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Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 75
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- Oxfam researchers found that adaptation projects aimed at women created under Burkina Faso's National Action Programme for Adaptation (NAPA) sought to diversity the ways that women can generate income to offset income lost by harvests damaged by climate change. In order to rectify these consequences, individuals and organizations need to be better educated on the different vulnerabilities that men and women face in disasters, and local women's organizations need to be consulted in order to understand region-specific contexts. Moreover, such attempts could have ancillary positive effects, as developing credit systems to aid families during times of famine, strengthening women's organizations that promote adaptation measures, and addressing larger issues could prevent gender inequality.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
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- Special Procedures' report
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- 2016
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Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 78
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- With the increased commercialization of agriculture and highly technological improvements, farming systems are overly dependent on external inputs such as agrochemicals. Poor rural women and men farmers often spread risk by growing a wide variety of locally-adapted crops, some of which will be resistant to drought or pests, and livestock breeds that have adapted to the local agro ecological zone. Diversification, an important coping strategy adopted by poor rural households, also protects women against climate change, desertification, and other environmental stresses.
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- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
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- 2016
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Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 24
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- Inheritance is often the main avenue for women's land acquisition, yet women are still less likely to inherit land than men. Inheritance is often determined through marriage practices. Through patri-linearism, which is the most common societal system, sons, rather than daughters, inherit land from their fathers. Even where bilateral inheritance practices exist, communities may favor customary patrilineal practices. This is so in the case of the Mossi community in Burkina Faso "where despite the fact that the majority of families are Muslim, meaning that in theory daughters inherit land, this practice is not observed."
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- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
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- 2016
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Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 80
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- Not enough agricultural research and development efforts have focused on options that meet women's specific needs and situations related to childcare, food preparation, and the collection of domestic water and energy resources. New research based on gender-disaggregated data shed light on gender differences in perceptions on climate change and the ability to adopt practices and technologies needed to increase resilience. These data also show that men and women have different preferences, needs, and priorities for the ways in which they respond to climate change. There is also a greater need for using gender-disaggregated data to inform evidence-based policy making as well as integrating a gender perspective into research on climate change and mitigation and adaptation strategies.
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- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
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- Special Procedures' report
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- 2016
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Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 76
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- In all adaptation projects women should be granted access to the same level of technology and financing as men. This will help women change agricultural practices as well as preserve livelihoods during times of drought. Addressing issues of resource management and land ownership will also improve women's chances against climate change. Ultimately, communities must take a "bottom-up" approach in order to accurately understand local customs and to incorporate local knowledge; applying a model that relies upon opinions from international institutions or outside groups will not be as effective.
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- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
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- Special Procedures' report
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- 2016
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Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 74
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- Adaptation strategies are adjustments made to ecological, social or economic systems in response to actual or expected effects or impacts of climate change. In general, adaptation policies and measures need to be gender sensitive, taking into account women's lack of control and access to land, resources, transportation, information, technology, and ultimately decision-making. Data from several countries suggest that men and women have different needs, priorities, and preferences for adaptation and, indeed, men and women tend to report engaging in different adaptation strategies. Women tend to adopt certain practices more readily than men, including cover cropping with legumes to increase soil fertility and improve food security and feed management practices for livestock.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
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- Special Procedures' report
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- 2016
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Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 79
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- In order for adaptation and mitigation strategies to effectively take gender into account, they must provide women with the opportunity to be active members of the planning and implementation of such policies. Helping women participate fully in the process of adaptation will require concerted effort by decision-makers to overcome the multiple barriers of control over resources, lack of access to information, and socio-cultural constraints. Local adaptation policies need to be designed by both women and men in order to build upon existing knowledge and grant women access to the rights, resources and opportunities necessary to surviving climate change in the years to come.
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- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
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- Año
- 2016
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Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 53
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- Women earn an average of 24 percent less than men, resulting in between a 31 and 75 percent lifetime reduction in income and they are also less likely to receive a pension. International Labour Organization (ILO) data shows that occupational segregation is significant, with women over-represented in clerical and support positions and in service and sales roles compared to managerial occupations, skilled work in agriculture and fisheries and in craft and trade occupations. Unfortunately, this occupational segregation does not reduce with new economic development. Instead, occupational segregation results in a lower quality of work accessible to women, as well as a "stubbornly persistent" wage gap outside of the agricultural sector, which affects women's income and their ability to purchase food.
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- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
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- Special Procedures' report
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- Equality & Inclusion
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- Año
- 2016
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Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 1
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- Since the 1945 - UN Charter, equality between men and women has been among the most fundamental guarantees of human rights. The same principles of equality and non-discrimination are at the core of the two Covenants, namely on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Both Covenants in their respective article 3, oblige States Parties to ensure the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of their civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights.
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- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
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- 2016
Párrafo
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 32
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- Unfortunately, the IPR regime disproportionately excludes women, particularly in the context of agriculture. For example, IPR tends to reward "high technology" but ignores the contributions that the female labour force makes to agricultural production. Meanwhile, the privatization of agricultural resources leads to increased monetization. Women are less likely than men to have discretionary income, and are therefore less able to afford expensive seeds that were once managed communally.
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- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
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- Special Procedures' report
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- Economic Rights
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- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 72
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- Despite women's role in collecting biofuels for household use, women are often excluded from energy plans and policies because energy is associated with electricity and fossil fuels and is therefore considered to be within men's domain.
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- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
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- Año
- 2016
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Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 54
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- Even when women successfully earn income to support their families, men often respond by withdrawing their contribution to the household budget in order to purchase luxuries. A recent study in Nicaragua showed that if mothers contributed considerably to household income the likelihood of moderate and severe food insecurity decreased by 34 percent, and, if mothers were the main decision-makers over household income this decrease amounted to 60 percent.
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- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
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- Special Procedures' report
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- Food & Nutrition
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- Año
- 2016
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Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 52
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- Disadvantages for women in both agricultural and non-agricultural sectors undermine their right to food. Women's income possibilities are more constrained than men's; the women's participation in the labour force is lower than men on a global scale - 70 percent of working age men are in the labour force compared to only 40 percent of working age women and the labour force participation rates have stagnated around the world in the past two decades.
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- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
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- 2016
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Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 90f
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- [The Special Rapporteur provides the following recommendations: In order for States to address discrimination against women in terms of equal labour opportunities, States should:] Ensure gender mainstreaming in all adaptation and mitigation responses to climate change and encourage policy-makers to work with both women and men taking their views into consideration at all levels.
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- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
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- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 84
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- Researchers and breeders often work in isolation from women and men farmers and are sometimes unaware of their needs and priorities beyond yield and resistance to pests and diseases. Moreover, extension agents and research organizations tend to consider many local varieties and breeds to be low-performing and inferior. As a result, national policies that provide incentives such as loans and direct payments for the use of modern varieties and breeds contribute to the loss of genetic diversity and affect traditional gender roles.
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- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
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- Año
- 2016
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Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 41
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- Agricultural trade liberalization is generally premised on export-promotion policies that benefit men and larger-scale farmers. Liberalization has also opened smaller markets to subsidized imports, thus displacing the farmed products of local women, and encouraging the production of export crops over subsistence agriculture. Women are struggling to maintain household incomes due to increased competition with imported agricultural goods, reduced prices, and declining commodity prices in international markets.
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- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
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- Economic Rights
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- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 42
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- The trade liberalization policies heavily favor large corporate agribusinesses and a large-scale model of agricultural production, at the expense of the most vulnerable and marginalized small-scale agricultural producers. Women tend to engage in agricultural production on a scale that is not compatible with a large, corporate model of farming, holding smaller plots than men, which are, on average, 20 - 30 percent less productive than plots managed by men.
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- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
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- Food & Nutrition
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- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 83
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- Women lack access to information about climate change, and this knowledge is critical to support adaptation, promote well-being and increase resilience to climate change. Women are more likely than men to adopt climate-adaptive and resilient practices, but most women do not have access to formal sources of information, such as extension agents.
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- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
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- Special Procedures' report
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- Environment
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- Año
- 2016
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Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 44
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- Most of the world's poor who live and work in rural areas are employed in the agriculture sector. Globally, 20 - 30% of the 450 million waged agricultural workers are women, as are 30 % of those employed in the fishing sector and this number is increasing. Yet, women face difficulty in engaging in market behavior when cultural norms make it socially unacceptable for women to interact with men.
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- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
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- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 46
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- Moreover, agricultural labour is one of the most dangerous sectors in which to work, particularly for women. It is physically demanding and safety standards are often low or non-existent, and protective equipment and clothing are often designed with men in mind. Women are also most often engaged on a piecework basis, which motivates them to put their health at risk to complete as much work as possible. In Guatemala, allegations of serious breaches of this kind were received by the UN Country Office in 2014, referring to the widespread practice of tying wages to productivity goals, which in turn affected women proportionally more, as they were often forced to work in an unrecognized manner, helping the men reach those goals. Women agricultural workers also face rights violations related to their reproductive roles. Exposure to certain chemicals used in agriculture can cause spontaneous abortions, premature births and affect child and infant development through exposure to toxic chemicals in utero and also by way of breastmilk. As a result of discriminatory hiring practices, women often hide their pregnancies and employers often hire women on short-term contracts in order to avoid paying maternity benefits.
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- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
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- Special Procedures' report
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- Equality & Inclusion
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- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 19
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- Legal barriers also prevent men and women from equally benefiting from paid employment through the sanctioning of systems of overt discrimination against women in the workplace. As of 2014, 77 countries, out of 140 countries with reported data, still had legal restrictions on the type of paid employment activities available to women. Even when equal employment opportunities are available, equal pay is not: only 59 countries form the same sample of countries legally require equal pay for work of equal value.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
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- Equality & Inclusion
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- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 29
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- Formal laws could also prove ineffective if women do not realize or assume control over their rights. For example, in 2005, India amended the Hindu Succession Act (1956) to allow men and women equal inheritance to agricultural land. However, according to a 2013 study, challenges in the implementation of the Act had been observed, allegedly as a result of women not being aware of their legal rights and not wanting to upset their families and resistance from their brothers amongst other reasons.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
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- Economic Rights
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- Año
- 2016
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Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 70
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- Crop failure caused by slow-onset disasters such as land degradation and drought has resulted in the increase of men's out-migration in developing world. Women are often left behind to struggle to feed their families to take on men's traditional roles and responsibilities. This increases women's work, but does not grant women equal access to financial, technological, and social resources to lessen the burden.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
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- Special Procedures' report
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- Environment
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- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 13
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- Structural violence is an under-examined barrier to women's right to adequate food and nutrition. Gender-based violence, which is a primary form of discrimination, impedes women from engaging in their own right to adequate food and nutrition, and efforts to overcome hunger and malnutrition. Some men control women's behavior and monitor women's food work in households. A woman's perceived failure to adequately prepare food and meals is a common justification for "disciplinary" action.
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- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
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- Equality & Inclusion
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- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 10
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- Women are more vulnerable to malnutrition than men because of different physiological requirements. Although women require 35 per cent less dietary energy per day than men, they need at least the same amount of nutrients. Consequently, a woman's ideal diet contains significantly more nutrients than those of a male counterpart.
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- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
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- Food & Nutrition
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- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 33
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- Women, in particular, face significant barriers to accessing justice given their subordinate position in many societies, and the lack of information and knowledge about their rights and the ways to claim their protection. Indeed, women in rural areas often are unaware of their legal rights. In many rural areas, sociocultural norms make women fearful of retribution or ostracism if they pursue land claims or seek protection from violence. As a result, women tend to be denied access to justice more often than men, and are also more likely to be denied justice altogether.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
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- Special Procedures' report
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- Gender
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- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Vision of the mandate 2014, para. 35
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- States must recognize the need to accommodate the specific time and mobility constraints on women, given their role in the "care" economy, while at the same time reconstituting gender roles by adopting a transformative approach to employment and social protection (see A/HRC/22/50). The Special Rapporteur will endeavour to promote greater awareness of the guidance provided by general comments No. 16 (2005) on the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all economic, social and cultural rights and No. 20 (2009) on non-discrimination in economic, social and cultural rights of the Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights, which relate to discriminatory practices against women.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Men
- Women
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
The transformative potential of the right to food 2014, para. 27
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- There is a strong overlap between the recommendations made in these various reports and the Declaration of the Rights of Peasants - Women and Men, adopted in 2008 by the international network of peasant organizations, Via Campesina, which the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee attached to its final study on the advancement of the rights of peasants and other people working in rural areas, submitted in 2012 (A/HRC/19/75). This declaration now forms the basis of the discussions launched on 15 July 2013 within the open-ended intergovernmental working group mandated by the Human Rights Council in its resolution 21/19 to negotiate a United Nations declaration on the rights of peasants and other people working in rural areas. The Special Rapporteur strongly supports this process. In his first report to the Human Rights Council, he already noted that peasants formed a particularly vulnerable group, because of the increased competition for the resources on which they depend, because of the pressures of industrial agriculture and because of their weaker ability to organize themselves and, thus, to gain a voice in the political process (A/HRC/9/23, para. 17). The declaration under preparation can be an important tool to improve their protection and to give greater visibility to the specific threats that they face.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
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- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Men
- Women
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
Women’s right and the right to food 2013, para. 43
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- Such transformative approach is clearly required under human rights law. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women affirms that "a change in the traditional role of men as well as the role of women in society and in the family is needed to achieve full equality between men and women" (preamble, 14th para). Accordingly, States Parties shall seek, inter alia, to "modify the social and cultural patterns of conduct of men and women", and to promote the "recognition of the common responsibility of men and women in the upbringing and development of their children" (art. 5 (a). In reference to this provision, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women has urged States to combat patriarchal attitudes and stereotypes regarding the roles and responsibilities of women and men within the family and society at large (women being considered as having the primary responsibility for child-rearing and domestic tasks, and men being considered the main breadwinners) and to reject the concept that assigns the role of "head of the household" to men.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
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- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Families
- Men
- Women
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Women’s right and the right to food 2013, para. 33
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- Women also face discrimination in accessing extension services. First, women are underrepresented among extension services agents. Yet, in some contexts, social or cultural rules may prohibit contacts between a woman farmer and a male agricultural agent, especially when the woman is single, widowed or abandoned. Moreover, male agents may have less understanding for the specific constraints faced by women. Second, extension services tend to presume that any knowledge transmitted to the men will automatically trickle down to the women and so that they benefit equally, and meetings may be organized without taking into account the specific time and mobility constraints of women. This reinforces the pre-existing imbalances in decision-making within the household and neglects the fact that the needs of women may be different from those of men.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Personas afectadas
- Men
- Women
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo