A/HRC/RES/31/7 Welcoming the renewed momentum in the global fight against child sexual abuse and exploitation created by relevant international multi-stakeholder initiatives promoted in partnership with Governments, including law enforcement and judicial authorities, private actors and business enterprises and civil society, such as the Global Programme on Cybercrime of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the Child Online Protection Initiative of the International Telecommunication Union, the Global Alliance against Child Sexual Abuse Online, WeProtect and the Virtual Global Taskforce, and the high-level meeting of the General Assembly on the overall review of the implementation of the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society, and encouraging greater coordination among those initiatives and the dissemination of information concerning their activities, Acknowledging international, regional and local relevant initiatives taken and efforts made to prevent and address the threat of child sexual exploitation and abuse online and the drastic consequences associated with it on children’s full enjoyment of human rights, and commending the role of the International Telecommunication Union and its working group on online child protection in combating the sexual abuse and exploitation of children online, 1. Takes note with appreciation of the report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights entitled “Information and communications technology and child sexual exploitation”;4 2. Urges States to take all steps necessary to ensure full, equal, inclusive and safe access, without discrimination of any kind, to information and communications technologies by all children and safeguard the protection of children online and offline through an integrated and multifaceted approach based on the rights and well-being of children; 3. Condemns in the strongest possible terms all forms of violence against children, including sexual and gender-based violence, including when perpetrated through or resulting from the criminal misuse of information and communications technologies made available on the Internet, and sexual exploitation of children online; 4. Calls upon States to ensure the legal protection of children from sexual abuse and exploitation online and to define legally, in accordance with international human rights law and obligations, and criminalize all relevant conduct related to the sexual exploitation of children online and offline, including but not limited to its newest forms, such as the solicitation of children for sexual purposes known as “child grooming”, sexual extortion, and streaming of child abuse, and possession or distribution of, access to, or exchange or production of or payment for child sexual abuse material and the viewing, conducting or facilitation of children’s participation in live sexual abuses transmitted through information and communications technologies, while ensuring that their legislation takes into account possible future developments in the modi operandi for online child sexual abuse and exploitation; 5. Also calls upon States to ensure that the whole chain of those involved or attempting to commit such criminal activities are held accountable and brought to justice in order to fight impunity, taking into account the multi-jurisdictional and transnational nature of child sexual exploitation and abuse online through information and communications technologies; 4 4 A/HRC/31/34 and Corr.1.