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Impact of climate change on the right to food 2015, para. 64
- Paragraph text
- Other examples of reallocation of resources for the benefit of clean energy at the expense of food security are cleaning coal and constructing dams for the generation of hydroelectric power. Cleaning coal requires large amounts of water that could otherwise be used for irrigating arable land, while the construction of dams for hydroelectricity may affect water supply for agricultural activities downstream and also flood land that could otherwise be used for food production. Indeed, any mitigation and adaptation policies that affect water resources must carefully consider competing water uses and the various implications for food security. Measures that mitigate one type of adverse impact could exacerbate another.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Comparative study of enabling environments for associations and businesses 2015, para. 88
- Paragraph text
- Some associations, on the other hand, often centre their role on speaking truth to power, which makes their relationship with governments potentially more antagonistic, although not always. To some extent the power and influence imbalance can depend on an entity's size, sectoral influence and available financial resources. Bigger and richer organizations tend to have more access and influence, whether they are in the for-profit or non-profit sector. Labour unions also may have better access to decision-making processes, particularly in relation to workers' rights and where tripartite mechanisms exist. On the other end of the spectrum, informal community-based structures may have great difficulty in participating in decision-making processes. A striking example is the "Majakaneng Water Crisis Committee" in South Africa which, despite its many attempts to intervene in high-level meetings between provincial and municipal structures, was not granted access or allowed copies of relevant documentation in relation to ongoing water problems in the Majakaneng community.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Report of the SR on the right to health and Agenda 2030 2016, para. 19
- Paragraph text
- The right to health encompasses the underlying determinants of health, including its social and psychosocial determinants. The Sustainable Development Goals address many of these underlying determinants, from specific right-to-health entitlements found in the targets of Goal 3, such as road safety, harmful alcohol and tobacco use and environmental pollution, as well as other Goals and targets, including on clean water and sanitation (Goal 6), education (Goal 4), food (Goal 2), decent work (Goal 8), reducing inequalities (Goal 10), gender equality (Goal 5), poverty reduction (Goal 1), climate change and access to energy (Goal 13), peace, justice and strong institutions (Goal 16) and violence (targets 5.2, 16.1 and 16.2).
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Reflection on work undertaken in first 14 years of the mandate; outline of opportunities and priorities 2014, para. 82
- Paragraph text
- The Rapporteur anticipates that her work to clarify the obligations of various levels of government may shed light on practical issues regarding the human rights responsibilities of non-State actors, such as private landlords, construction and real estate companies, and service and utility providers, responsible for assisting States and subnational governments in the provision and management of housing, as well as in the provision of the utilities and services necessary to ensure the quality and habitability of housing. In this regard, she will draw on the work of her predecessors as well as that of other special procedures, such as the thematic report of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation on the participation of non-State service providers in water and sanitation service delivery.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
Centrality of the right to adequate housing for the development and implementation of the New Urban Agenda to be adopted at Habitat III in October 2016 2015, para. 11
- Paragraph text
- Achieving the objectives of Habitat III will rely on the unique ability of human rights to effect transformative change through the application of universal norms and guiding principles to specific contexts and in response to emerging challenges. This essentially describes the key features and benefits of a human rights approach. Human rights can effect the kind of spatial, geographic, social and attitudinal change required to address the structural causes of exclusion and inequality, so that cities become places of opportunity and well-being for everyone - where adequate housing, food, water and sanitation, education, employment and health are realized as fundamental rights.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 46
- Paragraph text
- Existing legislation, strategies and policies should be reviewed to ensure that they are compatible with obligations arising from the right to water, and should be repealed, amended or changed if inconsistent with Covenant requirements.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights
- Tipo de documento
- General Comment / Recommendation
- Temas
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2002
Párrafo
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 58
- Paragraph text
- Judges, adjudicators and members of the legal profession should be encouraged by States parties to pay greater attention to violations of the right to water in the exercise of their functions.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights
- Tipo de documento
- General Comment / Recommendation
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2002
Párrafo
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- The right to water, like any human right, imposes three types of obligations on States parties: obligations to respect, obligations to protect and obligations to fulfil.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights
- Tipo de documento
- General Comment / Recommendation
- Temas
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2002
Párrafo
Acroecology and the right to food 2011, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- Crop breeding and agroecology are complementary. For instance, breeding provides new varieties with shorter growing cycles, which enable farmers to continue farming in regions where the crop season has already shrunk. Breeding can also improve the level of drought resistance in plant varieties, an asset for countries where lack of water is a limiting factor. Reinvesting in agricultural research must consequently mean continued efforts in breeding. However, agroecology is more overarching as it supports building drought-resistant agricultural systems (including soils, plants, agrobiodiversity, etc.), not just drought-resistant plants.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Fisheries and the right to food 2012, para. 24
- Paragraph text
- For small-scale fishers in developing countries, increased demand in foreign markets may open up opportunities. In Sri Lanka, fishers targeting species for overseas markets, such as tuna, shrimp and lobster, have much higher incomes than those involved in fisheries for local markets. In other cases, however, where small-scale fishers sell fish destined for overseas markets, middlemen or fish-processing factories may pay relatively low prices, only marginally higher (or even the same) than those paid by local markets and consumers. In a study of fish trade in India, it was noted that fishers had little information on the prices paid for fish for export and relatively few actors controlled the supply chain and points of final sale. Although there are promising counter-examples, small-scale fishers generally face considerable obstacles, such as competition from larger firms and tariff and non-tariff trade barriers, including difficulties in meeting the stringent hygiene and sanitation standards demanded by importing countries.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Report of the SR on the right to health and Agenda 2030 2016, para. 7
- Paragraph text
- Almost all of the 17 Goals have a linkage with health, and many are important underlying determinants of health, including: Poverty eradication (Goal 1) Food security and nutrition (Goal 2) Inclusive and equitable quality education (Goal 4) Gender equality (Goal 5) Sustainable water and sanitation (Goal 6) Reducing inequalities within and between countries (Goal 10) Making cities and settlements safe (Goal 11) Climate change and access to energy (Goal 13) Peaceful and inclusive societies, access to justice and inclusive and accountable institutions (Goal 16) Global partnerships (Goal 17)
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 25
- Paragraph text
- The obligation to fulfil can be disaggregated into the obligations to facilitate, promote and provide. The obligation to facilitate requires the State to take positive measures to assist individuals and communities to enjoy the right. The obligation to promote obliges the State party to take steps to ensure that there is appropriate education concerning the hygienic use of water, protection of water sources and methods to minimize water wastage. States parties are also obliged to fulfil (provide) the right when individuals or a group are unable, for reasons beyond their control, to realize that right themselves by the means at their disposal.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights
- Tipo de documento
- General Comment / Recommendation
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2002
Párrafo
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- To ensure that water is affordable, States parties must adopt the necessary measures that may include, inter alia: (a) use of a range of appropriate low-cost techniques and technologies; (b) appropriate pricing policies such as free or low-cost water; and (c) income supplements. Any payment for water services has to be based on the principle of equity, ensuring that these services, whether privately or publicly provided, are affordable for all, including socially disadvantaged groups. Equity demands that poorer households should not be disproportionately burdened with water expenses as compared to richer households.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights
- Tipo de documento
- General Comment / Recommendation
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2002
Párrafo
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 37b
- Paragraph text
- [In General Comment No. 3 (1990), the Committee confirms that States parties have a core obligation to ensure the satisfaction of, at the very least, minimum essential levels of each of the rights enunciated in the Covenant. In the Committee's view, at least a number of core obligations in relation to the right to water can be identified, which are of immediate effect:] To ensure the right of access to water and water facilities and services on a non-discriminatory basis, especially for disadvantaged or marginalized groups;
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights
- Tipo de documento
- General Comment / Recommendation
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2002
Párrafo
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 12c (ii)
- Paragraph text
- [While the adequacy of water required for the right to water may vary according to different conditions, the following factors apply in all circumstances:] Accessibility. Water and water facilities and services have to be accessible to everyone without discrimination, within the jurisdiction of the State party. Accessibility has four overlapping dimensions: Economic accessibility: Water, and water facilities and services, must be affordable for all. The direct and indirect costs and charges associated with securing water must be affordable, and must not compromise or threaten the realization of other Covenant rights;
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights
- Tipo de documento
- General Comment / Recommendation
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2002
Párrafo
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 49
- Paragraph text
- The national water strategy and plan of action should also be based on the principles of accountability, transparency and independence of the judiciary, since good governance is essential to the effective implementation of all human rights, including the realization of the right to water. In order to create a favourable climate for the realization of the right, States parties should take appropriate steps to ensure that the private business sector and civil society are aware of, and consider the importance of, the right to water in pursuing their activities.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights
- Tipo de documento
- General Comment / Recommendation
- Temas
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2002
Párrafo
The right to water (Art. 11 and 12) 2002, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- To assist the monitoring process, right to water indicators should be identified in the national water strategies or plans of action. The indicators should be designed to monitor, at the national and international levels, the State party's obligations under articles 11, paragraph 1, and 12. Indicators should address the different components of adequate water (such as sufficiency, safety and acceptability, affordability and physical accessibility), be disaggregated by the prohibited grounds of discrimination, and cover all persons residing in the State party's territorial jurisdiction or under their control. States parties may obtain guidance on appropriate indicators from the ongoing work of WHO, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Commission on Human Rights.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights
- Tipo de documento
- General Comment / Recommendation
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2002
Párrafo
Human Rights Obligations Related to Non-State Service Provision in Water and Sanitation 2010, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- [The challenges in the water and sanitation sector are huge. Many of these challenges are faced by all service providers, State and non-State, and thus this analysis may be relevant in a broader context. However, the present section retains a specific focus on situations where non-State service providers are involved, clarifying the obligations of States and the responsibilities of non-State actors in this context, since the human rights analysis changes when non-State actors become involved. By identifying the challenges in the context of water and sanitation service provision, it is hoped that concrete and practical guidance may be offered to States and service providers alike. Against the standard of the human rights to water and sanitation, a number of such challenges can be identified, including:] Ensuring the quality of services
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 63f
- Paragraph text
- [In line with these conclusions, the independent expert recommends the following:] Official development assistance for the water and sanitation sector must be better targeted to primarily reach those most in need, including in least developed and other low-income countries as well as the most marginalized communities and populations in other countries. As those most in need tend to benefit from basic systems, priority should be given to these. Moreover, since sanitation continues to be underfunded, and more off track than the water target, the former must be prioritized in aid targeting;
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- The above reasoning suggests that the Millennium Development Goal indicators reflect human rights criteria to a certain extent, but that human rights can bring important dimensions to targets and indicators based upon the Millennium Development Goals, helping to refine and expand them. When these additional criteria are factored in, a much bleaker picture emerges. While the extent of the gap is unknown, far more people than indicated by the figures measuring access to improved water sources and sanitation facilities do not have access to sufficient water and sanitation services that are safe, acceptable, accessible and affordable. Assessments carried out by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme demonstrate this by explicitly considering regularity and affordability as additional criteria. Another assessment highlights that access to safe water in urban areas is significantly lower in certain countries than the official figures for access to improved sources would suggest. Likewise, pilot studies by the Joint Monitoring Programme indicate that far from all water sources that are categorized as improved meet water quality standards.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- The global targets and indicators are generally formulated in terms of aggregate attainments. While the United Nations guidance on monitoring recommends gender as well as urban/rural disaggregation for all Millennium Development Goal indicators as far as possible, in practice the data are only disaggregated to a very limited extent. The indicators on water and sanitation are a notable exception. But even this is no panacea, as the distinction is often more administrative than real, particularly in peri-urban areas, and studies have found that in national surveys many urban slums are treated as rural areas. In other instances, the population of informal settlements does not appear at all in the statistics. The situation in urban slums, in particular, can therefore be assumed to be much bleaker than the official figures suggest.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Human Rights Obligations Related to Non-State Service Provision in Water and Sanitation 2010, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- When non-State actors are involved in service provision, there is a shift to a stronger focus on the obligation of the State to protect. At the same time, the obligation to fulfil retains its significance with the aim of creating an enabling environment. States have a duty to regulate and monitor providers that they involve in service delivery. Moreover, they may need to adopt supplementary measures depending on the circumstances, for instance to ensure the affordability of services. A comprehensive approach is needed: non-State service providers can be involved, but the State has the obligation to develop an overall (short, medium and long-term) strategy on how to fully realize the rights to water and sanitation. When the State does not directly provide services, its role nevertheless remains obligatory and critical.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Human Rights Obligations Related to Non-State Service Provision in Water and Sanitation 2010, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- [The challenges in the water and sanitation sector are huge. Many of these challenges are faced by all service providers, State and non-State, and thus this analysis may be relevant in a broader context. However, the present section retains a specific focus on situations where non-State service providers are involved, clarifying the obligations of States and the responsibilities of non-State actors in this context, since the human rights analysis changes when non-State actors become involved. By identifying the challenges in the context of water and sanitation service provision, it is hoped that concrete and practical guidance may be offered to States and service providers alike. Against the standard of the human rights to water and sanitation, a number of such challenges can be identified, including:] Addressing power asymmetries in the bidding and negotiation process
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Human Rights Obligations Related to Non-State Service Provision in Water and Sanitation 2010, para. 7
- Paragraph text
- Some highly visible instances of private sector participation have triggered a vigorous debate, criticism and high scrutiny over the formal private sector, focusing more on water than sanitation. On the one side, some argue that water is a public good and a unique resource essential for life and health and thus should remain in the public domain. Critics often point to instances where private sector participation is perceived to have failed, arguing that performance has been poor, agreed coverage targets have not been met, the quality of services has decreased, prices have increased substantially and that processes have not been transparent. Conversely, others argue that the private sector can contribute to the necessary investments in the sector, and thus extend coverage to currently unserved or underserved areas, as well as increase service quality and efficiency, contribute with technologies and skills and provide services at lower prices.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Human Rights Obligations Related to Non-State Service Provision in Water and Sanitation 2010, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- [The challenges in the water and sanitation sector are huge. Many of these challenges are faced by all service providers, State and non-State, and thus this analysis may be relevant in a broader context. However, the present section retains a specific focus on situations where non-State service providers are involved, clarifying the obligations of States and the responsibilities of non-State actors in this context, since the human rights analysis changes when non-State actors become involved. By identifying the challenges in the context of water and sanitation service provision, it is hoped that concrete and practical guidance may be offered to States and service providers alike. Against the standard of the human rights to water and sanitation, a number of such challenges can be identified, including:] Establishing effective complaint mechanisms
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Human Rights Obligations Related to Non-State Service Provision in Water and Sanitation 2010, para. 63n
- Paragraph text
- [The human rights framework does not call for any particular form of service provision. It is well established that, from a human rights perspective, States can opt to involve non-State actors in sanitation and water services provision. But the State cannot exempt itself from its human rights obligations and hence remains the primary duty-bearer. Therefore, also when involving other actors in services provision, the role of the State is crucial. The obligations of States and the responsibilities of non-State actors are complementary. The latter can and should support the State in the realization of human rights. In line with these conclusions, the independent expert offers the following recommendations:] States must put into place accountability mechanisms at the national level. They should also adhere to mechanisms at the regional and international levels and should, in particular, ratify the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights;
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Financing for the Realization of the Rights to Water and Sanitation 2011, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- Another form of household contribution in accessing formal water and sewerage services is the connection charges. These costs consist of payments to the utility for the cost of connection to the network (e.g. the physical costs of bringing the pipes to the household) and the cost of improvements within the household to enable such a connection (e.g. in-house pipes, water storage tanks etc.). These costs are often a significant barrier for those living in extreme poverty, with recent research suggesting that in Africa the average connection cost paid to utilities was US$ 185.50, and in Asia, US$ 168.90. Putting these numbers in context, connecting to the water system in, for example, Ghana requires about one year's income. Some countries have decided to reduce the barriers to accessing water and sanitation services by removing this charge for all or some households, or by incorporating some or all of the cost of extending the service into standard service charges. Arguably, expanding the customer base of the water utility has the potential to bring in more revenue than insisting on high connection charges.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Poverty
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Financing for the Realization of the Rights to Water and Sanitation 2011, para. 64
- Paragraph text
- In terms of measuring available resources, fragmentation presents an obstacle in several ways. For one, it is fairly common that a variety of institutions at the national or local level will have an entry point into the water and sanitation sector as part of their broader portfolio of responsibilities. Because in regard to budgeting each agency's contribution to the sector may be couched in terms of these larger responsibilities (e.g. public health initiatives, housing initiatives, environmental initiatives etc.), it is difficult for States to ascertain with precision the amount of resources they devote to water and sanitation. Indeed, this diffusion of responsibility for water and sanitation is a major contributor to under-resourcing. Furthermore, with resources located in several different accounts, it is difficult to monitor disbursements. For example, a Treasury single account, which consolidates all of the Government's cash and provides a trail of how the funds are spent and to whom, offers one way of addressing this challenge.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Financing for the Realization of the Rights to Water and Sanitation 2011, para. 51
- Paragraph text
- Directing more resources towards operation and maintenance is essential for the long-term sustainability of efforts to realize the rights to water and sanitation. Seventy-five per cent of the current annual resource needs to achieve the Millennium Development Goal targets for water and sanitation are for replacing and maintaining existing resources. Unfortunately, despite progress in expanding coverage of water and sanitation services, there are clear signs of slippage, whereby communities that had received improved coverage fell into old patterns owing to poor maintenance. In India, for instance, roughly 30 per cent of all communities that had gained improved access to water and sanitation have since lost some or all of that coverage. Throughout Africa, it is estimated that, at any given moment, between 30 and 40 per cent of hand pumps are not functional. Comparatively little international aid currently goes to covering such expenses.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Financing for the Realization of the Rights to Water and Sanitation 2011, para. 58
- Paragraph text
- The proliferation and sustainability of water and sanitation services depends not only on financing and constructing new facilities. States also have an obligation to educate communities about the hygienic use of water and sanitation services. Devoting resources towards educating communities about the use and benefits of water and sanitation and consulting with them about their specific needs have a number of benefits, including, inter alia, ensuring that the services are used correctly and in a manner that supports their long-term sustainability; improving local ownership, transparency and accountability; ensuring that facilities are acceptable and reflect the cultural needs of the community; and improving overall public health. Despite these benefits, most countries still have limited capacity to devote further resources to this area. International support also remains low, representing just 1 per cent of total aid to the sector in 2008.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo