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Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- Income distribution and its management through taxation also have a crucial relationship with democracy. Growing income disparities can serve to polarize and fragment societies, which can ultimately lead to alienation and social unrest.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
The impact of housing finance policies on the right to adequate housing of those living in poverty 2012, para. 48
- Paragraph text
- Despite substantial Government budgetary investment and specific targeting of low-income households, capital-grant subsidies have partially promoted only the affordability aspect of the right to adequate housing (by substantially reducing housing deficits in some developing countries), at the expense of the broader aspects of habitability, location, availability of services and infrastructure and non-discrimination, which have been largely ignored. As one commentator observed, the new stock of subsidized housing often created a greater housing problem: "the problem of those 'with roofs'".
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Financialization of housing and the right to adequate housing 2017, para. 34
- Paragraph text
- Increased prices of housing and real estate assets have become key drivers in the creation of greater wealth inequality. Those who own property in prime urban locations have become richer, while lower-income households confronting the escalating costs of housing become poorer. Surveys of ultra-high-net-worth individuals show that more than half have increased the proportion of their investments allocated to residential properties, with the most common reasons being in order to sell at a later date and to provide a safe haven for wealth. The "economics of inequality", in fact, may be explained in large part by the inequalities of wealth generated by housing and real estate investments. Buying a home with a mortgage becomes a speculative investment depending on volatile financial markets, which may generate considerable wealth on leveraged equity or, alternatively, deprive households of a lifetime of savings.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
The implications of States’ surveillance of communications on the exercise of the human rights to privacy and to freedom of opinion and expression 2013, para. 41
- Paragraph text
- In addition to intercepting and tracking the content of individuals' communications, States may also seek access to communications data held by third party service providers and Internet companies. As the private sector collects progressively larger amounts of varied data that reveal sensitive information about peoples' daily lives, and individuals and businesses choose to store the content of their communications, such as voicemails, e-mails and documents, with third party service providers, access to communications data is an increasingly valuable surveillance technique employed by States.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Comparative study of enabling environments for associations and businesses 2015, para. 87
- Paragraph text
- Indeed, governments commonly view business as a natural ally of power: its activity stimulates the economy and creates jobs, which enables governments to advance their agendas and helps stabilize political situations. This relationship is, in turn, used to justify certain benefits provided to the business sector, such as tax incentives (though, notably, civil society's significant role in and contribution to economic growth and job creation is often overlooked). Business values are also by definition firmly centred on profit-making, potentially making the sector more politically malleable. Business leaders in some States may see their position as being dependent on power, which makes them cautious about questioning the established order. Businesses also have more resources than associations to lobby governments.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Fundamentalism and its impact on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association 2016, para. 6
- Paragraph text
- Since the turn of the millennium, there has been a perceived rise in expressions of fundamentalism in many contexts across the world. Despite the frequent use of the term, "fundamentalism" remains a word that is rarely defined with any specificity. The origin of the term, and most dictionary definitions, centre on strict adherence to a specific set of religious principles. This definition - conjuring up images of religiously motivated terrorists and sectarian warfare, among others - is perhaps the one that comes to mind first for most people.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
The right to access information 2013, para. 76f
- Paragraph text
- [The core principles include:] Costs. Individuals should not be deterred by excessive cost from making requests for information;
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Fundamentalism and its impact on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association 2016, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- The free market fundamentalist ideology opposes the very existence of trade unions in general, with one author arguing that they are viewed as "monopolist agents manipulating the price of labour to the advantage of some (a minority) and to the disadvantage of others (the majority, including non-unionized workers and consumers)". The Special Rapporteur views anti-unionism as an inherently troubling aspect of free market fundamentalism, as the right to organize in the workplace is protected by the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and through various conventions of the International Labour Organization.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Preliminary survey on the root causes of attacks and discrimination against persons with albinism 2016, para. 80
- Paragraph text
- There is also a pressing need for intense field research into the root causes of and trends in attacks in order for the phenomenon to be adequately understood and adequate measures taken.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Witchcraft and the human rights of persons with albinism 2017, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- While defining witchcraft as an element of crime raises issues, witchcraft accusations could be objectively defined without defining witchcraft. Therefore, to suppress witchcraft accusations, they could be proscribed with legislation, enforceable with relative ease.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Human rights criteria for making contract farming and other business models inclusive of small-scale farmers 2011, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- While the ability of buyers to purchase inputs at wholesale prices might allow them to pass savings on to farmers through lower prices, it may also be that when a farmer has access to inputs only through a buyer, the buyer will charge farmers higher than market prices for those inputs. In the course of consultations, the Special Rapporteur received a communication indicating that in the absence of public services, contract farming can create potentially devastating dependence by small farmers on the technology, credit, inputs and services provided by their contracting companies. This not only points to the danger of the Government relinquishing its duty to support farming communities by providing adequate public goods in the hope that private investors will fill in the gap, it also highlights one of the main negative effects of contract farming for farmers, which is its potential to trap them in cycles of debt. One common occurrence is that farmers must borrow money to invest in agricultural production as required under the contract and then do not earn enough money to cover their debts, for instance, because of falling market prices or poor harvests. This risk is particularly important where the investment on the land is related specifically to one type of production for which the contracting firm is the only buyer, a constraint that may be exploited by the firm as a way to exercise monopolistic power and thus gradually impose lower prices on farmers. Crops that rely on complex production and processing technologies and substantial specialized inputs that are unfamiliar to most growers and require large capital outlays significantly increase the level of risk confronted by growers, as illustrated by the Smallholder Sugar Authority and Smallholder Tea Authority contract-farming schemes in Malawi. The resulting cycle of debt can trap farmers into contractual arrangements that are neither optimal nor easily abandoned, either because of the debt itself or for other reasons, for example, because the soil was degraded by heavy pesticide use or because farmers have lost their relationships with former transaction partners, are unable to re-establish traditional cultivation methods or products or have become too dependent on the firm for other services.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2015, para. 82
- Paragraph text
- The digital agenda should include the following key dimensions.
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children
- Tipo de documento
- SRSG report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Human rights based approach to recovery from the global economic and financial crises, with a focus on those living in poverty 2011, para. 45
- Paragraph text
- A significant percentage of post-crises austerity budgets have included proposals to limit the public wage bill by reducing the public sector workforce and cutting or freezing wages of public sector employees. Often these cuts are not progressively implemented, and therefore have a disproportionate impact on the lowest wage brackets. UNICEF has expressed concern that wage cuts or caps might translate into the reduction or erosion of the real value of salaries, as costs of living continue to rise, and may take the form of hiring freezes or employment retrenchment. The serious implications of such developments would be exacerbated by the fact that declines in real wages were already widespread owing to the effect of the global economic and financial crises on the labour market.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2011, para. 31
- Paragraph text
- These two approaches, comprehensive and specific, are therefore needed and are indeed mutually supportive.
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children
- Tipo de documento
- SRSG report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
The right to mental health 2017, para. 17
- Paragraph text
- Three major obstacles which reinforce each other are identified in the following sections.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
The first decade of the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children 2014, para. 71
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur has consistently sought to engage victims in all aspects of her work and is of the view that the mandate has benefited enormously from this approach. Respondents to the questionnaire affirmed this finding, emphasizing the importance of the mandate focusing on the real experiences of victims and drawing on strong, evidence-based research. Several respondents identified the efforts of the Special Rapporteur to give a voice to victims, including at the Human Rights Council and the General Assembly, as a major achievement.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 66h
- Paragraph text
- [Criteria and indicators should be strengthened in accordance with the benchmarks and indicators for ensuring trafficking-free supply chains proposed by the Special Rapporteur (A/HRC/23/48/Add.4, appendix I) and should include at a minimum the following indicators:] Workers that earn wages calculated on a performance-related basis do not earn less than the legally mandated minimum wage;
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Witchcraft and the human rights of persons with albinism 2017, para. 70
- Paragraph text
- In certain countries, organizations of traditional healers have established oversight systems to control the practice of their members. This is the case in Mozambique, where oversight takes the form of voluntary registration in the association of traditional healers.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- In rural areas, for example, pit latrines may be acceptable if they are well-constructed and emptied as necessary, or filled in and rebuilt elsewhere. Problems arise where these types of latrines are not well built, or risk contaminating the water table. Hygiene concerns will arise if these latrines are not regularly cleaned, which may be difficult where latrine slabs are poorly constructed.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Extreme poverty and human rights on universal basic income 2017, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- Negative income taxes, inspired by the work of Milton Friedman, ensure that individuals who earn below a certain threshold receive payments from the government, rather than having to pay taxes. It is similar to basic income in that every citizen is automatically and unconditionally eligible, but it differs from the full basic income in that benefits phase out as incomes rise. Amounts may also be adjusted for households.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2014, para. 133
- Paragraph text
- Adequate financial resources should be made available to support and sustain restorative justice programmes, and to secure periodic capacity-building for justice actors, community volunteers and peer educators.
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children
- Tipo de documento
- SRSG report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
Extreme inequality and human rights 2015, para. 8
- Paragraph text
- Current income-inequality figures are quite dramatic. According to a 2008 study by the International Labour Organization (ILO), over the past two decades the income gap between the top and bottom 10 per cent of wage earners increased in 70 per cent of the countries for which data was available. According to a recent Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) study, the gap between rich and poor in OECD countries is at its highest level in 30 years. In 2007, the average executive manager in the 15 largest firms in the United States of America earned more than 500 times what the average employee in the United States earned, compared with over 300 times in 2003, and similar patterns can be observed in many other countries.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Extreme inequality and human rights 2015, para. 16
- Paragraph text
- The differences in intergenerational economic mobility between countries are not random. Studies have shown a clear negative relationship between economic inequalities in a country and intergenerational earnings mobility. Alan Krueger has called this the "Great Gatsby curve". Joseph Stiglitz has written that the ideal of equal opportunity is increasingly a myth in many countries and that the decline in opportunity has gone hand in hand with growing inequality.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Extreme poverty and human rights on universal basic income 2017, para. 66e
- Paragraph text
- [One of the biggest challenges in relation to basic income is to move beyond its chameleon-like character. There are many versions of it, and each is supported by a diverse array of actors, precisely because they see different attractions in the concept. To assess the utility and acceptability of basic income from a human rights perspective, it is helpful to identify the main categories of motivation.] Freedom, in the sense of the ability to make career and related choices, or the ability to exercise political rights because of a degree of economic security;
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Inter-American Convention against All Forms of Discrimination and Intolerance 2013, para. g
- Paragraph text
- DISTURBED by the fact that various parts of the world have seen a general increase in cases of intolerance and violence motivated by anti-Semitism, Christianophobia, or Islamophobia, and that directed against members of other religious communities, including those with African roots;
- Organismo
- Organization of American States
- Tipo de documento
- Regional treaty
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 63
- Paragraph text
- In many countries, business enterprises are taxed at a very low rate, even if they make large profits, owing in large part to the infrastructure, healthy educated workforce and other resources that public funds enable. In addition, many large transnational corporations are able to effectively avoid tax in many jurisdictions, including in countries where they make large profits.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
Extreme poverty and human rights on universal basic income 2017, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- In the United Kingdom, basic income proposals were prominent in the period after both world wars. In 1918, Bertrand Russell called for an income for all, sufficient to pay for “necessaries” in post-First World War Britain. And when the Beveridge plan was being debated in 1943, Juliet Rhys-Williams proposed a basic income approach instead of Beveridge’s contributory welfare state plan.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 66j
- Paragraph text
- [Criteria and indicators should be strengthened in accordance with the benchmarks and indicators for ensuring trafficking-free supply chains proposed by the Special Rapporteur (A/HRC/23/48/Add.4, appendix I) and should include at a minimum the following indicators:] Deductions made from workers’ wages are lawful;
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
SRSG on violence against children: Annual report 2012, para. 56
- Paragraph text
- Although the findings of the survey will be captured more fully in an analytical report to be issued later in 2012, the most significant highlights are presented below, with a special emphasis on the priority areas identified by the Special Representative's mandate.
- Organismo
- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children
- Tipo de documento
- SRSG report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Global migration governance 2013, para. 133
- Paragraph text
- States should consider holding more frequent high-level dialogues, for instance every three years, which should be interactive and action-oriented, each with a rights-based negotiated outcome document.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo