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Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 1
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- Pursuant to Human Rights Council resolutions 27/7 of 2014 and 33/10 of 2016, the Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation, Léo Heller, was mandated to work on identifying challenges and obstacles to the full realization of those rights, as well as protection gaps, good practices and enabling factors. The subject of the present report is the regulation of water and sanitation services in the context of realization of human rights and the report aims to discuss the essential role that regulatory frameworks can play in the implementation of these human rights at the national level. In this respect, it outlines the legal obligations and responsibilities of States, regulatory actors and service providers in progressively realizing the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation through regulatory frameworks.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 7
- Paragraph text
- The human rights obligations of States are classified as obligations to respect, to protect and to fulfil. The obligation to respect requires that States’ regulatory frameworks refrain from interfering directly or indirectly with people’s existing access to water and sanitation. To that end, States must ensure that their regulatory framework prohibits disconnections from water and sanitation services due to users’ inability to pay, as it is a retrogressive measure and violates the human rights to water and sanitation, must ensure, when extending piped networks to informal settlements, that these services are affordable so as not to interfere with people’s access, and must avoid discriminatory or unaffordable increases in the price of water and sanitation services due to inadequate regulation. Furthermore, preparedness for situations of armed conflict, emergency situations, natural disasters and effects of climate change requires that States embrace in their regulatory frameworks the obligations relevant to water and sanitation provision pursuant to international humanitarian law.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Poverty
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 18
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- The International Water Association’s Lisbon Charter, on public policy and regulation for drinking water supply, sanitation and wastewater management services, adopted by 85 Governments in 2015, asserts that the actions of regulatory actors “must be based on the principles of competence, professionalism, impartiality, accountability and transparency” (art. 4). From a human rights perspective, there are additional key principles that must guide regulatory intervention in all circumstances: the principles of equality and non-discrimination; active, free and meaningful participation; access to information; and sustainability. These overarching principles should not only guide national policies on water and sanitation but also be embedded in legal and regulatory frameworks binding all water and sanitation stakeholders, including regulatory actors.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 26
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- It is widely accepted that the scope for competition in the water and sanitation sector is limited, due to the prominence of significant upfront, sunk costs. This situation commonly results in the existence of a single service provider — public or private — in a given area, defined as natural monopoly, reinforcing the need for adequate regulatory measures to ensure that the rights of users are not compromised. In fact, historically, the rationale for introducing regulation in the water and sanitation sector has been related to instances of “market failure”, in particular, prevention of monopoly abuse. In such monopoly situations, regulatory bodies may be more exposed to the risk of capture by providers, due to information and power asymmetries among other factors, and by political interests, since these bodies are part of governments.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- The functions of these bodies include standard-setting, examining water and sanitation services for compliance with relevant standards, providing a forum for complaints by individuals, and setting or signing off on tariffs. When the exercise of these functions is guided by the human rights framework, this regulatory model can contribute significantly to the progressive realization of the human rights to water and sanitation. However, in the absence of a strong national policy and legal framework on the human rights to water and sanitation, these bodies also face challenges in realizing these rights.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 25
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- Regardless of the regulatory model chosen, currently most water and sanitation regulatory frameworks typically incorporate aspects of economic regulation (asset management planning and tariff-setting), of quality of service regulation and of drinking water quality regulation. Some may also include aspects of environmental regulation, mainly water abstraction and wastewater discharges, of user interface regulation or of legal and contractual regulation. The fact that different forms of regulation have been adopted for specific purposes without explicit mention of the human rights to water and sanitation standards or principles does not necessarily mean that those forms of regulation do not take into consideration at least partially these standards and principles. In this context, it is essential to emphasize a distinction between fully incorporating the human rights to water and sanitation into regulatory frameworks and choosing some selected aspects of it to comply with. For States to fulfil their human rights obligations, the whole human rights to water and sanitation framework must be reflected in States’ regulatory norms and activities.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 73
- Paragraph text
- The State of Palestine reports that in its territory informal providers are not only present but are essential to ensure some communities’ access to water. This delivery is the only effective option for many communities, hence it is considered a public service. Currently, different governmental institutions are collaborating in order to ensure regulation and supervision of these informal providers. Efforts are being made to license and certify them. The Government’s long-term strategy is to fully connect local communities to public water distribution networks, but in the short term the strategy is to regulate this service and facilitate the mutual support between the local communities and informal service providers.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 5
- Paragraph text
- The number of States with a regulatory framework for water and sanitation services is increasing and so is the contingent of regulatory actors. However, there is no universal regulatory model. Regulation should be adapted to local circumstances, needs and challenges. International human rights law does not prescribe a particular choice of regulatory framework. What is essential from a human rights perspective is that those carrying out regulatory functions be immune to pressures from any illegitimate interests and that the main objectives of regulation be aligned with the human rights to drinking water and sanitation.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- All service providers, whether public, State-owned or private, must comply with the State’s legal and regulatory framework. In cases where the State is the service provider, at central level or often through its municipalities, it must act in compliance with the laws and regulations of the State and in line with its international human rights obligations. Where service provision is formally delegated by the State to non-State actors, the State cannot exempt itself from its human rights obligations and retains the obligation to regulate and monitor their activities. Non-State service providers (formal and informal), on the other hand, have human rights responsibilities, which include complying with the national regulatory framework and respecting the human rights to water and sanitation.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- Specifically, the Japan International Cooperation Agency has elaborated an assistance strategy on water supply and sanitation (2016). The strategy addresses some elements of the human rights to water and sanitation diffusely among six key issues. Several of those issues demonstrate the Agency’s intention to compensate for multiple imbalances in the water and sanitation sector worldwide. For example, a focus on sustainable rural water supply is adopted in order to tackle long-standing deficits with regard to access in certain geographical areas and on improved sanitation, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Provisions related to the standards of accessibility and quality of services and the principle of sustainability are integrated in the strategy. However, the strategy does not stipulate detailed provisions related to other crucial elements of the human rights to water and sanitation. Regarding affordability, provisions are limited to improving tariff policy and collection. Guarantees for the availability and accessibility of services for all are not mentioned either.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 38
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- The Water Resources Sector Strategy, published in 2004, contains some relevant provisions and guidelines related to the human rights to water and sanitation. For instance, it establishes that communities should be vested “with ownership rights and authority to select service providers”, contributing to the enjoyment of the right to participation. Projects and programmes should strengthen “regulatory oversight capacities, institutions and processes to provide greater transparency and predictability”. Moreover, financially disadvantaged people are to be ensured “access to safe, affordable water supply and sanitation services by reducing costs and increasing accountability”. However, the World Bank’s pro-poor focus is not equivalent to a human rights-based approach, since it does not embody the full spectrum of the human rights framework.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 66
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- Improvements to partner States’ water and sanitation services funded through development cooperation, even when provided without an obligation for full repayment, often entail an increased need for revenues from tariffs or taxes to keep those services operational and sustainable in the long term. Some funders request or even impose an obligation on partner States to fully or partially recover the costs to operate and maintain such systems through tariffs. Consequently, depending on how tariffs for water and sanitation services are set upon completion, these projects can have an impact on affordable access to services. When funders impose conditionalities requiring full cost recovery through tariffs and the result is higher service fees for users, the affected users must be able to petition the amount of the tariff and seek recourse. If they are not able to do so, the public authorities are therefore not protecting users from the adverse impact of unaffordable services, and the funder shares responsibility for facilitating the creation of such circumstances.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- The European Union has in place a regulation establishing a financing instrument for democracy and human rights worldwide. The most recent specific policy document on the water and sanitation sector was endorsed in 2002 by the Council of the European Union. It emphasizes the importance of relevant principles and standards related to participation, gender equality, transparency and access to information, financial and environmental sustainability in service provision, affordability, and improving service levels for the poorest populations and rural, urban and peri-urban areas.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 84
- Paragraph text
- Similar to the broad conclusion reached in the first report (A/71/302, paras. 41-44), the Special Rapporteur finds that the explicit commitment to human rights in the six funders’ policies constitutes a heterogeneous patchwork. While some funders’ policies consider the human rights framework, particularly the human rights to water and sanitation, others are only sporadically aligned with those rights and reveal varying degrees of clarity regarding their application to development cooperation. However, even in cases where the human rights framework was adequately incorporated in funders’ policies, the Special Rapporteur observed significant gaps in the application of this framework during project implementation. The root causes of such gaps are varied, including non-implementation of applicable policies at the project stage, non-integration of the human rights framework in the funder’s policies and tools and the absence of a human rights approach in the project selection and design stages.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 50
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- Regular cleaning, emptying of pits or other places that collect human excreta, and maintenance should also be regulated, in order to ensure the sustainability of sanitation facilities and continued access to them. Where on-site sanitation solutions are used, regulation must ensure that pits and septic tanks are required to be constructed in a way that contents can be adequately collected and disposed of at a sludge treatment facility rather than dumped into the environment.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 68
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- Similarly, formal sanitation service providers, whether urban or rural, typically do not report data to regulatory authorities. While a regulatory framework and standards for sewerage networks are generally available, they are not always effectively put in place and monitored. Sewerage systems often raise affordability concerns for the State, the service provider and the user and require careful monitoring. Connection charges may prevent poorer households from making use of this service, unless appropriate regulation is in place to ensure affordability.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 76
- Paragraph text
- Assessing a project’s contribution to the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation requires a set of methods balancing quantitative and qualitative assessments and covering the full range of the normative content of the human rights to water and sanitation and human rights principles. Among several ways of assessing a particular project, process assessments and output and outcome indicators can be applied to assess a funder’s capacity to contribute to the progressive realization of human rights through their activities.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 85
- Paragraph text
- When administrative or national quasi-judicial mechanisms do not exist or are not able to successfully resolve a dispute, the right to an effective remedy requires that people whose rights to water and sanitation have been affected be able to turn to a court. A right of judicial review as a last resort is sometimes indispensable. In this context, it is critical that judicial systems uphold the justiciability of the human rights to water and sanitation in line with international human rights law.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 76
- Paragraph text
- The regulation of water and sanitation services (or the lack thereof) in rural areas is similarly challenging. Rural water supplies are often managed by local community organizations or members, untrained and unpaid, and it is argued by some that they would benefit from provision of training, resources, and assistance, rather than regulatory enforcement. However, these two measures are not incompatible and it is a question for governments to balance support for communities with regulation.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 92d
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- [In the assessment and monitoring stage, the Special Rapporteur recommends that funders:] Prepare studies that assess all stages of the funder’s activities in the human rights development cycle, envisaging the application of the related findings to improve the funder’s contributions to the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation;
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 8
- Paragraph text
- The obligation to protect requires States to prevent third parties from interfering in any way with the enjoyment of the human rights to water and sanitation by establishing an effective regulatory system, which includes independent monitoring, genuine public participation and imposition of penalties for non-compliance. In cases in which the provision of water and sanitation services is delegated to third parties, the State has the obligation to regulate the activities of those institutions to ensure that all aspects of human rights are guaranteed (see A/HRC/33/49/Add.2). Establishing an effective regulatory framework comprises the obligations to set service standards in line with the normative content of the human rights to water and sanitation, and to create public authorities to carry out regulatory functions independently.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 67
- Paragraph text
- According to Investing in Water and Sanitation: Increasing Access, Reducing Inequalities (UN-Water Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking Water, 2014 report), less than half of countries report a functioning process whereby formal rural drinking-water service providers report the results of their internal monitoring to regulatory authorities and also use the results to trigger corrective action. Moreover, performance results are not typically made public for a majority of service providers. Only for urban formal service providers were performance results made public for over 60 per cent of respondent countries. Countries indicated that the extent of independent surveillance of water quality was far greater in urban areas: nearly 70 per cent of countries reported surveillance in urban areas, compared to only 40 per cent in rural areas.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- The human rights to water and sanitation are binding on the State as a whole. All public or governmental authorities, or separate State bodies exercising regulatory functions at national, regional or local levels, have the responsibility to realize the State’s human rights obligations. To that end, regulatory actors must ensure that their policies, procedures and activities are compliant with the State’s international human rights obligations in relation to the rights to water and sanitation. Their obligations also include ensuring human rights compliance by the municipalities and other entities that they regulate (see A/HRC/36/45/Add.1, para. 31).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 24
- Paragraph text
- In 2014, France adopted legislation on international development that reaffirms its commitment to promote human rights and related principles. That legislation designates water and sanitation as a stand-alone sector in the country’s development cooperation agenda. The three priority areas designated in the legislation focus on assistance in creating national sector frameworks, including standards for water quality; sustainable water resource management; and sustainable, high-performance water and sanitation services. Those priorities partially overlap with certain elements of the normative content of the human rights to water and sanitation, but the legislation does not incorporate the full framework of those rights.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 47
- Paragraph text
- One example is the IADB manual on the human rights to water and sanitation. The manual aims to generate good practices by providing guidance on how those rights can be incorporated in the activities of actors in the water and sanitation sector. It attempts to offer both general and more targeted, practical guidance to establish an enabling environment for the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation. As part of the manual’s implementation, IADB has undertaken plans to perform four pilot studies in different locations in the region to facilitate information exchange and to hone in on particular challenges for specific actors.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 58
- Paragraph text
- One project, aimed at benefiting populations in small towns, supported rehabilitating and expanding piped drinking water systems but built only a handful of public sanitary facilities while training local artisans to produce slabs required for latrines and stimulating a micro savings scheme for residents to purchase those building materials. In that project, support to sanitation was framed through the community-led total sanitation methodology aiming to mobilize communities to completely eliminate open defecation without any external financial input. Thus, it is based on spurring demand creation and behavioural change from users. However, without adequate, continuous guidance and financial assistance, some users may sacrifice essential resources in adopting service levels that are actually unsafe and do not represent a real gain from a human rights perspective.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Gender
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 63
- Paragraph text
- Before projects are completed, at times, some are extended with subsequent phases. The related negotiations for those subsequent phases can draw attention away from the current project’s implementation and shift it to the propositions related to the subsequent phases. Funders often require new and/or additional targets for a second phase, which can broaden the scope of the project instead of concentrating efforts on existing objectives. A longer-term commitment from funders — far beyond the limited time frame of projects — would provide lasting improvements to local authorities’ and different stakeholders’ capacity to provide water and sanitation services in a way that is consistent with the human rights framework.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- Within the framework of international human rights treaties, all levels of government, including development cooperation agencies, have obligations to adopt specific policies aimed at the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation in legislative form or in other measures (Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 3 (1990) on the nature of States parties’ obligations, paras. 6-7). Outside of the human rights treaty framework, myriad funders have expressed their commitment to realizing human rights through various international instruments. For instance, in the 2008 Accra Agenda for Action, most funders committed themselves to establishing and implementing development cooperation policies and programmes that respect human rights.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 75
- Paragraph text
- Funders have project assessments and long-term portfolio monitoring in place at some or all steps of their development cooperation operations. However, those processes are still seldom aligned with the human rights framework. From the standpoint of the human rights development cycle, thorough assessments and monitoring based on the rights to water and sanitation can provide essential feedback on previous stages in the cycle. Notably, funders should collect and generate data to identify potential concerns for the relevant human rights principles and standards that are not being adequately safeguarded through the funder’s policy, operational tools and projects. Those data should assist funders in making adjustments to the previous stages of the human rights development cycle.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- However, the scant existence of specific, universal policy guarantees for water and sanitation projects reflecting human rights standards effectively grants officials from the World Bank and from partner States the liberty of determining a project’s goals and methods on a case-by-case basis. Moreover, one senior official of the Bank understands that “any project that improves access to improved [water supply and sanitation] is a step towards universal access” and that this is enough not to be negligent of the human rights framework. In the light of this discretionary approach, while some projects funded by the Bank could possibly be aligned with the human rights framework, others risk neglecting human rights.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo