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Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis
- Organo
- Comité para la eliminación de la discriminación contra la mujer
- Condicón jurídica
- Derecho dispositivo no negociado
- Tipo de documento
- Informe de procedimientos especiales
- Año
- 2017
- Código de documento
- A/72/164
Documento
Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis 2017, para. 71
- Paragraph text
- Various United Nations resolutions also address this issue. For example, the Human Rights Council has addressed child, early and forced marriage in humanitarian settings in its draft resolution A/HRC/35/L.26, while the Security Council, in its resolution 2225 (2015), requested the Secretary-General to include in the annexes to his reports on children and armed conflict those parties that engage in patterns of abduction of children in situation of armed conflict, and, in its resolution 2331 (2016), focused for the first time on trafficking in persons in the context of armed conflict.
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis 2017, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- In addition to being a means for advancing their criminal endeavours, the sexual exploitation of children is further used by violent extremist groups to generate revenue, as part of the shadow economy of conflict and terrorism, through trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation, sexual slavery and the extortion of ransoms from desperate families. In some circumstances, girls are themselves treated as the “wages of war”, being gifted as a form of in-kind compensation or payment to fighters, who are then entitled to resell or exploit them as they wish. Such strategies are also believed to be a way of recruiting, rewarding and retaining fighters.
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Girls
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis 2017, para. 69
- Paragraph text
- The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court lists, under acts that may constitute war crimes and crimes against humanity, the recruitment and use of children in armed conflict, the commission of rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, enforced sterilization any other form of sexual violence and enslavement. Also of relevance are the Geneva Conventions relating to the protection of victims of international armed conflicts of 1949 and the Protocols Additional thereto of 1977, under which certain conduct in the context of international and non-international armed conflict, including slavery, sexual slavery, sexual violence and forced labour, is prohibited.
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis 2017, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- By the time children arrive at their destination, they have acquired debts with exploiters who take away their documents and use threats or violence to subdue them into labour exploitation. For example, Iranian and Afghani children who have crossed the English Channel find themselves pressured to send money to their families, while also repaying substantial debts related to their journeys. This heavy financial burden drives children to accept working conditions that constitute worst forms of child labour, including trafficking. At destination, many are trafficked for forced and exploitative labour in farms and factories and on fishing boats. For example, in France and the United Kingdom, young men are exploited in cannabis farms, while others are allegedly exploited in the agriculture sector in Europe.
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Women
- Youth
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis 2017, para. 86b
- Paragraph text
- [In terms of cooperation and coordination, States, in cooperation with United Nations agencies and programmes, international organizations, host countries and civil society organizations, should:] Actively participate in and support international initiatives, such as Alliance 8.7 and the Global Partnership to End Violence against Children, aimed at achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, to ensure that children grow up free from violence and exploitation, and engage in the global compact for safe, orderly and regular migration and the global compact on refugees;
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis 2017, para. 82a
- Paragraph text
- [In terms of durable solutions, States, in cooperation with United Nations agencies and programmes, international organizations, host countries and civil society organizations, should:] Ensure that child victims have the right to receive long-term care and protection, including full access to health care, psychosocial support, social services, education, vocational training and life skills education. In consultation with the child and in coordination with the local child welfare systems, an individual plan should be adopted, and arrangements need to be found that favour family- and community-based solutions;
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Families
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis 2017, para. 85f
- Paragraph text
- [In terms of prevention and the promotion of rights, States, in cooperation with United Nations agencies and programmes, international organizations, host countries and civil society organizations, should:] Address factors that increase the root causes of vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in the context of conflict and humanitarian crisis by adopting and implementing strategies that tackle, among other factors, inequality, poverty and all forms of discrimination, including in the context of the strategies for implementing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Poverty
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis 2017, para. 78
- Paragraph text
- In view of the States’ legal responsibility to identify, protect and assist children who are victims of sale and trafficking and those vulnerable to other forms of exploitation in all circumstances, including conflict and humanitarian crisis, and ensure accountability for crimes, the Special Rapporteurs offer the following recommendations.
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis 2017, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- There are also indications that the most common form of sexual exploitation for Afghani boys on the move is rape by their traffickers and their “friends”, which they endure without reporting.
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Children
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis 2017, para. 81b
- Paragraph text
- [In terms of protection and assistance, States, in cooperation with United Nations agencies and programmes, international organizations, host countries and civil society organizations, should:] Recognize the international protection needs, actual and potential, of children and adopt standardized, child-sensitive screening protocols, as well as child-friendly mechanisms to systematically report and respond to instances of missing children, including by reporting to the police;
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis 2017, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- The rationale of the joint report stems from the fact that addressing emerging forms of vulnerabilities of children has been identified as a priority area by both mandate holders during their respective tenures. The joint report also reflects the commitment of the Special Rapporteurs to ensuring complementarity among those special procedures mandate holders who address cross-cutting issues of concern and to mainstreaming the protection of children’s rights within the special procedures system.
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis 2017, para. 24
- Paragraph text
- Conflict and humanitarian crises result in children risking being exposed to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation, whether in their homes, communities or society, or in places where migrants or refugees reside, including reception centres, refugee camps or informal settlements in source, transit and destination countries, some of which are discussed below.
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis 2017, para. 82b
- Paragraph text
- [In terms of durable solutions, States, in cooperation with United Nations agencies and programmes, international organizations, host countries and civil society organizations, should:] Ensure that, in the child’s best interests, sufficient resources are allocated to the family reunification procedures to ensure the operational capacity to carry out evaluations in a reasonable time and reduce the overall length of the process; and adopt a broad interpretation of family, taking into consideration cultural differences and the best interests of the child;
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Families
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis 2017, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- A lack of coordination among services and case management gaps have also been identified, in addition to a limited capacity or lack of protocols to address child sexual abuse in public hospitals located near the camps. The absence of trained female translators and adequate psychological support constitute additional obstacles in the implementation of protection mechanisms and have important consequences in the detection and referral of child trafficking and exploitation cases.
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis 2017, para. 81e
- Paragraph text
- [In terms of protection and assistance, States, in cooperation with United Nations agencies and programmes, international organizations, host countries and civil society organizations, should:] Create safe child-friendly spaces in places where migrants or refugees reside, including reception centres, refugee camps or informal settlements that host children and offer them space for recreation, study and rest, separated from other facilities, and ensure that those areas are family-based and family-like, whenever possible;
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis 2017, para. 83a
- Paragraph text
- [In terms of access to justice, prosecution and sanctions, States, in cooperation with United Nations agencies and programmes, international organizations, host countries and civil society organizations, should:] Ensure that national legislation prohibits and criminalizes the sale of and trafficking in children as separate crimes, with penalties that reflect the gravity of those crimes;
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis 2017, para. 72
- Paragraph text
- Other tools that fight trafficking and other forms of exploitation of children in the context of conflict and humanitarian crises include the recommended principles and guidelines on human rights and human trafficking of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (E/2002/68/Add.1); the UNHCR guidelines on victims of trafficking and persons at risk of being trafficked; the UNICEF guidelines on the protection of child victims of trafficking of 2006; and the minimum standards for child protection in humanitarian action elaborated by the Global Protection Cluster. Other standards, such as the UNICEF core commitments for children in humanitarian action, the professional standards for protection work and the guiding principles on unaccompanied and separated children of the International Committee of the Red Cross further complete the international legal protection framework against trafficking and other forms of child exploitation. The guidelines on justice in matters involving child victims and witnesses of crime of the Economic and Social Council also provide further protection to child victims and guarantee their best interests.
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis 2017, para. 17
- Paragraph text
- Whether induced by armed conflict, natural disasters or protracted humanitarian situations, crises are accompanied by a breakdown in public institutions, violations of human rights, the erosion of essential services, inequalities and impoverishment. Existing vulnerabilities to sale, trafficking and exploitation, from gender-based violence to discrimination and to lack of economic opportunities, are exacerbated during such crises. Furthermore, crises tend to fuel impunity, the breakdown of law and order and the destruction of communities, and foster the conditions in which trafficking and other forms of exploitation flourish, often past the point at which hostilities or the humanitarian crises cease. Other aggravating factors are related to discrimination, whether gender-based, ethnic, racial, religious, social, within a community or at the national level.
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis 2017, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- In humanitarian crises, the pre-existing vulnerabilities of girls that are rooted in discriminatory traditions and customs persist and lead to negative coping mechanisms. Children seeking to survive are often compelled to exchange sexual services, and girls are even forced to marry for food, shelter, protection or safe passage. According to the Secretary-General, approximately 90 per cent of women and girls affected by conflict in north-east Nigeria do not have access to basic services. As a result, they are forced to exchange sex for food and other essential supplies, and the child or forced marriages of girls to older men are on the rise, as a supposed protection mechanism and source of income for desperate families.
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Girls
- Men
- Women
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis 2017, para. 76
- Paragraph text
- Living in limbo for long periods owing to delays or inefficiencies in or the absence of regular channels for migration may drive children who have depleted their financial resources to seek alternative ways, whether legal or illegal, to earn money either to survive or to continue their journeys. This situation leads them into the arms of criminals who are able to facilitate their passage to other countries. Moreover, the use of detention for children on the move is contrary to their rights, is especially detrimental to their well-being and should not be resorted to. In addition, while it is fundamental to pursue ongoing efforts to investigate and prosecute smugglers and traffickers, more emphasis must be placed on reducing the vulnerabilities of children on the move.
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis 2017, para. 31
- Paragraph text
- The aftermath of humanitarian disasters is also a fertile ground for the illegal international adoption of children, as it is facilitated by the breakdown of institutions and the lack of border control. For example, following the earthquakes in Haiti in 2010 and Nepal in 2015, there were concerns that separated and orphaned children were being trafficked for sexual or labour exploitation, sold or illegally adopted, sometimes by well-meaning families. In addition, the crossover between smuggling and trafficking represents a major risk for children, including those who go missing with the aim of reaching relatives or acquaintances in another country.
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Families
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis 2017, para. 16
- Paragraph text
- The sale of and trafficking in children, although similar, are two distinct but linked human rights violations, and States are legally bound to take measures to prevent both (article 35 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child). States tend to confuse the sale of children with child trafficking. Indeed, most national legislations and available data refer to the crime of trafficking, while the crime of sale is overlooked. Consequently, most of the data and documents that were analysed for the purpose of the present study focus on trafficking, as specific information on the crime of sale of children continues to be scarce.
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis 2017, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- Chaos in the aftermath of a natural disaster can also exacerbate the vulnerability to exploitation of the affected communities by making children more prone to accepting, for example, bogus offers of employment or education from traffickers or criminal networks. In order to support the family’s dire economic situation or meet their own needs, children are sold or trafficked for the purpose of labour exploitation. They may be entrusted by family members to people who promise to find them work either within or outside the country, or they may directly offer their services to employers and middle persons. Once in the hands of traffickers who prey on their eagerness to work and send money to the family, those children are forced into the worst forms of child labour.
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Families
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis 2017, para. 80b
- Paragraph text
- [In terms of identification, all States, particularly those hosting children who are victims of exploitation in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis, in cooperation with United Nations agencies and programmes, international organizations, host countries and civil society organizations, should:] Ensure that such identification procedures take into account the age, gender, cultural background and maturity of the child, as well as the circumstances of his or her journey. This approach should be aimed at establishing a relationship of trust with the children, ensuring that their views are heard and duly taken into account. Child-sensitive age assessment should only be performed in cases of doubt regarding the child’s age. In case of uncertainty, the person should be considered a child. Children should also be informed of the purpose and process of age assessment procedures in a language that they understand;
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis 2017, para. 80c
- Paragraph text
- [In terms of identification, all States, particularly those hosting children who are victims of exploitation in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis, in cooperation with United Nations agencies and programmes, international organizations, host countries and civil society organizations, should:] Enhance the capacity of all stakeholders, including border and law enforcement officials, front-line workers and volunteers, in places where migrants or refugees reside, including reception centres, refugee camps or informal settlements, and in areas of arrival of large influxes of people fleeing conflict and humanitarian crisis, to ensure the systematic registration of all, including children, and the identification of cases and risks of trafficking and exploitation of children.
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis 2017, para. 81a
- Paragraph text
- [In terms of protection and assistance, States, in cooperation with United Nations agencies and programmes, international organizations, host countries and civil society organizations, should:] Adopt proactive protection measures based on the best interests of the child and in line with international humanitarian, human rights and refugee laws, as well as general comment No. 14 (2013) of the Committee on the Rights of the Child to have his or her best interests taken as a primary consideration when indications of sale, trafficking or other forms of exploitation are found; and take all the necessary measures to prevent the illegal adoption and sale of children in the context of conflict and humanitarian crises;
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis 2017, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- Children are also coerced into criminal activities by adults or peers. For example, in refugee camps in Iraq and Lebanon, Syrian refugee children are trafficked for forced begging and selling items on the street. Moreover, trafficked children are often obliged or induced by their exploiters to commit crimes, such as pickpocketing, burglary and drug cultivation and transportation. On the route from the Horn of Africa to North-Eastern Africa, there have also been cases of trafficking for the purpose of organ removal. Although the extent of such crimes is unknown, children on the move travelling along these routes are also vulnerable to them.
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis 2017, para. 47
- Paragraph text
- Effective procedures for the identification of sold, trafficked or otherwise exploited children or potential victims are needed in places where migrants or refugees reside, including reception centres, refugee camps or informal settlements, and in areas of arrival of large influxes of people fleeing conflict and humanitarian crisis. Too often, cases of missing children, who may be victims of trafficking, go unnoticed owing to a lack of reporting procedures.
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Vulnerabilities of children to sale, trafficking and other forms of exploitation in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis 2017, para. 63
- Paragraph text
- The international legal framework on the sale of, trafficking in and other forms of exploitation of children in conflict and humanitarian crises draws on several branches of international law. In some cases, common and overlapping rules operate to ensure that certain protection measures (e.g., against sale, trafficking, slavery, sexual exploitation, child and forced marriage and forced labour) are applicable in all situations, including in situations of armed conflict and humanitarian crisis.
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo