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The implications of States’ surveillance of communications on the exercise of the human rights to privacy and to freedom of opinion and expression 2013, para. 82
- Paragraph text
- Individuals should have a legal right to be notified that they have been subjected to communications surveillance or that their communications data has been accessed by the State. Recognizing that advance or concurrent notification might jeopardize the effectiveness of the surveillance, individuals should nevertheless be notified once surveillance has been completed and have the possibility to seek redress in respect of the use of communications surveillance measures in their aftermath.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2013
- Tipo de párrafo
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Párrafo
The protection of sources and whistle-blowers 2015, para. 69
- Paragraph text
- All the above recommendations to States apply to the United Nations and other international organizations. In addition, the United Nations and international organizations should adopt effective norms and policies of transparency to enable the public to have greater access to information. Specific norms protecting whistle-blowers should follow similar criteria to those provided in the recommendations to States: wide scope of application, promotion of disclosure of information in the public interest and clarity in the mechanisms for reporting and requesting protection. Particular attention must be paid to the effectiveness and independence of existing reporting and justice mechanisms, given the lack of access of whistle-blowers to any other formal justice system.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2015
- Tipo de párrafo
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Párrafo
The protection of sources and whistle-blowers 2015, para. 65
- Paragraph text
- Protections against retaliation should apply in all public institutions, including those connected to national security. Given that prosecutions generally deter whistle-blowing, States should avoid them, reserving them, if at all, for exceptional cases of the most serious demonstrable harm to a specific legitimate interest. In such situations, the State should bear the burden of proving an intent to cause harm, and defendants should be granted (a) the ability to present a defence of an overriding public interest in the information, and (b) access to all information necessary to mount a full defence, including otherwise classified information. Penalties should take into account the intent of the whistle-blower to disclose information of public interest and meet international standards of legality, due process and proportionality.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2015
- Tipo de párrafo
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Párrafo
Freedom of expression, States and the private sector in the digital age 2016, para. 85
- Paragraph text
- States bear a primary responsibility to protect and respect the right to exercise freedom of opinion and expression. In the information and communication technology context, this means that States must not require or otherwise pressure the private sector to take steps that unnecessarily or disproportionately interfere with freedom of expression, whether through laws, policies, or extralegal means. Any demands, requests and other measures to take down digital content or access customer information must be based on validly enacted law, subject to external and independent oversight, and demonstrate a necessary and proportionate means of achieving one or more aims under article 19 (3) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Particularly in the context of regulating the private sector, State laws and policies must be transparently adopted and implemented.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2016
- Tipo de párrafo
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Párrafo
Key trends and challenges to the right of all individuals to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds through the Internet 2011, para. 84
- Paragraph text
- Enabling individuals to effectively use the content made available via the Internet requires a number of elements, including the skills to use the technology. The Special Rapporteur thus recommends that States include Internet literacy skills in school curricula and support similar learning modules outside of schools. In addition to basic skills training, modules should clarify the benefits of accessing information online and of responsibly contributing information. Training can also help individuals learn how to protect themselves against harmful content, such as the potential consequences of revealing private information on the Internet, as well as against undue restrictions by States or corporations through the use of encryption or circumvention technology.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
- Tipo de párrafo
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Párrafo
Groups in need of attention, limitations to the right to freedom of expression, and protection of journalists 2010, para. 118
- Paragraph text
- States have an obligation to guarantee to all individuals the full enjoyment of the right to freedom of opinion and expression through any medium, while ensuring that their human rights are respected and protected. In particular, they should guarantee the full enjoyment of this right to all persons engaged in journalistic activities in places of internal conflict or war, where the nature of their work places them in a position of greater vulnerability; all social communicators are considered to be journalists for this purpose.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2010
- Tipo de párrafo
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Párrafo
The right to freedom of opinion and expression exercised through the Internet 2011, para. 72
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur remains concerned that legitimate online expression is being criminalized in contravention of States' international human rights obligations, whether it is through the application of existing criminal laws to online expression, or through the creation of new laws specifically designed to criminalize expression on the Internet. Such laws are often justified as being necessary to protect individuals' reputation, national security or to counter terrorism. However, in practice, they are frequently used to censor content that the Government and other powerful entities do not like or agree with.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
- Tipo de párrafo
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Párrafo
The right to freedom of opinion and expression exercised through the Internet 2011, para. 78
- Paragraph text
- While blocking and filtering measures deny users access to specific content on the Internet, States have also taken measures to cut off access to the Internet entirely. The Special Rapporteur considers cutting off users from Internet access, regardless of the justification provided, including on the grounds of violating intellectual property rights law, to be disproportionate and thus a violation of article 19, paragraph 3, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
- Tipo de párrafo
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Párrafo
The right to freedom of opinion and expression exercised through the Internet 2011, para. 76
- Paragraph text
- In addition, while States are the primary duty-bearers of human rights, the Special Rapporteur underscores that corporations also have a responsibility to respect human rights, which means that they should act with due diligence to avoid infringing the rights of individuals. The Special Rapporteur thus recommends intermediaries to: only implement restrictions to these rights after judicial intervention; be transparent to the user involved about measures taken, and, where applicable, to the wider public; provide, if possible, forewarning to users before the implementation of restrictive measures; and minimize the impact of restrictions strictly to the content involved. Finally, there must be effective remedies for affected users, including the possibility of appeal through the procedures provided by the intermediary and by a competent judicial authority.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
- Tipo de párrafo
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Párrafo
The right to freedom of opinion and expression exercised through the Internet 2011, para. 81
- Paragraph text
- When a cyber-attack can be attributed to the State, it clearly constitutes, inter alia, a violation of its obligation to respect the right to freedom of opinion and expression. Although determining the origin of cyber-attacks and the identity of the perpetrator is often technically difficult, it should be noted that States have an obligation to protect individuals against interference by third parties that undermines the enjoyment of the right to freedom of opinion and expression. This positive obligation to protect entails that States must take appropriate and effective measures to investigate actions taken by third parties, hold the persons responsible to account, and adopt measures to prevent such recurrence in the future.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
- Tipo de párrafo
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Párrafo
The right to access information 2013, para. 89
- Paragraph text
- In parallel, the global recognition of the overall importance of transparency of public institutions in the consolidation of peace, democracy and development is unquestionable. Explicitly included as a component of the right to freedom of expression, the right to access information is increasingly protected by national laws. Technological advances, democratic transitions and the expansion of civil society activity have contributed to a significant increase in the demand for all types of information held by public bodies.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2013
- Tipo de párrafo
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Párrafo
The right to access information 2013, para. 104
- Paragraph text
- The adoption of national norms should be followed by concerted efforts to enhance the technical capacity of State institutions to manage and disseminate information. Moreover, public officials must be trained and have their awareness raised in order to fulfil their responsibilities regarding the adequate maintenance of records and dissemination of information. Further efforts are also necessary to raise public awareness of the right to access information and the existing mechanisms to exercise it.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2013
- Tipo de párrafo
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Párrafo
The right to access information 2013, para. 103
- Paragraph text
- States should, in particular, consider the appointment of a focal point, such as an information commissioner, to assist in the implementation of national norms on access to information or the creation of a State institution responsible for access to information. Such mechanisms could be mandated to process requests for information, assist applicants, ensure the proactive dissemination of information by public bodies, monitor compliance with the law and present recommendations to ensure adherence to the right to access information.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2013
- Tipo de párrafo
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Párrafo
The use of encryption and anonymity to exercise the rights to freedom of opinion and expression in the digital age 2015, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- States should revise or establish, as appropriate, national laws and regulations to promote and protect the rights to privacy and freedom of opinion and expression. With respect to encryption and anonymity, States should adopt policies of non-restriction or comprehensive protection, only adopt restrictions on a case-specific basis and that meet the requirements of legality, necessity, proportionality and legitimacy in objective, require court orders for any specific limitation, and promote security and privacy online through public education.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2015
- Tipo de párrafo
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Párrafo
Key trends and challenges to the right of all individuals to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds through the Internet 2011, para. 88
- Paragraph text
- Moreover, given the essential role played by the Internet to facilitate the enjoyment of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, as well as other rights, such as education, freedom of association and assembly, citizen participation and economic and social development, the Special Rapporteur believes that it is not only important but imperative that States adopt effective and concrete policies and strategies, developed in consultation with individuals from all segments of society, including the private sector and relevant Government ministries, in order to make the Internet widely available, accessible and affordable to all, based on the principles of non-discrimination of any kind, including on the grounds of race, colour, sex, language, disability, economic origin or any other status.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
- Tipo de párrafo
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Párrafo
Hate speech and incitement to hatred 2012, para. 86
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur appeals to States, civil society organizations and the media to proactively facilitate the counter-speech of individuals and groups who are systematically targeted by hate speech, including through the Internet. For example, the media could ensure that such groups have a right to reply, while States could establish comprehensive strategies of interaction to foster tolerance, such as platforms of intercultural and interreligious dialogue from the local to the international levels.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2012
- Tipo de párrafo
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Párrafo
The right to freedom of opinion and expression in electoral contexts 2014, para. 78
- Paragraph text
- Examples from around the world indicate that the regulation of political and electoral communications can both enhance and undermine the enjoyment of free expression rights during political processes. Therefore, States must carefully evaluate the impact of each norm and ensure that an equitable balance is struck in providing for a structural environment that will enhance freedom of expression while not hindering the independent role of the media or the content of political expression. To ensure the adequate translation of norms into practice, it is critical that judicial entities and electoral authorities tasked with overseeing respect for the right to freedom of expression in electoral processes are totally independent and sufficiently resourced to implement their mandates in a timely and effective way. States should also take measures to prevent speech that constitutes incitement to hatred, hostility, discrimination and violence.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2014
- Tipo de párrafo
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Párrafo
Freedom of expression, States and the private sector in the digital age 2016, para. 91
- Paragraph text
- As the present report has shown, many international organizations play a role in information and communication technology governance processes. It is critical that such organizations provide meaningful public access to policies, standards, reports and other information concerning Internet governance created or generated by the organization and/or its membership, including through facilitating access to free online resources and public education initiatives. More generally, the multi-stakeholder process for Internet governance has been an important driver for policies supportive of freedom of expression. With that in mind, international organizations should ensure meaningful civil society participation in policymaking and other standard-setting processes, including through increasing the presence of technical experts sensitive to human rights concerns.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
- Tipo de párrafo
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Párrafo
Key trends and challenges to the right of all individuals to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds through the Internet 2011, para. 79
- Paragraph text
- The general rule should be to maintain openness and the free flow of information over the Internet, with limitations, which should conform to the criteria established under international human rights law, as the exception. To protect the right to freedom of expression from undue restrictions, the Special Rapporteur has attempted to distinguish the types of expression: (a) which constitute an offence under international law and which States are required to prohibit; (b) which are not criminally punishable but may justify a civil suit; and (c) which do not give rise to criminal or civil sanctions, but still raise concerns in terms of tolerance, civility and respect for others. Each category poses different issues of principle, and thus requires different legal responses, as highlighted below.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
- Tipo de párrafo
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Párrafo
Groups in need of attention, limitations to the right to freedom of expression, and protection of journalists 2010, para. 124
- Paragraph text
- It is recommended that States, the media and financial institutions implement the recommendations set forth in the Colombo Declaration, which are aimed at strengthening the freedom of expression of marginalized sectors of society and their access to media of their own, including electronic media, with a view not only to promoting freedom of expression and democracy but also to combating poverty and meeting the Millennium Development Goals. It is also recommended that States establish a special fund to subsidize access (which requires both connectivity and the necessary equipment) to electronic media for all sectors.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2010
- Tipo de párrafo
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Párrafo
The right to freedom of opinion and expression exercised through the Internet 2011, para. 73
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur reiterates the call to all States to decriminalize defamation. Additionally, he underscores that protection of national security or countering terrorism cannot be used to justify restricting the right to expression unless it can be demonstrated that: (a) the expression is intended to incite imminent violence; (b) it is likely to incite such violence; and (c) there is a direct and immediate connection between the expression and the likelihood or occurrence of such violence.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
- Tipo de párrafo
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Párrafo
Hate speech and incitement to hatred 2012, para. 76
- Paragraph text
- Accordingly, laws to combat hate speech must be carefully construed and applied by the judiciary not to excessively curtail legitimate types of expression. At the same time, while laws are certainly necessary and an important component in addressing hate speech, they should be complemented by a broad set of policy measures to bring about genuine changes in mindsets, perception and discourse. Such a multilayered approach, supported by political and social will and commitment to effecting change, not only aids in addressing less severe forms of hate speech, but also supports awareness-raising and prevention.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2012
- Tipo de párrafo
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Párrafo
Hate speech and incitement to hatred 2012, para. 83
- Paragraph text
- To help to provide further guidance to States, the Special Rapporteur recommends that the international human rights mechanisms renew their engagement with States on the issue of hate speech, including ratification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and review of any reservations relating to incitement to hatred. Non-State actors should also be involved. In addition, the Human Rights Committee could consider adopting a general comment on article 20 of the Covenant. The Human Rights Committee and the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination could also discuss the relationship between article 20 of the Covenant and article 4 of the Convention.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2012
- Tipo de párrafo
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Párrafo
The right to access information 2013, para. 106
- Paragraph text
- Information regarding gross violations of human rights must not be withheld on national security grounds. When limitations are deemed absolutely necessary, the State has the burden of proof in demonstrating that the exceptions are compatible with international human rights law. Information regarding other violations of human rights must be subject to a high presumption of disclosure and, in any event, may not be withheld on national security grounds in a manner that would prevent accountability, or deprive a victim of access to an effective remedy. The Tshwane Principles are an important instrument for guiding efforts to revise norms and practices aimed at promoting secrecy on national security grounds.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2013
- Tipo de párrafo
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Párrafo
The implications of States’ surveillance of communications on the exercise of the human rights to privacy and to freedom of opinion and expression 2013, para. 81
- Paragraph text
- Communications surveillance should be regarded as a highly intrusive act that potentially interferes with the rights to freedom of expression and privacy and threatens the foundations of a democratic society. Legislation must stipulate that State surveillance of communications must only occur under the most exceptional circumstances and exclusively under the supervision of an independent judicial authority. Safeguards must be articulated in law relating to the nature, scope and duration of the possible measures, the grounds required for ordering them, the authorities competent to authorize, carry out and supervise them, and the kind of remedy provided by the national law.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2013
- Tipo de párrafo
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Párrafo
The right to freedom of opinion and expression in electoral contexts 2014, para. 82a
- Paragraph text
- [The obligations to promote the enjoyment of the right to freedom of opinion and expression require that States guarantee the transparency of all aspects of political and electoral processes, and should particularly put in place measures to:] Enact regulations requiring the submission of periodic financial reports by parties, political organizations and candidates, entailing full disclosure of all resources collected, in monetary form or in kind, and their origin, and all expenditure, in order to promote public scrutiny and informed voting by citizens. Political finance reporting should be comprehensive, timely, available to the public, and subject to stringent sanctions for inadequate disclosure or timeliness;
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2014
- Tipo de párrafo
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Párrafo
The right to freedom of opinion and expression in electoral contexts 2014, para. 81d
- Paragraph text
- [In order to secure a diverse and pluralistic political process which is hospitable to candidates and parties from across the political spectrum, States should:] Permanently assess the impact of private financing of political communication in the promotion of a plural debate; and consider adopting ceilings for donations to political campaigns in order to prevent financial imbalances from destabilizing the playing field and disproportionately limiting the participation of certain parties or candidates in political campaigns.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2014
- Tipo de párrafo
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Párrafo
The protection of sources and whistle-blowers 2015, para. 62
- Paragraph text
- Any restrictions on confidentiality must be genuinely exceptional and subject to the highest standards, and implemented by judicial authorities only. Circumventions, such as secret surveillance or metadata analysis not authorized by judicial authorities according to clear and narrow legal rules, should not be used to undermine source confidentiality. States should promote tools, such as encryption and anonymizing programs, to ensure protection of sources. Authorities compelling revelation of sources must demonstrate that reasonable alternative measures to the disclosure do not exist or have been exhausted and that the legitimate interest in the disclosure clearly outweighs the public interest in the non-disclosure. These should be limited to investigations of the most serious crimes or the protection of life.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2015
- Tipo de párrafo
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Párrafo
Key trends and challenges to the right of all individuals to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds through the Internet 2011, para. 83
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur recommends that all other types of expression which do not fall under the above-mentioned category be decriminalized, as criminalization may be counter-effective and the threat of harsh sanctions can exert a significant chilling effect on the right to freedom of expression. Moreover, States should focus their efforts on combating the root problems of racist or offensive speech, such as bigotry and bias, which includes promoting more speech to counter such negative types of expression, improving understanding among peoples of the world and building a culture of peace.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
- Tipo de párrafo
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Párrafo
The right to freedom of opinion and expression exercised through the Internet 2011, para. 75
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur emphasizes that censorship measures should never be delegated to private entities, and that intermediaries should not be held liable for refusing to take action that infringes individuals' human rights. Any requests submitted to intermediaries to prevent access to certain content, or to disclose private information for strictly limited purposes such as administration of criminal justice, should be done through an order issued by a court or a competent body which is independent of any political, commercial or other unwarranted influences.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
- Tipo de párrafo
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Párrafo