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Reparations to women who have been subjected to violence 2010, para. 68
- Paragraph text
- One example relates to forced sterilization programmes and the emergence of judicial awards of compensation. Many such sterilization policies were instituted in countries around the world, usually as part of eugenics programmes to prevent the reproduction of members of the population considered to be carriers of "defective genetic or social traits". Women were sterilized without informed consent: several died from post-surgery complications, while others faced health problems, psychological complications, unemployment and family isolation. More recently in certain countries, abusive practices in the implementation of sexual and reproductive health programmes as part of population control policies have led to systemic violations.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Families
- Women
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Reparations to women who have been subjected to violence 2010, para. 45
- Paragraph text
- The inclusion of gross violations against women in the list of wrongdoings that will trigger reparations has to be underpinned by the notion that the same violations may entail different harms for men and women, but also for women and girls from cultural minorities. For instance, harms emanating from sexual violence - including the contraction of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, undesired pregnancies, complications due to often unsafe abortions, unwanted children, loss of reproductive capacity, fistulas and vaginal injuries, and multiple psychological disorders - are always compounded with social stigmatization and ostracism by the family and/or community, subsequent emotional distress, loss of status and the possibility to marry or have a male protector, and access communal resources. None of the reparations programmes in the post-conflict or post-authoritarian scenario has explicitly referred to forms of reproductive violence (such as forced impregnation, forced abortion or forced sterilization) as separate categories. Explicit recognition and visibility of various forms of violence and the ensuing harm is required for responsive reparation programmes.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Harmful Practices
- Health
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Girls
- Women
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination and violence against women 2011, para. 47
- Paragraph text
- Women who are lacking social and cultural capital, due to their minority or immigration status, language barriers, religious or ethnic affiliation, sexual orientation and/or gender identity or educational attainment, are also at greater risk of long-term health consequences. They may be denied proper health or medical services, they may fear the consequences of asking for medical assistance, they may receive improper or low quality care, or they may live in places where no health services are available. Women who suffer from cognitive and/or physical disabilities are further negatively impacted since the stigma of disability is persistent in most countries, and they therefore may not be viewed as requiring care, or may live in places where no specialized care is available.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Persons with disabilities
- Women
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Violence against women with disabilities 2012, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- Women in institutions who need support services are usually more vulnerable. Vulnerability, both in institutions and in community settings, can range from the risk of isolation, boredom and lack of stimulation, to the risk of physical and sexual abuse. Evidence suggests that people with disabilities are at higher risk of abuse for various reasons, including dependence on a large number of caregivers and also because of barriers to communication. One study found that the majority (68 per cent) of psychiatric outpatients in a hospital had experienced major physical and/or sexual assaults therein, a higher frequency than in the general population.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Persons with disabilities
- Women
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Pathways to, conditions and consequences of incarceration for women 2013, para. 50
- Paragraph text
- Many facilities for women fail to provide a hygienic environment that meets basic health needs and increases the health risks and prevalence of diseases. In Zambia, it has been alleged that unclean water is used for bathing, no soap or toothpaste is provided, bathroom facilities are run-down and dirty, blankets are infested with lice and rags are given as clothing (A/HRC/17/26/Add.4). In some Sri Lankan prisons, cells are infested with rats; beds, mats and pillows are often lacking; and no fans are provided even when temperatures climb to dangerous levels. Two bathrooms, which are frequently in a serious state of disrepair, are allocated for every 75 inmates to share.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Pathways to, conditions and consequences of incarceration for women 2013, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- Prison authorities in some parts of the world routinely shackle pregnant prisoners to their beds while they are in labour, or when they are being transported to off-site visits for medical treatment. For example, despite recent legal developments in the United States, interlocutors have stated that many states allow for the restraint of pregnant women during transportation to hospitals, and some states permit the use of shackles during the delivery (A/HRC/17/26/Add.5 and Corr.1). Such practices have also been found in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (E/CN.4/2005/72/Add.4). Shackling pregnant inmates is representative of the failure of the prison system to adapt protocols to unique situations faced by the female prison population.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Health
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Pathways to, conditions and consequences of incarceration for women 2013, para. 46
- Paragraph text
- Women in prison are more prone to illness from infectious disease, digestive issues, respiratory ailments, injuries and other medical problems. Moreover, HIV and other sexually transmitted and blood-borne diseases are more prevalent among female prisoners than their male counterparts. In Zambia, diseases such as HIV and tuberculosis are transmitted relatively easily as a result of the minimal medical care afforded to prisoners (A/HRC/17/26/Add.4). Prisons in Cameroon simply separate the prisoners with contagious diseases from other inmates, rather than offering preventive medical care to the general population.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Closing the gap in international human rights law: lessons from three regional human rights systems on legal standards and practices regarding violence against women 2015, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- Article 14 (1) requires States to protect and promote the rights of women to be protected from sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS, and to be informed of the HIV status of their partners. This provision is important in a context of high rates of HIV infection, and also considering the nexus between violence against women and HIV. Article 6 (c) of the Protocol references the issue of polygamy, a practice that is often linked to acts of violence against women.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Violence against women with disabilities 2012, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- Lesbians and other sexual minorities who identify as female and who have disabilities confront social barriers, isolation, exclusion and violence due to both sexual minority status and disability. Lesbians with psychosocial disabilities have been largely excluded or overlooked in research and treatment, despite their usage of mental health-care and other psychosocial services. They sometimes experience a "cultural contradiction" imposed by society since lesbianism is viewed as a sexual identity, while women with disabilities are often stereotyped as asexual.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- LGBTQI+
- Persons with disabilities
- Women
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Modalities for the establishment of femicides/gender-related killings watch 2016, para. 59
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur notes that other categories with regard to the victim that would be valuable to track for such initiatives would be whether she was a woman human rights defender, whether she was homeless, her sexual orientation, whether she was an indigenous woman or girl and the mental health of the perpetrator (e.g., depression or threats to commit suicide).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Health
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Girls
- Women
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Vision-setting report 2016, para. 60
- Paragraph text
- The mandate holder intends to explore the possibility of formulating a global code of conduct for security officers required to address cases of violence against women and girls, which could possibly be extended to other service providers, such as social workers and health providers.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Health
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Girls
- Women
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Modalities for the establishment of femicides/gender-related killings watch 2016, para. 83c
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur recommends the following modalities for the establishment of a national femicide watch and/or observatories on violence against women:] States should establish a femicide watch or femicide review panels or observatories on violence against women at the global, national or regional level in order to analyse data on femicide and propose concrete measures to prevent such crimes (see A/HRC/32/42, para. 45);
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Gender
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Pathways to, conditions and consequences of incarceration for women 2013, para. 14
- Paragraph text
- In Argentina abortion is allowed under limited circumstances, including for pregnancies resulting from "rape or indecent assault perpetrated against a feeble-minded female". Prior to a 2012 judgement, lower courts were sentencing some women to long prison terms for obtaining an abortion for a pregnancy resulting from rape (in 2012, the Supreme Court interpreted the law as permitting abortion for all women who are pregnant as a result of rape, as opposed to only women who have diminished capacity).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Health
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Reparations to women who have been subjected to violence 2010, para. 56
- Paragraph text
- Rehabilitation measures need to be tailored to respond to women's specific needs. This may require an effort to overcome gender biases that might be entrenched in the existing national service system. One way to overcome such biases is to be as explicit and specific as possible in terms of the services to be provided. For instance, instead of recommending that victims of sexual violence have free or privileged access to medical and psychological assistance, reparations programmes should spell out which treatment victims of sexual violence need most. Rendering rehabilitation and reintegration meaningful to women to ensure that they can recover a sense of normalcy or functional life is both a gendered and a context-sensitive enterprise, as the notion of "psychosocial" rehabilitation suggests.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Violence against women with disabilities 2012, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- The 2009 World Health Organization (WHO) guidance note on promoting sexual and reproductive health for persons with disabilities highlighted the fact that women with disabilities are considered in some societies to be less eligible marriage partners and may therefore find themselves in unstable relationships. Additionally, if such unstable relationships become abusive, women with disabilities have fewer legal, social and economic options and may be further discriminated against. For example, in the event of child custody disputes, courts may use the discriminatory stereotype that the non-disabled partner must be a more competent parent, when awarding custody.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Persons with disabilities
- Women
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Violence against women with disabilities 2012, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- Women with disabilities are often treated as if they have no control, or should have no control, over their sexual and reproductive choices. They may be forcibly sterilized or forced to terminate wanted pregnancies - under the paternalistic guise of "for their own good". This is done sometimes with the sanction of partners, parents, institutions or guardians. There is a long history of socially and even legally sanctioned forced and non-consensual sterilization of women with disabilities. Despite legal prohibitions in some countries, involuntary sterilization is used to restrict the fertility of some persons with disabilities, particularly those with intellectual disabilities. Sterilization also has been used as a technique for menstrual management.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Harmful Practices
- Health
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Persons with disabilities
- Women
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Violence against women with disabilities 2012, para. 55
- Paragraph text
- A compilation of British studies found that 20 to 30 per cent of offenders had learning disabilities or difficulties that interfered with their ability to cope within the criminal justice system and that the female prison population was five times more likely to have a mental health disability than the general population. Another study found that as many as 80 per cent of female detainees had at least one psychiatric disability. Furthermore, such individuals are increasingly housed in prisons rather than psychiatric facilities. Those with intellectual or psychosocial disabilities face threats of inadequate care and mistreatment, in addition to the risks of self-harm and the deterioration of psychological or emotional well-being owing to the nature of incarceration, according to the UNODC Handbook. Closure of psychiatric institutions in some countries has led to a marked increase in the criminalization of women with disabilities.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Persons with disabilities
- Women
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Gender-related killings of women 2012, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- Studies in Honduras and Costa Rica show that more than 60 per cent of femicides are perpetrated by an intimate partner or male family member. In Peru, 70 per cent of acts of femicide are carried out by a former or current intimate partner. In Mexico, 60 per cent of the women who were murdered by their intimate or ex-intimate partners had previously reported domestic violence to public authorities. In some cases in Nicaragua, while the crimes were perpetrated by persons unknown to the victim, the murders were planned and paid for by the partner or ex-partner.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Families
- Women
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Existing legal standards and practices regarding violence against women in three regional human rights systems and activities being undertaken by civil society regarding the normative gap in international human rights law 2015, para. 17
- Paragraph text
- Article 14 (1) requires States to protect and promote the rights of women to be protected from sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS, and to be informed of the HIV status of their partners. This provision is important in a context of high rates of HIV infection, and also considering the nexus between violence against women and HIV. Article 6 (c) of the Protocol references the issue of polygamy, a practice that is often linked to acts of violence against women.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Modalities for the establishment of femicides/gender-related killings watch 2016, para. 83g
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur recommends the following modalities for the establishment of a national femicide watch and/or observatories on violence against women:] As far as possible, such femicide reviews should include suicide cases and the killing of children relating to gender-based violence against their mothers;
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Gender
- Health
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Women
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination and violence against women 2011, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- Other environmental factors include "poverty, armed conflicts, all forms of injustice, family breakdown, political, social and economic instability and all types of migration." Social and occupational stress and changes are also included as environmental factors in the societal model. These factors all create circumstances in which individual vulnerability to violence against women increases.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Gender
- Health
- Movement
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Gender-related killings of women 2012, para. 34
- Paragraph text
- A 2004 national study on femicide in South Africa estimated that a woman is killed by her intimate partner every six hours. Of the cases in which relationship status could be established, 50.3 per cent of the women were killed by an intimate partner. Furthermore, a racial analysis indicates that women of colour are disproportionately affected by such killings. The rate for coloured women was 18.3 per 100,000 women; for African women it was 8.8, and for white women, 2.8.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Pathways to, conditions and consequences of incarceration for women 2013, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- Female prisoners in many countries are subjected to invasive and degrading searches. Some searches require women to undress and lift their breasts or bend over at the waist and spread their cheeks. Female prisoners are also subject to vaginal searches and in some countries, male guards search female prisoners. In many countries subjecting women prisoners to strip searches is more or less routine (A/HRC/17/26/Add.5 and Corr.1).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Pathways to, conditions and consequences of incarceration for women 2013, para. 70
- Paragraph text
- The effect of imprisonment on the physical health of women is often a direct result of the poor conditions that they face, including overcrowding, poor sanitary facilities, lack of physical and mental activities and lack of appropriate health care. One of the primary barriers to addressing various health problems is the inability to access health-care services upon their re-entry into society, either through denial of access or inability to afford health-care insurance.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Pathways to, conditions and consequences of incarceration for women 2013, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- Inadequate quantities and poor nutritional value of foods is an issue in many countries. It can result in starvation and malnourishment, including for pregnant or nursing women; it can become a commodity traded for sex; denial of food can be used as a form of punishment; because of limited quantities, it can lead to fights; and the poor quality and nutritional value may endanger the health of inmates, including impacting the ability of mothers to breastfeed babies.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Infants
- Women
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Pathways to, conditions and consequences of incarceration for women 2013, para. 48
- Paragraph text
- Mental health problems can be both the cause and the result of imprisonment. Inadequate health-care services, overcrowding and a lack of safety from abuse can exacerbate these problems. Women generally experience more psychological distress than men over their lifetimes, including anxiety, depression and guilt. Also, they have higher rates of substance abuse, personality disorders and histories of abuse than incarcerated men, and a higher rate of self-harm and attempted suicide.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Men
- Women
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Pathways to, conditions and consequences of incarceration for women 2013, para. 54
- Paragraph text
- Prisons are ordinarily modelled on men's needs, with little or no attention paid to gender-specific issues such as menses, menopause, gynaecological facilities, adequate nutrition for pregnant women, and other basic sexual and reproductive health needs. In Zimbabwe, women activists and human rights defenders are reported to be systematically denied access to medical care, including when pregnant.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Gender
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Pathways to, conditions and consequences of incarceration for women 2013, para. 71
- Paragraph text
- For women incarcerated for drug crimes, the lack of rehabilitative care often means that the conditions that rendered them vulnerable to drug involvement in the first place are sometimes replicated and augmented in prison, and after release. One Canadian study found that women offenders who were released and who did not participate in a drug treatment programme were 10 times more likely to return to prison within one year than the prisoners who did participate.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Gender
- Health
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Existing legal standards and practices regarding violence against women in three regional human rights systems and activities being undertaken by civil society regarding the normative gap in international human rights law 2015, para. 13
- Paragraph text
- Article 2 of the Protocol requires States to take positive action to address inequalities between women and men in State efforts to ensure that women enjoy their rights. Other articles set out obligations with respect to, among other things, the right to dignity; the right to life, integrity and security of the person; protection from harmful practices; rights in marriage, which include entitlement to property and the custody and guardianship of children; protection from early and forced marriages; the right of access to justice and equal protection of the law; the right to participate in political and decision-making processes; the right to peace; the rights to adequate housing, food security, education and equality in access to employment; reproductive and health rights, including control of one's fertility; and the right to be protected against HIV infection. The Protocol also includes specific provisions on the protection of rights of women with disabilities. All promotional and protective provisions in the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights and other human rights instruments are equally applicable in the interpretation of the Protocol.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Men
- Persons with disabilities
- Women
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Violence against women with disabilities 2012, para. 86
- Paragraph text
- In addition, the Human Rights Council Special Rapporteur on the right to education dedicated his 2007 thematic report to the issue of the right of persons with disabilities to inclusive education (A/HRC/4/29, paras. 8 and 76). He found that literacy rates for women and girls with disabilities were significantly lower than for men and boys, and that women and girls were generally subjected to more discrimination. Similarly, in his 2005 thematic report, the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, focused on the right to health of persons with mental disabilities (E/CN.4/2005/51, paras. 12 and 49) and found that women with intellectual disabilities were especially vulnerable to forced sterilization and sexual violence. He advocated for measures to protect them from violence and other right to health-related abuses, whether occurring in private health-care or support services. Finally, the Special Rapporteur to monitor the implementation of the Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities reports annually to the Commission for Social Development and has mainstreamed the issue of women and disabilities in his reports (see E/CN.5/2011/9).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Girls
- Persons with disabilities
- Women
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo