is to ensure universal adher ence to such standards. He is currently working with JIPS on a project to establish indicators or benchmarks to guide States and all stakeholders on measuring progress towards durable solutions when implementing the Framework. 50. Some poor practices have been evident and may constitute or lead to violations of the rights of internally displaced persons. Such policies include the closing of camps and collective shelters without meeting international standards for the closure of camps or settlements or carrying out the necessary processes and safeguards for internally displaced persons, let alone ensuring durable solutions, and the payment of cash grants, which are often a transitory measure aimed at improving the well being of internally displaced persons and yet are sometimes mistaken for durable solutions. Forced or unsustainable return not in safety or dignity, do not constitute durable solutions and must not be considered by States or the international community as constituting progress towards reducing internal displacement. 51. While displacement frequently happens rapidly, achieving durable solutions requires a much slower and often complex process, challenging the expertise, resources and capacity of the State. Reconstructing homes and infrastructure, re-establishing livelihoods, entire communities and institutions, and ensuring justice and psychological healing takes time, focused effort and resources. Protecting internally displaced persons and supporting solutions requires leadership, commitment and consultation with and participation of the internally displaced themselves. It requires improving self-reliance and integrating internally displaced persons into national safety nets, education programmes, labour markets and development plans, building on local capacity and knowledge. 52. Positive developments relating to durable solutions exist and should be developed, among them the Secretary-General’s Policy Committee decision on durable solutions for internally displaced persons and returning refugees (2011), which recognized the enormous gap in response for these groups in the aftermath of conflict. Some States such as Côte d’Ivoire and Mali have developed durable solution strategies. The Solutions Alliance (see www.solutionsalliance.org) was established in 2014 and brings Governments and humanitarian and development partners together to solve concrete problems. The work of JIPS helps to develop a nationally owned evidence-base for operational decision-making and IDMC enhances relevant analysis at the global level, while the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the World Bank and multiple donors have committed to address internal displacement as a development issue, and not just a humanitarian one. 53. At the Summit, States, United Nations agencies, international and local organizations and the private sector committed to strengthen laws and policies to protect internally displaced persons and to support solutions to displacement. The World Bank and development actors also committed to engage earlier to support the self-reliance of internally displaced persons and host communities. Indeed, better integration of humanitarian and development efforts at the onset of displacement is essential to building resilience and self-reliance, both of which are key elements that can lead to durable solutions within a rights-based approach. 2 14/25 16-13413