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Violations committed against defenders by non-State actors 2010, para. 16
- Paragraph text
- In addition, the information received indicates that community leaders and faith-based groups are increasingly resorting to the stigmatization of, and attacks against, defenders working on issues such as the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons (A/HRC/4/37/Add.2, para. 32), violence against women and domestic violence. In numerous instances, defenders have been threatened with ostracism or pressured to stop their work in defence of human rights. Furthermore, the information received shows that women human rights defenders working in the area of domestic violence and other types of violence against women are often pressured by the family members of victims or threatened by the perpetrators or their own family members to drop cases.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Gender
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Families
- LGBTQI+
- Women
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Violations committed against defenders by non-State actors 2010, para. 24
- Paragraph text
- The corporate responsibility to respect human rights (see A/HRC/14/27, paras. 54-78) is recognized in soft-law instruments such as the Tripartite Declaration of Principles Concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, and it constitutes one of the commitments that companies undertake when joining the United Nations Global Compact. The corporate responsibility to respect notably applies to the rights enshrined in the International Bill of Human Rights. Therefore, the rights enshrined in the Declaration on human rights defenders, such as the right to security and liberty, freedom of association and freedom of opinion and expression, including access to information, must be respected by companies, whether national or transnational. Examples of alleged violations of those rights by companies are provided above.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Violations committed against defenders by non-State actors 2010, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- In a recent case involving a transnational mining company, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights requested that the concerned State suspend operation of a gold mine owned by a transnational corporation until the adoption of a decision on the merits of the petition associated with the request for precautionary measures. The State was also requested to adopt any other necessary measures to guarantee the life and physical safety of the members of the indigenous communities concerned and to plan and implement protection measures with the participation of the beneficiaries and/or their representatives, who should also be considered human rights defenders. Despite the decision granting precautionary measures, leaders of the communities peacefully protesting against the perceived negative effect of the mining on, notably, their right to water have been threatened and attacked.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Security and protection of human rights defenders 2010, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- In certain States, judges and lawyers are working under constant threat, which may jeopardize their independence. Prosecutors sometimes resort to inadmissible evidence to initiate proceedings against defenders, thus compromising their right to a fair trial. In several countries, the relevant authorities still resort to secret, incriminating evidence to arrest and administratively detain human rights defenders without charges for prolonged periods of time. Such evidence is reportedly often obtained by the security services and not shared with detainees or their lawyers. The Special Rapporteur would like to recall that, although not prohibited under international law, administrative detention should be surrounded by judicial guarantees and used only in exceptional and specific circumstances, such as a public emergency threatening the life of a nation.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Security and protection of human rights defenders 2010, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- One way to ensure the safety of defenders is to put an end to impunity for non-State entities. The Special Rapporteur would like to reiterate that States bear the primary responsibility for protecting individuals, including defenders, under their jurisdiction, regardless of the status of the alleged perpetrators. In cases involving non-State actors - including private companies and illegal armed groups - it is paramount that prompt and full investigations be conducted and perpetrators brought to justice. Failure by States to prosecute and punish such perpetrators is a clear violation of article 12 of the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders. Addressing the issue of impunity is a key step to ensuring a safe environment for defenders.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Security and protection of human rights defenders 2010, para. 96
- Paragraph text
- On 6 February 2008, the Committee of Ministers adopted the Declaration on Council of Europe action to improve the protection of human rights defenders and promote their activities. The declaration details State obligations and lists some examples of protection measures that could be taken. It also strengthens the role of the Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe in protecting and supporting human rights defenders. The declaration reiterates the obligations of Council of Europe member States to "provide measures for swift assistance and protection to human rights defenders in danger in third countries, such as, where appropriate, attendance at and observation of trials and/or, if feasible, the issuing of emergency visas". Furthermore, the European Court of Human Rights can also grant provisional measures.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Security and protection of human rights defenders 2010, para. 102
- Paragraph text
- Furthermore, information received indicates that only a few European Union member States have developed and carried out strategies to efficiently implement the guidelines. Diplomatic staff members are not always specifically trained. Cooperation and contacts between defenders/human rights organizations and European Union representatives have not been systematized and are therefore often conducted on an ad hoc basis when a defender is already at risk. Finally, many European Union missions still have not designated a focal point on human rights defenders.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
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- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Security and protection of human rights defenders 2010, para. 107
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur also wishes to reiterate that she accords priority to establishing and strengthening solid relationships with regional mechanisms for the protection of human rights defenders. In accordance with this strategy, two meetings have been held with the participation of the Special Rapporteur on human rights defenders in Africa of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, the Human Rights Defenders Unit within the secretariat of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, the Office of the Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe and the focal point for human rights defenders and national human rights institutions within OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights and the European Commission.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
On the Declaration on human rights defenders 2011, para. 14
- Paragraph text
- Many of these measures, however, have received criticism with regard to their efficiency and sustainability. Witness protection programmes, for example, are not sufficient to provide for the safety of defenders since in most cases they have not been designed for that purpose and do not take their specific needs into account. In other instances, the outcome of risk assessments has failed to match the situation of vulnerability faced by defenders requesting protection. Further, protective measures have, on some occasions, failed to address the specificities of the profile of defenders pertaining to gender, ethnic affiliation, leadership position and place of residence. In other cases, bodyguards have transmitted information to intelligence agencies. Defenders have also raised concerns about the privatization of protection measures, which can place the responsibility for protection in the hands of private security companies. Defenders fear former paramilitaries could be employed by these companies.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
On the Declaration on human rights defenders 2011, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- The protection of the right to protest comprises both negative and positive obligations. The State has a negative obligation to abstain from interfering and a positive obligation to protect rights holders in the exercise of this right, particularly when persons protesting hold unpopular or controversial views, or belong to minorities or other groups exposed to higher risks of attack and other forms of intolerance. Additionally, respecting the right to protest involves the obligation of States to take concrete steps to build, maintain and strengthen pluralism, tolerance and an open attitude to the expression of dissent in society.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
On the Declaration on human rights defenders 2011, para. 59
- Paragraph text
- It is because of the visions of courageous defenders that human rights have developed and transformed our societies. These visionaries have held "that women deserve the same rights as men, that empires are not inevitable, that indigenous peoples are human beings, or that torture and genocide are ethically reprehensive and need not be tolerated. Similarly, they ask people to imagine that international norms can be established and that nation States need not be allowed to claim that however they wish to behave and treat people is strictly their own business." However, these ideas often meet resistance, especially because they challenge the legitimacy of the status quo as well as sociocultural norms and traditions.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Women
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
On the Declaration on human rights defenders 2011, para. 46a
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression has emphasized that restrictions on the following dimensions of the right to freedom of expression are not permissible:] Discussion of Government policies and political debate; reporting on human rights, Government activities and corruption in government; engaging in election campaigns, peaceful demonstrations or political activities, including for peace or democracy; and expression of opinion and dissent, religion or belief, including by persons belonging to minorities or vulnerable groups;
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
On the Declaration on human rights defenders 2011, para. 55
- Paragraph text
- Violations suffered by defenders as a consequence of their participation in protests range from threats following demonstrations to arbitrary arrest and detention, intimidation, ill-treatment, torture and excessive use of force by authorities. A cause for concern is the number of peaceful protesters who have been injured or killed during violent crackdowns by the authorities. The mandate holder has also identified specific protection needs concerning some groups of protestors, including women defenders and defenders working on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender rights; student activists; trade unionists; and defenders monitoring and reporting on demonstrations. Defenders engaged in protests linked to demands for democratic reforms; the anti-globalization movement; election processes; peace demonstrations; and land rights, natural resources and environmental claims are often in need of specific protection.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Environment
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- LGBTQI+
- Women
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
On the Declaration on human rights defenders 2011, para. 62
- Paragraph text
- Article 9 of the Declaration provides for the right of everyone to benefit from an effective remedy and to be protected in the event of a violation of his or her human rights and fundamental freedoms. In the framework of the Declaration, the obligation to provide defenders with an effective remedy requires States to ensure a prompt and impartial investigation into the alleged human rights violations, the prosecution of the perpetrators, the provision of reparations, as well as the enforcement of decisions or judgements.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
On the Declaration on human rights defenders 2011, para. 71
- Paragraph text
- Many countries have put in place legislation that significantly restricts the ability of human rights organizations to access funding, including restrictions on the origin of the funds and the requirement for prior State authorization for non governmental organizations to receive funds from foreign donors. Some Governments have introduced a complete prohibition on certain types of funding, for example funding coming from United Nations agencies or other bilateral donors. In other instances, organizations working in particular fields - such as governance issues - are prohibited from receiving foreign funding.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
On the Declaration on human rights defenders 2011, para. 78
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur remains concerned that more than a decade after the adoption of the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, although some progress has been made, many countries continue to pass laws and regulations that restrict the space for human rights activities and that are incompatible with international standards and with the Declaration in particular. Even where efforts are made to adopt laws that are in line with international standards, their ineffective implementation often remains a problem.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Women human rights defenders and those working on women’s rights or gender issues 2011, para. 79
- Paragraph text
- During the 2004-2009 period, 28 communications were sent regarding arrests and detentions of women human rights defenders and those working on women's rights or gender issues in the Americas, along with 22 concerning further criminalization of human rights defenders. Regarding arrests and detentions, those most at risk appear to be women activists for indigenous rights, particularly in Chile along with other women community leaders, campesino and rural activists, environmentalists, and lawyers. Similarly, indigenous activists appear to be at risk, particularly in the Chilean context. During 2004-2009, the mandate sent six communications regarding the criminalization of women working on indigenous issues in Chile. Such criminalization usually involved charges and trials based on supposed public order offences related to the right of assembly, and, on occasion, terrorism-related charges.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Environment
- Gender
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Ethnic minorities
- Women
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Security and protection of human rights defenders 2010, para. 74
- Paragraph text
- Moreover, according to the information received by the Special Rapporteur, many witness protection programmes do not take the specific needs of the human rights defenders at risk into account. These needs are diverse and may differ according to the situation of the defenders concerned. For example, it might be useful to differentiate defenders in need of short-term physical protection from those requiring long-term protection measures. Assessing the types of needs will have an impact on the protection measures to be taken, e.g., the type of protection programme or whether relocation to another country is needed.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Security and protection of human rights defenders 2010, para. 81
- Paragraph text
- In Colombia, innovative protection mechanisms have been put in place at the national level to contribute to the physical protection of human rights defenders. The Protection Programme for Human Rights Defenders, Trade Unionists, Journalists and Social Leaders, administered by the Ministry of Interior and Justice and launched in 1997, aims to safeguard the life, well-being and safety of journalists and social communicators, leaders or activists of political groups, social, civic, community, labour and rural organizations and ethnic groups, among others, who find themselves at certain, imminent and exceptional risk as a direct consequence and by reason of carrying out their political, public, social or humanitarian activities or duties. However, this programme is not without problems, which must be addressed by the Government.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Women human rights defenders and those working on women’s rights or gender issues 2011, para. 87
- Paragraph text
- In 2005, the mandate sent a communication regarding the systematic use of sexual and other forms of violence against women defenders in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Aside from this, two other cases of threatened and attempted rape were reported from the DRC, along with one attempted rape of a women defender's daughter in the Central African Republic, and the threatened rape of an LGBT activist in Kenya. Sexual assaults, including instances of gang rape in detention of LGBT activists, were also reported in Ecuador, Honduras, Mexico, India, and Nepal. The alleged perpetrators of these acts were mostly unknown/ unidentified but also included members of the police, military, armed groups, or local members of the community.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- LGBTQI+
- Women
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Women human rights defenders and those working on women’s rights or gender issues 2011, para. 84
- Paragraph text
- During the stated period, in the Middle East and North Africa region, primarily in Tunisia, but also in Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt and Morocco, the communications sent seem to point to a trend of the use of physical violence against women human rights defenders and those working on women's rights or gender issues by law enforcement officials. Such acts, however, did not usually take place in the context of an arrest or detention; rather, there appears to be a pattern of sporadic beatings as a form of punishment or intimidation, or occasionally to prevent meetings or assemblies from taking place.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Gender
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Women
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Women human rights defenders and those working on women’s rights or gender issues 2011, para. 48
- Paragraph text
- The mandate also sent 64 communications concerning the situation of women defenders working on issues of impunity and access to justice, including witnesses and victims of human rights violations seeking redress, as well as the lawyers, individuals and organizations representing or supporting them. This group seems to be particularly at risk in certain countries in Europe, Central Asia and the Americas. Over half of the communications in this regard were sent to the Russian Federation (15 cases), Colombia (14 cases) and Mexico (nine cases).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Women
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Women human rights defenders and those working on women’s rights or gender issues 2011, para. 47
- Paragraph text
- Women journalists and media professionals working on human rights issues also appear to be exposed to risk as a result of their work. This group includes women investigative journalists working on human-rights related issues, women columnists advocating human rights reform, women reporters monitoring and reporting violations of human rights, and women bloggers. The mandate sent communications about 70 cases concerning this category during the six-year period. In certain countries, a large proportion of communications sent concerned women working as journalists or who were engaged in other media-related activities. Women working as journalists were also the subject of various communications sent to, inter alia, Tunisia (seven communications), Colombia (seven communications), the Islamic Republic of Iran (seven communications), Belarus (five communications) and the Russian Federation (five communications).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Women
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Use of legislation to regulate activities of human rights defenders 2012, para. 34
- Paragraph text
- It should also be noted that, in some countries, such legislation currently exists in draft form only. In some cases, legislation has been pending in parliament for several years. In the Special Rapporteur's view, however, even in draft form such legislation risks having a chilling effect on the situation of human rights defenders working on sexual orientation and gender identity issues. The same applies in cases in which legislation is in place but has not been used for several years. Given that this situation continues to negatively affect the work of human rights defenders, the Special Rapporteur recommends that such laws be repealed.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Gender
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Use of legislation to regulate activities of human rights defenders 2012, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- Defenders of sexual and reproductive rights also experience constraints resulting from legislation seeking to preserve public morals. Associations promoting such rights have faced restrictions for having handed out information about abortion and referred women to appropriate medical facilities. In many cases, lawsuits have been brought by individuals, organizations and State actors, claiming that such activities are against the law. Medical and health-care professionals have faced similar actions because they have discharged their functions. The Special Rapporteur has observed that this has also taken place in countries in which sexual and reproductive rights, including the right to abortion, are guaranteed in the national legal framework. This is particularly distressing because, as noted by the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, women are the main receivers of these services and by being denied access to them they face discrimination and disempowerment (A/66/254, paras. 16 and 17).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Use of legislation to regulate activities of human rights defenders 2012, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- Sexual and reproductive rights defenders thus play a significant role in ensuring respect for women's human rights. Such activities should not be subject to criminal sanctions. Furthermore, States with a legal framework guaranteeing sexual and reproductive rights need to ensure that such legislation is enforced without discrimination. Judicial harassment against sexual and reproductive rights defenders should not be tolerated, and judges and prosecutors have a key role in this regard. The Special Rapporteur also wishes to emphasize that medical and health-care professionals are protected under article 11 of the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, according to which everyone has the right to exercise his or her occupation or profession, in compliance with relevant national and international standards of occupational and professional conduct or ethics, including human rights standards.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Women
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Use of legislation to regulate activities of human rights defenders 2012, para. 40
- Paragraph text
- As noted in the introduction to the present report, the Special Rapporteur has in two previous reports focused on the issue of freedom of association (A/59/401 and A/64/226). The Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association issued an extensive report to the Human Rights Council in 2012 that contained best practices relating to, among other things, the right to freedom of association (A/HRC/20/27, paras. 51-76). Accordingly, the Special Rapporteur deems it unnecessary to further elaborate on the issue herein. She notes, however, that the recommendations made in the reports are far from being fully implemented. In fact, it appears that recent legislative developments in various countries are further restricting the right to associate freely. In the following section, the Special Rapporteur provides observations in this regard and assesses how the latest developments correspond to provisions outlined in the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders and other relevant international human rights instruments.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Use of legislation to regulate activities of human rights defenders 2012, para. 56
- Paragraph text
- The attention of the Special Rapporteur has been drawn to recent cases in which human rights defenders have been charged with defamation and, in some cases, blasphemy because they have published articles, blog entries or tweets or expressed opinions in public. The purpose of defamation legislation is to protect an individual's reputation from false and malicious attacks, which, according to the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, is a valid reason for restricting freedom of expression (A/HRC/20/17, para. 83). He has also observed that almost all countries have some form of defamation legislation in place under various terms, including libel, calumny, slander, insult, desacato or lese-majesty. He has further noted that the problem with defamation cases is that they frequently mask the determination of political and economic powers to retaliate against criticisms or allegations of mismanagement or corruption, and to exert undue pressure on the media (ibid.).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Use of legislation to regulate activities of human rights defenders 2012, para. 62
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur is also concerned that personal information about human rights defenders obtained through social networking and other websites might compromise their security, especially in the light of new legislative developments authorizing Governments to widely monitor websites in several countries. States should show utmost restraint in this regard and, above all, ensure that such legislation is not used to clamp down on human rights defenders. The above-mentioned criteria developed by the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression are useful also in this regard.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Use of legislation to regulate activities of human rights defenders 2012, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- Penal codes in many States contain articles whose declared objective is to preserve public morals and cohesion, with punishments ranging from fines to years of imprisonment and, in some cases, even the death penalty. In recent years, various pieces of legislation have been enacted to bring about further restrictions in the name of public morals, notably with regard to homosexuality, access to contraceptive methods, abortion, cross-dressing and gender reassignment surgery, and the provision of information regarding sexuality and sexual and reproductive health through formal or non-formal education. Such legislation has considerable implications for human rights defenders working to combat discrimination, on issues relating to sexual orientation and gender identity, and on sexual and reproductive rights.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- LGBTQI+
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo