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SRSG on children and armed conflict: Annual report 2011, para. 14
- Paragraph text
- In addition, in November 2010, during the visit of the Special Representative, the Transitional Federal Government in Somalia committed to work towards an action plan to release girls and boys within the ranks of the Government forces and allied militias. In Myanmar, action plan negotiations between the Government and the United Nations to end the recruitment and use of children in the Tatmadaw Kyi are ongoing. In the Sudan, a memorandum of understanding was signed by the Justice and Equality Movement and the United Nations on 21 July 2010, paving the way towards the signing of an action plan. On 22 December 2010, JEM/Peace Wing submitted a draft action plan to the United Nations, to be implemented in West Darfur. In Chad, some 1,000 children were released by 12 armed opposition groups during the reporting period. In April 2011, the Government of Chad prepared an action plan to address the recruitment and use of children by the Armée nationale tchadienne, which is ready for signature with the United Nations.
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General for children and armed conflict
- Tipo de documento
- SRSG report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Children
- Girls
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
SRSG on children and armed conflict: Annual report 2015, para. 35
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- Sexual violence continues to be a prominent violation of children's rights in most situations of conflict, affecting both girls and boys dramatically. Rape and other forms of sexual violence are committed in the context of attacks against the civilian population and children are usually targeted due to their vulnerability and frequently because of their ethnicity. Violations are also committed in the context of recruitment and use of children and abductions. Girls are particularly vulnerable to abduction or recruitment by armed groups to be used for sexual purposes. Parties to conflict use sexual violence against children as a tactic to instil fear so as to assert control over people and land. It is also an increasing trend used by extremist groups to terrorize populations. For example, Boko Haram has been abducting girls from schools, and reports indicate that those girls have been forcibly married to local commanders.
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General for children and armed conflict
- Tipo de documento
- SRSG report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Children
- Girls
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
SRSG on children and armed conflict: Annual report 2015, para. 11
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- Extremist groups have benefited from advances in technology, which have facilitated their rapid growth and led to the expansion of their territorial control, often across national borders. The military response to the threat has also raised protection challenges for children. Children caught in the middle of counter-terrorism operations have been killed and maimed and their homes and schools destroyed. In some cases, State-allied militias have been mobilized, resulting in boys and sometimes girls being used in support roles and even as combatants. Despite international calls for due process and respect for the rule of law, counter-terrorism operations often lack those elements. The Special Representative recalls that efforts to counteract extremist groups must be carried out in full compliance with international humanitarian, refugee and human rights law and must ensure that children are treated primarily as victims.
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General for children and armed conflict
- Tipo de documento
- SRSG report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Children
- Girls
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2010, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- UNICEF is engaged in a number of initiatives to strengthen the evidence base concerning the nature and scope of violence against children, and consolidate efforts for data collection and analysis, and for the development of research on violence against children, including on harmful practices. The forthcoming 2010 UNICEF report on parental child disciplinary practices in a range of low- and middle-income countries confirms the high prevalence of violent disciplinary methods, but also recognizes that this practice coexists with non-violent discipline; close to 9 in 10 children experience physical punishment and psychological aggression, with higher rates among boys, among children between 5 and 9 years of age and in households where mothers condone corporal punishment and domestic violence; conversely, violent discipline was less prevalent when caregivers were engaged in greater levels of educational and play activities with their children.
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children
- Tipo de documento
- SRSG report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Education
- Harmful Practices
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Children
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2011, para. 22
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- Second, in countries where legislation has been enacted, further measures are required to narrow the gap between law and practice. The concluding observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child on the implementation of the Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography indicate that, in more than half of the countries reviewed, the legislation on child prostitution needs to be amended, including to ensure the protection of boys. The concluding observations on the implementation of the Convention indicate that, in at least one third of countries, legislative provisions on other forms of sexual violence are inadequate, as they fail to criminalize rape or to provide an adequate definition of sexual abuse. Similarly, research conducted by the Child Rights Information Network indicates that in at least 40 countries, children are at risk of being sentenced to violent forms of punishment, including whipping, flogging, caning or amputation, and that in a number of countries the law still allows children to be sentenced to death.
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children
- Tipo de documento
- SRSG report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Children
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
SRSG on children and armed conflict: Annual report 2010, para. 22
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- Another aspect that tends to be underestimated is the trauma boys face as perpetrators or witnesses of sexual violence. They may be forced to commit rapes either directly by their commander or indirectly through peer pressure. Many may be forced to witness sexual violence perpetrated by others. It should be noted that through the jurisprudence of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (1998, Furundzija case), forcing an individual to witness acts of rapes and other sexual violence is considered as sexual torture under international law.
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General for children and armed conflict
- Tipo de documento
- SRSG report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Girls
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
SRSG on children and armed conflict: Annual report 2010, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- Girls remain the main victims of sexual violence in armed conflict. However, there are increasing reports of sexual abuse committed against boys. This phenomenon is still not adequately understood, and is yet to be comprehensively addressed in advocacy, monitoring, reporting and response. Knowledge about sexual violence against boys continues to be thin, in part because boys are more reluctant to speak out about sexual violence and there is inherently a bias against questioning boys about such abuse.
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General for children and armed conflict
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- SRSG report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
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- Humanitarian
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- Personas afectadas
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- Girls
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2012, para. 70
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- Less than 30 per cent of respondents indicate 18 as the minimum age for marriage, with younger ages and different thresholds for boys and girls prevalent in a large number of countries. This is an area to which the Special Representative has paid special attention, including through the consultation on children's protection from harmful practices (see paras. 17-20 above).
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children
- Tipo de documento
- SRSG report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Harmful Practices
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Children
- Girls
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2014, para. 19
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- Secondly, to prevent girls and boys from being targeted by violence or instrumentalized in criminal activities, the Model Strategies call for a strong and cohesive national child protection system, and recognize the need to address the root causes of child social exclusion and promote children's universal access to basic social services of quality (see paras. 12-17).
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children
- Tipo de documento
- SRSG report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Children
- Girls
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2015, para. 117
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- Children are particularly vulnerable to those intertwined forms of violence, both as victims and witnesses. While adolescent boys may be at risk of physical aggression and homicide owing to their participation in street fighting, gang membership, possession of arms and manipulation by organized crime networks, girls are more likely to endure violence in the private sphere, in particular sexual violence, which is often associated with shame, fear and distrust.
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children
- Tipo de documento
- SRSG report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Adolescents
- Boys
- Children
- Girls
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
SRSG on children and armed conflict: Annual report 2013, para. 86
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- If a peace agreement exclusively refers to the separation of child combatants, many children and youth, especially girls and those serving in so-called support functions, in particular victims of sexual violence, are at risk of being excluded from adequate reintegration assistance. Peace agreements should acknowledge the special needs of girls and provide for the establishment of rehabilitation programmes, health-care and counselling services for all boys and girls separated from armed forces and groups. Specific consideration should also be given to concerns regarding the protection of vulnerable children, such as refugee and internally displaced children, children separated from their families, unaccompanied minors and children orphaned by war.
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General for children and armed conflict
- Tipo de documento
- SRSG report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Children
- Girls
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2010, para. 26
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- This is an area where urgent action is required. Existing data sets on children provide a basis to build upon, but they need to be integrated beyond sectors and individual disciplines, promoting a holistic consideration of the child. Gaps in child protection areas need to be addressed and monitoring tools and indicators expanded, including to consider boys and girls of all ages and in all settings, and to address those at greatest risk. Moreover, those efforts need to incorporate children's views and perspectives, and capture their experience, and dynamic and evolving free agency. This is crucial to understand the hidden face of violence and effectively address its root causes.
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children
- Tipo de documento
- SRSG report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Children
- Girls
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2011, para. 25
- Paragraph text
- This is an area where urgent action is required and to which the Special Representative pays priority attention. Existing data sets on children provide a basis to build upon, but they need to be integrated beyond sectors and individual disciplines, to promote a holistic consideration of the child. Gaps in child protection areas need to be addressed and monitoring tools and indicators expanded to cover boys and girls of all ages and in all settings, and to identify those at greatest risk. Moreover, these efforts need to incorporate children's views and perspectives, and capture their experience, and dynamic and evolving agency. This is crucial to understand the hidden face of violence and to address its root causes effectively.
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children
- Tipo de documento
- SRSG report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Children
- Girls
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2013, para. 7
- Paragraph text
- The urgency of protecting children from violence has clearly not diminished. Indeed, the magnitude and impact of this phenomenon remain high level and deeply distressing. For countless children, life is defined by one word: fear. In their early years and throughout adolescence, children endure violent disciplinary practices in schools, in care and justice institutions and within the home. Armed and community violence undermines their daily life and development; millions of children experience violence in work settings, including domestic work; trafficking is on the increase; in some countries, inhuman sentencing is still imposed on boys and girls; and harmful practices persist, with long-lasting consequences for children's rights.
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children
- Tipo de documento
- SRSG report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Children
- Girls
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2014, para. 25
- Paragraph text
- We must consolidate the gains that have been made, grasp the lessons we have learned, and redouble our efforts to shape a dynamic, forward-looking strategy to ensure children's freedom from violence everywhere and at all times. With this in mind, the global survey sets out eight imperatives which should be vigorously pursued: - All Governments should develop and promote a national, child-centered, integrated, multidisciplinary and time-bound strategy to prevent and address violence against children. - An explicit legal ban on all forms of violence against children must be enacted as a matter of urgency, backed by detailed measures for implementation and effective enforcement. - Policy initiatives and legal measures should be accompanied by increased efforts to overcome the social acceptance of violence against children. - There must be an ongoing commitment to strengthen children's meaningful participation. - All Governments must invest in the social inclusion of girls and boys who are particularly vulnerable. - Governments must recognize the crucial importance of building strong data systems and sound evidence to prevent and address violence against children. - A stronger focus is needed on the factors that influence levels of violence and the resilience of children, their families and communities. These include poverty, deprivation and inequality; weak rule of law, organized crime and political instability; mass population movements; and environmental degradation and natural disasters. - As the international community considers the future global development agenda beyond 2015, violence against children, including the most vulnerable and marginalized girls and boys, should be recognized as a priority and a cross-cutting concern.
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children
- Tipo de documento
- SRSG report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Children
- Girls
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2013, para. 121
- Paragraph text
- Violence is a frequent dimension in children's lives. It occurs in various forms and contexts and has serious and long-lasting consequences on their well-being and development. Prevention and elimination efforts need to address these dynamics and invest in the social inclusion of girls and boys at special risk, for whom the multiple dimensions of deprivation go hand in hand with a cumulative exposure to violence. Enhancing families' capacity to protect and care for their children, and preventing child abandonment and placement in residential care remain crucial dimensions of this process.
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children
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- SRSG report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
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- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Children
- Families
- Girls
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2015, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- Violence against girls and boys is also a concern echoed by the Secretary-General in his report mentioned in paragraph 3 above.
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children
- Tipo de documento
- SRSG report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Gender
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Girls
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2012, para. 14b
- Paragraph text
- [At the consultation, in which governmental experts and representatives of United Nations agencies, international and regional organizations, human rights bodies, academia and civil society participated, a set of practical recommendations to assist States and other actors in the development of a violence-free justice system for children was drawn up. Those recommendations, included in a joint report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/21/25), address the following issues:] Protecting children from all forms of violence within the juvenile justice system. National laws, policies and procedures concerning juvenile justice should be brought into full compliance with relevant international standards, and juvenile justice reforms should pursue a child- and gender-sensitive approach and be guided by child rights principles and safeguards, including (i) the recognition of the deprivation of children's liberty as a measure of last resort and for the shortest appropriate time; (ii) the separation of children from adults and of girls from boys in a child-sensitive environment; (iii) the explicit prohibition of and effective protection of children from violence, including as a form of punishment, treatment or sentencing; (iv) the legal provision of safe and child-sensitive counselling, reporting and complaints mechanisms to prevent and respond to incidents of violence; and (v) the establishment of independent oversight and monitoring mechanisms and accountability systems for the inspection of places of detention and the prompt investigation of incidents of violence against children.
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children
- Tipo de documento
- SRSG report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Gender
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Children
- Girls
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2013, para. 88
- Paragraph text
- Gender influences perceptions and attitudes towards violence, as well as the manner in which violence is perpetrated and experienced. Gender-based violence against girls includes differential access to food and services, domestic or intimate partner violence, sexual exploitation and abuse, deprivation of inheritance or property and harmful practices, such as child marriage, female genital mutilation/cutting and honour killing. Gender-based violence also includes specific types of violence against men and boys, including bullying, fighting, and assault and gun crime.
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children
- Tipo de documento
- SRSG report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Gender
- Harmful Practices
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Children
- Girls
- Men
- Women
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2013, para. 23
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- Around the world, countless numbers of girls and boys fall victim to harmful practices. Often violent in nature, these practices compromise the development and education of the child, have serious and long-lasting health and psychological consequences, and may result in disability or death. At the same time, positive experiences have led to the successful abandonment of these practices and a lasting commitment by concerned communities to prevent their occurrence and safeguard the protection of children's rights.
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children
- Tipo de documento
- SRSG report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Education
- Harmful Practices
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Children
- Girls
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2014, para. 17
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- As the twenty-fifth anniversary of the adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child draws closer and discussions on the post-2015 global development agenda intensify, the report on the global survey provides strategic insight into how far the international community has come towards ensuring children's protection from violence and, crucially, what still needs to be done to give every girl and boy the opportunity of enjoying a childhood free from violence.
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children
- Tipo de documento
- SRSG report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Children
- Girls
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2014, para. 14
- Paragraph text
- Countless children involved with the criminal justice system as victims, witnesses or alleged offenders have a history of exposure to violence. At times, the criminal justice system is used as a substitute for weak or non-existent child protection systems that lead to the stigmatization and criminalization of girls and boys at risk, including those who are homeless and poor, those living or working on the street, and those who have fled home as a result of violence.
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children
- Tipo de documento
- SRSG report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Children
- Girls
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2015, para. 90
- Paragraph text
- State policies need to address the root causes of armed violence, including deprivation and social exclusion; undertake gender-sensitive approaches to secure boys' and girls' safety and protection, and the recovery and reintegration of victims; and fight impunity. Special protection measures are also needed for children and young people who try to leave gangs and organized criminal structures, to counter the risks they face and promote long-term options for their reintegration.
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children
- Tipo de documento
- SRSG report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Gender
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Children
- Girls
- Youth
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2013, para. 25
- Paragraph text
- Particularly worrisome is the fact that child trafficking has been on the increase: between 2007 and 2010, 27 per cent of detected victims were children. Of every three child victims, two are girls and one is a boy and, in some regions, children's exposure to this form of violence is particularly high.
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children
- Tipo de documento
- SRSG report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Children
- Girls
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2012, para. 80
- Paragraph text
- Second, the work conducted over the past three years has also helped to gain a better understanding of the multidimensional nature of violence and of the need to maintain a holistic view of the child when initiatives for the prevention and elimination of violence are pursued. It is critical to address the cumulative exposure of girls and boys to various manifestations of violence in different contexts, and throughout the child's life cycle. Indeed, for children at risk, violence in the home, in the school and in the community is a continuum, spilling over from one setting to another, and at times persisting across generations.
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children
- Tipo de documento
- SRSG report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
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- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Children
- Girls
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2012, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- Throughout the world, countless numbers of girls and boys fall victims to harmful practices, including female genital mutilation or cutting, early and forced marriage, degrading initiation rites, breast ironing, son preference, stoning, honour killings, forced feeding, witchcraft rituals and many other less-known forms of harmful practice. Often violent in nature, these practices compromise the development and education of the child, have serious and long-lasting health and psychological consequences, and may result in disability or death.
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children
- Tipo de documento
- SRSG report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Harmful Practices
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Children
- Girls
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2016, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- This is no time for complacency. Around the world, millions of girls and boys of all ages continue to be exposed to appalling levels of violence, in their neighbourhoods, in schools, in institutions aimed at their care and protection and within the home.
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children
- Tipo de documento
- SRSG report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Girls
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
SRSG on children and armed conflict: Annual report 2013, para. 13
- Paragraph text
- Sexual violence remains widespread in many conflict situations, affecting both girls and boys. Although underreported, sexual violence and the forced marriage of girls to members of armed groups continued to be a pervasive threat.
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General for children and armed conflict
- Tipo de documento
- SRSG report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Girls
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2015, para. 14
- Paragraph text
- The results from those surveys press for urgent action. They expose serious levels of violence shaping children's lives and they highlight the gap between the large number of children exposed to violence and the very limited number of victims seeking help and the even smaller number benefiting from the services that are needed. For example, across seven of the countries surveyed, more than 25 per cent of girls and 10 per cent of boys had endured sexual violence, but less than 10 per cent of victims had received support from social services.
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children
- Tipo de documento
- SRSG report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Children
- Girls
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2014, para. 41e
- Paragraph text
- [In some countries, important legislative initiatives have addressed violence against children with albinism and those accused of witchcraft, criminalizing harmful practices and issuing protective measures to secure children's safety and protection. Legislation is, however, insufficient to change superstition and deeply rooted beliefs. To ensure the protection of these children, the Special Representative has called for a comprehensive strategy highlighting, the following measures:] Enacting a clear legal ban against all forms of violence. In many countries, criminal legislation prohibits serious crimes, such as murder and torture. However, owing to the stigma and superstitious beliefs surrounding children with albinism or accused of witchcraft, additional legislative measures are needed to secure their effective protection. National legislation needs to include a clear and comprehensive prohibition of all forms of violence and harmful practices to protect these marginalized girls and boys, and to provide for means of redress and accountability. Clear provisions on reporting, investigation and prosecution of incidents of violence are essential to fight impunity. Information campaigns and awareness-raising initiatives, and capacity-building of relevant professionals, are equally needed to make the provisions of the law known and effectively enforced, and to overcome deep-rooted social conventions condoning violence.
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children
- Tipo de documento
- SRSG report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Children
- Girls
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo