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Participation in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2014, para. 83
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- More broadly, social accountability mechanisms refer to mechanisms through which residents or civil society hold State officials or service providers to account. Social accountability has the power to increase the pressure on officials to explain and justify their decisions; fear of damage to one's reputation can sometimes be a stronger deterrent or incentive than legal proceedings. The Equitable Access Score-Card developed by ECE and the World Health Organization (WHO) offers a tool that can help Governments and other stakeholders establish a baseline, discuss actions to be taken and evaluate progress through self-assessment. This process, as shown by the experiences of France, Portugal and Ukraine, can enable an objective debate and generate input for policy processes.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
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- Personas afectadas
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- Año
- 2014
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Common violations of the human rights to water and sanitation 2014, para. 34
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- The United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti has come under scrutiny for its role in the cholera epidemic in Haiti in the aftermath of the 2010 earthquake. The epidemic killed over 8,500 people, sickened more than 700,000 and is still ongoing. It has been alleged that the cholera was brought in by peacekeepers and that it spread because of haphazardly constructed sanitation facilities that leaked sewage into a river that was an important source of drinking water. The United Nations has rejected the accusations and claimed immunity based on the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, but United Nations human rights representatives are increasingly calling on the United Nations to establish responsibility. The Independent Expert on Haiti has stressed the need "to assure the Haitian people that the epidemic will be halted as soon as possible and that full reparation for damages will be provided". He called for clarification of the facts and for realization of the right to a remedy, arguing that the "United Nations should be the first to honour these principles" and that "silence is the worst response". The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights called for an investigation by the United Nations and the country concerned, and called for "those who suffered as a result of that cholera be provided with compensation". The Special Rapporteur wishes to emphasize the obligation to investigate the allegations in order to establish responsibility for any violations and to ensure the alleged victims' right to a remedy, including compensation, if warranted. She welcomes the commitment by the United Nations to eradicate the disease in Haiti and urges it to meet that commitment by providing adequate resources. She further calls on the United Nations to establish appropriate accountability mechanisms for ongoing and future missions as well as to review and reinforce measures for adequate sanitation and preventive measures.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
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- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
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- Año
- 2014
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Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 24
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- The implementation of the human rights to water and sanitation depends heavily on national legal and regulatory frameworks. While constitutional recognition of these rights shows a strong national commitment to their realization, and facilitates their inclusion in domestic laws, it does not constitute a conditio sine qua non for their inclusion in national legal frameworks. Kenya, for example, underwent a process of legal and regulatory reform before enshrining these rights in its Constitution. Laws give voice to national policies, and aspire to achieving universal realization of the rights, while rules and regulations set performance standards and determine how services should be provided to the population, as they encapsulate the technical and scientific requirements needed to give meaningful content to the general terms contained in laws. The fact that the provision of water and sanitation services must be adequate for human dignity, life and health, in accordance with the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, places concrete human rights obligations on national regulatory frameworks.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2017
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Stigma and the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2012, para. 64
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- Silence is a major component of stigma. The first step is to speak openly about what seems "unpleasant" or "unmentionable" or deviates from dominant public opinion, and to recognize the stigma attached-be it obstetric fistula, homelessness, intersexuality, menstrual hygiene or another issue. Stigma is often based on ignorance, fears and misconceptions that can be tackled through awareness-raising. The voice of the stigmatized must be amplified, and their space must be broadened to clearly articulate their needs and rights.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
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- Año
- 2012
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Common violations of the human rights to water and sanitation 2014, para. 28
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- One example of enforcing the obligation to protect is an Argentine case in which the court prohibited a private company from disconnecting the water supply due to non-payment, relying on the International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (art. 11) and other human rights instruments, which are directly applicable in Argentina. The Greek Council of State recently blocked the planned privatization of the Athens Water Supply and Sewerage Company, arguing that it could put public health at risk due to the anticipated deterioration of water and sanitation quality.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
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- Water & Sanitation
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- N.A.
- Año
- 2014
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Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 17
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- The water used by households and individuals for domestic and personal uses must be of sufficient quality to protect their health (see E/C.12/2002/11, para. 12). Pollution of water by any means, including by agriculture, industry and wastewater must therefore be prevented. WHO has published guidelines for drinking water quality, which define relevant limits for a wide range of potentially harmful substances to prevent "significant risk to health over a lifetime of consumption".
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
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- Health
- Water & Sanitation
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- Año
- 2015
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Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 6
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- Beyond an individual's access to a latrine or toilet, sanitation also has an important public health dimension. Adequate sanitation not only guarantees an individual's access, but also protects the human rights of others, including their rights to life, health, water and a healthy environment, by ensuring that the environment in which they live is not contaminated with faeces (see A/68/264).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Water & Sanitation
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- Año
- 2015
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Affordability of water and sanitation services 2015, para. 89
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- The Special Rapporteur encourages States and international organizations to further explore options for global monitoring that allow for more comprehensive monitoring of affordable access to services.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2015
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Wastewater management in the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 16
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- Large-scale contamination sometimes has visible direct impacts, but more frequently the impacts of inadequate wastewater management and water pollution are invisible and become manifest only in the long term. They affect not only the surrounding communities, but also those communities that are downstream from the source of pollution, resulting in an out-of-sight, out-of-mind phenomenon. Yet, pathogens in sewage and other contaminants cause a range of diseases, either through contamination of drinking water, through direct contact or through their entry into the food chain. Inadequate wastewater management restricts development, threatens livelihoods and increases poverty as a result of increased costs of health care as well as reduced productivity and educational opportunities.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 62
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- Clean and safe water available within the home will ensure the household's access to sufficient quantities of safe water resulting in optimal health outcomes and significant time savings in water collection times. It also eliminates the need for transportation and the risk of unsafe storage, reducing the risk of contamination of water supply and limiting the need for household water treatment. Water piped into the home is more likely to be reliable and continuous compared to other delivery options.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
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- Water & Sanitation
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- Año
- 2015
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Wastewater management in the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 85
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- Water contamination has a significant impact on the realization of human rights, including the human right to water, but also the rights to health, food and a healthy environment, among many others. Human rights principles and standards are relevant beyond the context of water and sanitation service delivery and need to be integrated into discussions on water and wastewater management at all levels.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2013
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Affordability of water and sanitation services 2015, para. 80
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- Monitoring affordability is essential for assessing whether standards are being met, and whether people in fact have access to affordable services. Unless efforts are made to monitor whether services are affordable for all, States and service providers alike will struggle to provide appropriate support to individuals and households that may have difficulties in paying for services.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2015
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The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 24
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- In the first instance, human rights law requires that water and sanitation services be available. Water supply for each person must be sufficient for personal and domestic uses. In determining what is sufficient, human rights ultimately go beyond minimum targets such as 20 litres of water per person per day as referred to in the official guidance on the Millennium Development Goal indicators, which is considered insufficient to ensure health and hygiene. The Millennium Development Goal indicators do not explicitly refer to the availability of services, but use access to an improved water source as a proxy assuming that such sources are likely to provide a sufficient quantity of water. For sanitation, availability is implicitly addressed in the indicator framework since shared facilities are not considered improved. However, from a human rights perspective, facilities such as those shared with neighbours (i.e., only a small number of people), which are accessible, safe, hygienic and well kept, may be acceptable.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Water & Sanitation
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- Año
- 2010
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Stigma and the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2012, para. 53
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- Inhuman or degrading treatment can result from acts, but also from omissions, and States bear responsibility for both. The Special Rapporteur has emphasized that "because evacuation of the bowels and bladder is a necessary biological function and because denial of opportunities to do so in a lawful and dignified manner can both compromise human dignity and cause suffering, such denial could, in some cases (for example, where it results from deliberate actions or clear neglect) amount to cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment" (A/HRC/18/33/Add.4, para. 58). This may be of particular relevance to prisoners, homeless persons, slum dwellers and others who are unable to access facilities as a result of the stigma they face. The Human Rights Committee has found that the lack of adequate sanitation in prisons can amount to inhuman treatment.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
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- Water & Sanitation
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- Año
- 2012
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Wastewater management in the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 27
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- While ensuring access to sanitation facilities is a significant step that will bring huge gains in terms of privacy and dignity, the health gains will materialize fully only when human excreta are properly confined, disposed of and managed. Lessons learned from experiences in community-led total sanitation demonstrate how important it is for communities to be entirely open-defecation-free. As long as faeces are still found in the community environment, risks to health will remain (see www.communityledtotalsanitation.org).? The same holds true when wastewater ends up in the nearby or larger environment: the community, or other communities living downstream, can be negatively affected. Not dealing with emptying, disposing of and treating sludge puts at risk the benefits of increased sanitation coverage.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Gender equality in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2016, para. 53
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- Employment codes and standards that explicitly require the inclusion of facilities for menstrual hygiene management in the workplace are currently limited or do not exist. Such regulations must be developed, promoted and enforced and must serve to hold businesses and Governments to account. It is important that Governments determine these responsibilities within their administrative structures, so they can be held to account. In addition, private companies and employers have a responsibility to prioritize this issue and take action. Trade unions too have the potential to encourage good practices and support workers' rights in this area.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Gender
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- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Common violations of the human rights to water and sanitation 2014, para. 61
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- Examples of violations include (a) lack of protection against denial of access to facilities; (b) lack of protection of health and dignity for sanitation workers; (c) lack of protection from violence when accessing facilities; and (d) lack of protection from harmful practices, in particular in the context of sanitation and menstrual hygiene.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
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- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 25
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- Secondly, to meet human rights standards, water must be safe, that is, of such quality that it does not pose a threat to human health. Sanitation facilities must be hygienically and technically safe to use. To ensure hygiene, access to water for cleansing and hand washing is essential. While target 7.C explicitly refers to access to safe drinking water, the indicator does not measure quality directly. It is based on the assumption that improved sources are likely to provide safe water. However, this is not always the case. The drinking water obtained from many improved sources is in fact unsafe, with potentially adverse consequences for the health-related Millennium Development Goals as well as target 7.C. Simply putting a lid on the polluted water, which then counts as a protected well, does not mitigate all forms of pollution. To include an assessment of actual drinking water safety in the Joint Monitoring Programme assessments, household survey data would need to be complemented by data derived from other approaches such as periodic water quality sample surveys using field-based techniques. This is already done in Bangladesh, where a serious contamination of the groundwater with arsenic made it mandatory to monitor water quality, since many "improved" water sources were severely contaminated.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
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- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Wastewater management in the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 28
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- The Special Rapporteur wishes to emphasize the fact that she does not call for efforts to be diverted away from ensuring access to sanitation, which must remain a priority. She has repeatedly stressed the crucial role of adequate sanitation in ensuring human health, privacy and dignity. At the same time, she considers that efforts need to go beyond ensuring access to basic sanitation, in particular in countries that have already achieved (almost) universal coverage, but lack adequate wastewater management. The imperative of wastewater management and pollution control is even more apparent for contamination stemming from large-scale agriculture and industry.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Stigma and the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2012, para. 60
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- Meaningful participation of stigmatized individuals in crafting measures to combat stigma in relation to water and sanitation is absolutely essential. In order to ensure meaningful participation States must guarantee access to information in relevant languages and formats and targeted to different ages and population groups. For example, since stigma relating to some diseases is often reinforced by a lack of scientific information on ways to prevent, treat or transmit diseases, a critical aspect is to run public health campaigns and ensure that all individuals can seek and receive accurate and trustworthy information. Empowerment should be the key strategy, with those experiencing stigma having space to combat prejudices and discrimination.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
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- Equality & Inclusion
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- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 56
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- Individual households have various options for sanitation provision, many of which meet human rights standards in different contexts and circumstances, depending, among other aspects, on user engagement. These include pit latrines, ventilated improved pit latrines, septic tanks and different types of ecological sanitation, which are often based on the separation of faeces and urine, on limiting water use, and on the reuse of waste matter. Some options, such as hanging latrines and "flying toilets", are not acceptable under any circumstances, as they do not ensure safety and contribute to the contamination of the environment.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
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- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 43
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- Regulations should give a practical meaning to “availability” and ensure, at least, access to a minimum essential amount of water that is sufficient, reliable and safe for personal and domestic uses to prevent disease. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidance, an intermediate level of access, to 50 litres per person per day, represents a low level of health concern (provided that absence of contamination is rigorously assessed), while an optimal level of access, to 100 litres per person per day, represents a very low level of health concern. A regulatory interpretation of “availability” should also consider situations where additional supply of water is required due to health issues, climate conditions (i.e. drought), emergency/disaster situations, work conditions, or any other special circumstances; and situations of disruption to water supply.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 48
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- Even when in place, regulations are not always used to their full potential and best advantage to maximize public health benefits. For example, regulations do not always clearly indicate which stakeholders are accountable and liable for identifying, responding to and mitigating risks to drinking-water quality. Regulations should also contemplate situations where water supply is unsafe, by providing coping measures (e.g. alerts) and precautionary actions. In this context, access to information on water quality is essential and should be safeguarded by regulation, using clear, easy-to-understand language, and be readily accessible to all the population.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Wastewater management in the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 21
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- Human rights bodies thus understand sanitation broadly to include the treatment and disposal or reuse of excreta and associated wastewater. Sanitation does not stop simply with the use of latrines or toilets, but includes the safe disposal or reuse of faeces, urine and wastewater. Such a broad understanding is warranted, as sanitation concerns not only one's own right to use a latrine or toilet, but also the rights of other people, in particular their right to health, on which there might be negative impacts.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Planning for the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2011, para. 8b
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- [The normative content of the rights to water and to sanitation provides the standard to be achieved in terms of the following criteria:] Quality. Water must be safe for consumption and other uses and not threaten human health. Sanitation facilities must be hygienically and technically safe to use. To ensure hygiene, access to water for cleansing and hand washing after use is essential;
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 42
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- Therefore, in regulating water and sanitation services, it should be recognized, as a starting point, that water and sanitation are human rights derived from the right to an adequate standard of living (see art. 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights) and are inextricably related to the right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health (see art. 12 of the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights), as well as to the right to life (see art. 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights) and the right to human dignity (see arts. 1 and 22 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights). According to international human rights law, the human right to water entitles everyone, without discrimination, to have access to sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically accessible, and affordable water for personal and domestic use. The human right to sanitation entitles everyone, without discrimination, to have physical and affordable access to sanitation, in all spheres of life, that is safe, hygienic, secure and socially and culturally acceptable and that provides privacy and ensures dignity. From a human rights perspective, the ultimate objective of regulation is to give practical meaning to the normative content of these rights, as follows:
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Common violations of the human rights to water and sanitation 2014, para. 50
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- Courts have held in a number of circumstances that minimum essential levels of water and sanitation must be ensured immediately. In circumstances where capacity existed, the Constitutional Court of Colombia held that the authorities had to connect housing to water and sewerage and to ensure a sufficient daily amount of water. The Supreme Court of India dealt with lack of basic sanitation in more desperate circumstances, in a case where informal settlements collectively complained that the cesspits used for sanitation were overflowing and causing serious health concerns. The Court ordered the municipality to construct a sufficient number of public latrines and to provide water supply and desludging services.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 46
- Paragraph text
- Piped systems usually ensure accessibility, acceptability and convenience for the user, quality and privacy. The health benefits for those connected to a sewerage network are clear, as faeces and wastewater are transported away from the household in a way that avoids human contact. While the user has to clean the toilet and ensure that the flush mechanism works properly, all other aspects of maintenance and wastewater treatment are the responsibility of someone else. A regulatory framework and standards for piped systems are generally available, while these are not always effectively put in place and monitored.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
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- Water & Sanitation
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- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 47
- Paragraph text
- National standards must ensure that the water used for each personal and domestic use is safe for human health as regards the presence of microorganisms, chemical substances and radiological hazards. The WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality provide guidance for setting national regulations and standards for water safety in support of public health. The Guidelines describe reasonable minimum safe-practice requirements to protect health and provide numerical “guideline values” for constituents of water or indicators of water quality. When defining mandatory limits, the Guidelines are an authoritative source and must be taken into consideration in the context of local or national environmental, social, economic and cultural conditions.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Stigma and the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2012, para. 45
- Paragraph text
- The human rights to water and sanitation are guaranteed under international law. They are components of the right to an adequate standard of living guaranteed in article 11, paragraph 1, of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, as well as in many other human rights treaties. Moreover, water and sanitation are inextricably linked to a range of other human rights, including the rights to life, to health and to housing. The human rights to water and sanitation have been reaffirmed through explicit recognition by the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo