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Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 31
- Paragraph text
- Pesticides also present a serious threat to drinking water, particularly in agricultural areas, which often depend on groundwater. While it can take several decades before pesticides applied in fields appear in water wells, high levels of herbicides in agricultural areas have already caused health problems for some communities. For example, in the United States of America, where over 70 million pounds of atrazine are used annually, runoff into water supplies has been linked to increased risk of birth defects. While atrazine was banned in the European Union in 2004, some European countries still detect it in groundwater today.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 88
- Paragraph text
- Industry has also sought to dissuade Governments from restricting pesticide use to save pollinators. In Europe, a campaign was mounted preceding the decision by the European Union in 2013 to ban neonicotinoids. The chemical industry, allegedly with support from the Government of the United Kingdom, publicly contested findings of the European Food Safety Authority about the unacceptable risk of neonicotinoids to bees. Syngenta reportedly even threatened to sue individual European Union officials involved in publishing the Authority’s report. Bayer and Syngenta are still refusing to disclose their own studies that demonstrated the harmful effects of their pesticides on honeybees at high doses.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Financialization of housing and the right to adequate housing 2017, para. 69
- Paragraph text
- In response to the mortgage crisis in Spain, the autonomous regions of Andalusia and Catalonia introduced progressive laws explicitly affirming the social function of housing and facilitating temporary expropriation of vacant housing. Catalonian legislation also prohibited foreclosures and evictions that would result in homelessness. Both of those regional initiatives were struck down by the Constitutional Court as encroaching on the jurisdiction of the national Government and opposing the general economic interests of the country. In response, at least in the case of Catalonia, the legislation was reintroduced with amendments and was passed by the Catalonian parliament.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Financialization of housing and the right to adequate housing 2017, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- Financialized housing markets create and thrive on gentrification and the appropriation of public value for private wealth. Improved services, schools or parks in an impoverished neighbourhood attract investment, which then drives residents out. The transformation of an old railway line in West Chelsea in Manhattan into a public walkway and park has attracted wealthy investors to a mixed income neighbourhood, radically transforming it with luxury housing units costing in the multimillions, and displacing longer term residents. In Vancouver, the opening of new public transport facilities in Burnaby, one of the few remaining areas of affordable rental housing, has quickly led to the development of expensive condominium towers, displacing residents who have not only lived there for decades, but also invested in developing their community.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Poverty
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Financialization of housing and the right to adequate housing 2017, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- Many residential rental properties are now owned by bondholders or holders of public stock with no direct connection to properties. It is difficult to know who is accountable for human rights when the owner of housing is a multibillion dollar fund, bondholders, public stockholders or a nameless corporate shell. Tenants living in housing owned by absentee corporate landlords have complained of sharp increases in rent, inadequate maintenance and conditions as a result of substandard renovations that have been undertaken quickly to flip the home into rentals, and an inability to hold anyone accountable for those conditions.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Financialization of housing and the right to adequate housing 2017, para. 23
- Paragraph text
- States have continued to focus on attracting capital and wealthy investors with reduced taxes and other benefits. Countries like Cyprus, Greece, Portugal and Spain, where harsh austerity measures have been implemented, have enacted policies to entice foreign investors into their domestic markets. One such measure, colloquially known as the "golden visa", allows foreign investors to receive permanent residence or even citizenship in exchange for a minimum amount of investment in property: €500,000 in Spain and Portugal, €300,000 in Cyprus and €250,000 in Greece. Australia has a similar programme for individual foreign investors who purchase $A 5 million in real estate through a real estate investment trust to qualify for an Australian significant investor visa. Programmes of that nature can contribute to housing affordability problems for local residents without providing any evidence of substantial benefits for the broader population.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Financialization of housing and the right to adequate housing 2017, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- A significant portion of investor-owned homes are simply left empty. In Melbourne, Australia, for example, 82,000 or one fifth of investor-owned units lie empty. In the affluent boroughs of Chelsea and Kensington in the city of London, prime locations for wealthy foreign investors, the number of vacant units increased by 40 per cent between 2013 and 2014. In such markets, the value of housing is no longer based on its social use. The housing is as valuable whether it is vacant or occupied, lived in or devoid of life. Homes sit empty while homeless populations burgeon.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Financialization of housing and the right to adequate housing 2017, para. 45
- Paragraph text
- Informal settlements in Southern cities are regularly demolished for luxury housing and commercial development such as shopping malls and other high-end services intended for those with expendable incomes. In Lagos, Nigeria, for example, 30,000 residents of the Otodo Gbame community were forcibly removed after their waterfront homes were set alight, allegedly related to luxury developments. Many were left homeless. Elsewhere, when informal settlements are upgraded with infrastructure development and the granting of formal title and credit, they become subject to speculation and rising costs that force existing residents, particularly informal renters, out of the community. The real estate market in Mumbai, India, is now actively engaged in promoting speculative investment in informal settlements, where upgraded housing is attracting real estate speculation and price increases.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- During the 1970s, the pesticide DCBP was used extensively on banana and pineapple plantations around the world. In Davao, the Philippines, where the pesticide was used in the 1980s, high levels of sterility were scientifically proven to have resulted from exposure. Other conditions, including cancer, asthma, tuberculosis and skin disease, were also detected, but a linkage was not scientifically proven. While local authorities banned aerial spraying following community protests, the Supreme Court of the Philippines reversed the ban, allegedly under pressure from banana corporations. Further, suits brought by plantation workers have been dismissed, leaving victims without compensation. Twenty years on, despite a global ban on DBCP, soils and water sources remain contaminated.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- Neonicotinoids are accused of being responsible for “colony collapse disorder” of bees worldwide. For example, heavy use of these insecticides has been blamed for the 50 per cent decline over 25 years in honeybee populations in both the United States and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. This decline threatens the very basis of agriculture, given that wild bees and managed honeybees play the greatest role in pollinating crops. According to estimates from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), of some 100 crop species (which provide 90 per cent of global food), 71 per cent are pollinated by bees. The European Union, unlike the United States, restricted the use of certain neonicotinoids in 2013.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 12
- Paragraph text
- Of grave concern are the impacts of chronic exposure to hazardous pesticides. Pesticide exposure has been linked to cancer, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, hormone disruption, developmental disorders and sterility. They can also cause numerous neurological health effects such as memory loss, loss of coordination, reduced visual ability and reduced motor skills. Other possible effects include asthma, allergies and hypersensitivity. These symptoms are often very subtle and may not be recognized by the medical community as a clinical effect caused by pesticides. Furthermore, chronic effects of pesticides may not manifest for months or years after exposure, presenting a significant challenge for accountability and access to an effective remedy, including preventive interventions.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Health
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Financialization of housing and the right to adequate housing 2017, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- In some instances, courts have played an important role in holding financial institutions liable for predatory and discriminatory lending practices, albeit without reference to international human rights obligations. In a recent case, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals in the United States ruled in favour of a lawsuit brought by the city of Miami against Bank of America and Wells Fargo for discriminatory predatory lending practices linked to the mortgage crisis. The Constitutional Court of South Africa recently considered a case involving a fraudulent scheme by investors and a finance company leading to hundreds of homeowners suffering losses of homes and savings. The Court rejected a claim by banks that would place responsibility on the homeowner for repayment of an unpaid debt due to the bank, holding that there is an obligation on the part of well-resourced powerful banking groups to check on the legality of what their clients are buying before lending money and earning interest on it.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Access to rights-based support for persons with disabilities 2017, para. 79
- Paragraph text
- Contributions to the present report illustrate different ways in which States provide support in the area of communication. For example, Cuba has certified 455 sign language interpreters who work in coordination with the National Association of the Deaf, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Higher Education, while Colombia has set up an online relay centre that facilitates the communication of deaf persons with anyone in the country through interpretation services. Deaf persons can also learn to use information and communications technology and be trained as interpreters.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the rights of persons with disabilities
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Witchcraft and the human rights of persons with albinism 2017, para. 40
- Paragraph text
- Similarly, the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief stated in the report of his mission to Sierra Leone (A/HRC/25/58/Add.1) that freedom of religion or belief, while allowing for legally defined limitations to protect the rights and freedoms of others, must be broadly understood. Witchcraft-related beliefs, whether in their ancient or modern form, are protected under the freedom of belief, as are actions related to such beliefs, as long as they do not violate the rights of others. However, he also stressed that "the serious harm inflicted on persons accused of witchcraft can never be justified", and that "if someone were to invoke the right to freedom of religion or belief in order to support harmful practices, such as the persecution and punishment of alleged witches, this would be a clear case for limiting the application of freedom of religion or belief". The same reasoning applies to other harmful practices, including attacks against persons with albinism: harmful practices can never be justified.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Witchcraft and the human rights of persons with albinism 2017, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- Persons with albinism are victims of ritual attacks. It is believed that their body parts can bring, inter alia, wealth and good luck when used in potions made by practitioners of witchcraft, referred to as witchdoctors. Persons with albinism who are victims of such attacks are often dismembered and their body parts stolen, including limbs, genitals and hair. In addition, body parts are often taken from live victims because of the related belief that the intensity of their screams while being dismembered enhances the potency of the muti or juju.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Harmful Practices
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Witchcraft and the human rights of persons with albinism 2017, para. 92
- Paragraph text
- That being said, given the extent of witchcraft practices and the diversity of victims of related harmful practices, including persons with albinism, a transversal approach is timely. This could be in the form of a guiding document that takes into account the several recommendations made to date, including by the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, the Constitutional Law Reform Commission of Papua New Guinea and the preliminary conclusions of the Independent Expert.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Harmful Practices
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Witchcraft and the human rights of persons with albinism 2017, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- Despite these considerations, it appears that various countries with records of attacks do criminalize witchcraft, using a definition of the phenomena in their legislation. However, most of these laws were inherited from the colonial period and are often out of touch with present reality. They bear a limited understanding of witchcraft - its extent, scope, flexibility and evolution - and proffer a definition of the phenomena that is difficult to enforce.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Witchcraft and the human rights of persons with albinism 2017, para. 55
- Paragraph text
- The present report does not question the necessity, complementarity or usefulness of traditional medicine. However, the broad definition of the concept has led to situations where the difference between witchcraft practitioners and traditional doctors is difficult to establish in practice. For example, the Independent Expert has seen advertisements in newspapers posted by "traditional healers" offering to make clients richer, cure incurable diseases, secure release from prison, and making other claims that are more suggestive of witchcraft than traditional medicine. In this context, the ideological affinity found between patients and traditional medicine could facilitate witchcraft as a harmful practice because witchcraft can have a diagnostic objective that could implicate innocent third parties - for example, persons known to and disliked by the patient - as the source of a patient's problem.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Harmful Practices
- Health
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Reflections on the six-year tenure of the Special Rapporteur 2017, para. 34
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur conducted a total of eight official country visits, to Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Cameroon, Iraq, Nigeria, the Republic of Moldova, Sri Lanka and Ukraine.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
SRSG on children and armed conflict: Annual report 2017, para. 55
- Paragraph text
- Lastly, the Special Representative has been extensively involved throughout the reporting period in the Secretary-General's efforts to enhance the United Nations response to allegations of sexual exploitation and abuse. She has participated in the high-level steering committee on implementation of the recommendations of the report of the external independent review panel on sexual exploitation and abuse by international peacekeeping forces in the Central African Republic. The Office of the Special Representative has also taken part in various working groups, including on the implementation of Security Council resolution 2272 (2016), and was involved in the drafting of related documents on improving responses. For example, her Office was heavily involved in drafting the guidance on the preparation, deployment and repatriation of current or future United Nations peacekeeping operations.
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General for children and armed conflict
- Tipo de documento
- SRSG report
- Temas
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Extreme poverty and human rights on universal basic income 2017, para. 25
- Paragraph text
- Some authors on the left of the political spectrum have been enthusiastic supporters of basic income. Guy Standing, a labour economist, has popularized the notion of a “precariat”, a very large segment of the population, whose lives are “dominated by insecurity, uncertainty, debt and humiliation. They are becoming denizens rather than citizens, losing cultural, civil, social, political and economic rights built up over generations”. He argues that in an ever more unequal society, the precariat’s relative deprivation is severe. According to Standing, a basic income would allow people to move in and out of the labour market more easily and would “enable citizens to accept low wages and to bargain more strongly”. Standing has also been involved in important pilot projects in India.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Embrace diversity and energize humanity 2017, para. 5
- Paragraph text
- Through the methodology outlined above, the Independent Expert wishes to give voice to the many national actors who are instrumental in prompting the review and repeal of laws that discriminate against people on the basis of their sexual orientation or gender identity and expression and who contribute to the adoption of non-discrimination provisions. He also wishes to highlight dynamics at the national level and the role of various pillars of the States which can activate the reform process. The report is not intended to provide a comprehensive and geographically inclusive overview of the two underpinnings.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Embrace diversity and energize humanity 2017, para. 10
- Paragraph text
- Fourth, precisely because so many issues under the mandate reach out to an array of sectors and professions, it is essential to broaden the discourse and vistas for cooperation. For example, change in the medical and scientific sector is pivotal in helping to prevent violence and discrimination relating to health concerns. Where the situation was once pathologized, giving rise to potential or actual abuse and stigma, there is now momentum towards depathologizing and destigmatizing in relation to sexual orientation and gender identity, with due regard to ensuring access to comprehensive and quality health care for all. If the issue is interrelated with employment, there is now a call to interlink increasingly with the business sector. Where there are issues of faith and religion, it is important to reach out to spiritual leaders and actors and seek interfaith cooperation to complement international standards. Where there is a quest to shun hate speech and incitement to violence, a key catalyst is the ever-growing presence of social media and its responsiveness to human rights.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Health
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Access to information in international organizations 2017, para. 1
- Paragraph text
- The workings of international organizations, including the United Nations, are deeply opaque to most people. Apart from the work of their highest profile bodies, what they do and how they do it is largely hidden from public view. In such an environment, how does information of legitimate interest to the public get disclosed? How does the general public, including citizens, students, journalists, scholars, activists, parliamentarians and even representatives of Member States, keep track of how the United Nations and other intergovernmental organizations operate and how international civil servants comply with their obligations? What policies, if any, direct international officials to share information? What standards do international officials rely upon when deciding whether to withhold information? In general, how do intergovernmental organizations ensure their own compliance with the human rights norm guaranteeing everyone the right to seek and receive information of all kinds, especially information held by public authorities?
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- In the health sector, low-income and other groups in vulnerable situations are affected the most by corruption and a lack of transparency. Lower-income groups have the most difficulty affording the informal payments that are often required to receive the medical treatment they need. In health-care settings that face a high level of corruption, the poorer sections of the population and those who live in rural areas may suffer longer waiting periods at public health clinics and are also more frequently denied vaccines than rich and urban sections of the population. Health sector corruption can also lead to discrimination more directly when health-care providers and professionals treat patients differently according to their income and their contact with the medical profession.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Extra-custodial use of force and the prohibition of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment 2017, para. 16
- Paragraph text
- It should be noted that the above-mentioned principles govern the use of force, not only in extra-custodial settings, but also where riots, unrest or other violent incidents occur within places of detention. Depending on the circumstances, they may also be relevant in determining the permissibility of invasive health and security procedures, such as the taking of bodily samples or a strip search. In their relations with persons deprived of their liberty, law enforcement officials may not use force, except when strictly necessary for the maintenance of security and order within the institution or when personal safety is threatened, and they may not use firearms, except in self-defence or in the defence of others against the immediate threat of death or serious injury or when strictly necessary to prevent the escape of an inmate presenting a threat of death or serious injury.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Financialization of housing and the right to adequate housing 2017, para. 6
- Paragraph text
- In many countries in the global South, where the majority of households are unlikely to have access to formal credit, the impact of financialization is experienced differently, but with a common theme - the subversion of housing and land as social goods in favour of their value as commodities for the accumulation of wealth, resulting in widespread evictions and displacement. Informal settlements are frequently replaced by luxury residential and high-end commercial real estate.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Financialization of housing and the right to adequate housing 2017, para. 56
- Paragraph text
- Domestic adjudication in the area of housing and finance has also tended to protect investors and has been oriented towards enforcing the contractual relationship between lenders and creditors, both with individual households and with States, without considering imbalances in power or the implications for human rights of the means used for enforcing repayment. The right to adequate housing has rarely been referenced in the adjudication of foreclosures and subsequent evictions, although it is clearly at issue.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Study on illegal adoptions 2017, para. 90
- Paragraph text
- In the context of intercountry adoptions, there have been calls to ensure coordinated responses from both receiving countries and countries of origin faced with illegal adoptions or highly fragile situations. Following the 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean, both countries of origin and receiving countries, with the support of UNICEF and the Hague Conference on Private International Law, stated that no intercountry adoption would take place in the immediate aftermath of the tsunami. Similar conclusions were drawn following the earthquakes that hit Haiti in 2010 and Nepal in 2015.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Study on illegal adoptions 2017, para. 61
- Paragraph text
- The lack of transparency regarding the costs of an adoption and other related payments are at the root of most illegal acts. Particularly in the context of intercountry adoptions, the costs of the whole procedure are not set, which leads to great fluctuations in prices and many opportunities for corruption. Nor is there transparency regarding the purpose and use of other "adoption-related payments", blurring further the line between required and unjustified amounts. Payments also create a dependency (e.g. among "orphanages" and intermediaries) that can fuel illegal adoptions.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo