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-2010: Decenio para lograr la regresión de la malaria en los países en desarrollo, en particular en África (2007), para. 33
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- 21. Pide a la comunidad internacional y a los países donde la malaria es endémica que, de conformidad con las directrices y recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y las disposiciones de la Convenio de Estocolmo sobre contaminantes orgánicos persistentes 14 , aumenten la capacidad de utilizar de forma segura, efectiva y sensata los insecticidas para fumigar interiores con efecto residual y otras formas de lucha contra los vectores;
- Temas
- Medio Ambiente
- Salud
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Todos
Párrafo
-2010: Decenio para lograr la regresión de la malaria en los países en desarrollo, en particular en África (2008), para. 34
- Paragraph text
- 22. Exhorta a la comunidad internacional y a los países donde la malaria es endémica a que, de conformidad con las directrices y recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y las disposiciones del Convenio de Estocolmo sobre contaminantes orgánicos persistentes 13F 14 , aumenten la capacidad de utilizar de forma segura, efectiva y sensata los insecticidas para fumigar interiores con efecto residual y otras formas de lucha contra los vectores;
- Temas
- Environment
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
Párrafo
Abastecimiento de agua y saneamiento (1996), para. 06
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- Hondamente preocupada por el hecho de que, al ritmo actual de progreso, el abastecimiento de agua potable será insuficiente para satisfacer las necesidades de un gran número de personas de aquí al año 2000 y de que la falta de avance en el suministro de servicios básicos de saneamiento probablemente tendrá repercusiones enormes en el medio ambiente y la salud en un futuro próximo,
- Temas
- Environment
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- All
Párrafo
Access to information in international organizations 2017, para. 14
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- In parallel with the work of the Human Rights Committee and its special procedures mechanisms, the Human Rights Council and the General Assembly also articulated the importance of freedom of information. As recently as 2016, the Council called upon all States to ensure disclosure of information held by public authorities and “to adopt transparent, clear and expedient laws and policies that provide for the effective disclosure of information held by public authorities and a general right to request and receive information, for which public access should be granted, except within narrow, proportionate, necessary and clearly defined limitations”. Access to information has become a standard element of other human rights treaties (A/70/361, para. 6), and has been widely adopted in international agreements pertaining to development, the environment, food and agriculture and corruption, among other substantive areas. The Aarhus Convention provides an example of international agreement that access to information, public participation in decision-making and access to justice in environmental matters, an area of major public interest, “contribute[s] to the protection of the right of every person of present and future generations to live in an environment adequate to his or her health and well-being”. Similarly, in recognition of the essential role played by the right to freedom of information, Sustainable Development Goal 16 links access to information to good governance, human rights and accountability and calls on all Member States to adopt and implement public access to information laws and policies (resolution 70/1, paras. 16.6-16.10).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 39
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- Within the food and agriculture sector, approximately ten corporations control and monopolize the commercial seed and global pesticide markets, as well as food retailers. In addition to their financial power, TNCs significantly influence law and policymaking processes both at the international and national level. Similarly, IFIs exercise considerable influence over national decision-making in relation to food and agricultural policies. Many developing countries are compelled to implement projects that jeopardize economic, social, and cultural rights in return for economic and financial aid. In recent decades, there have been significant efforts to alter the policy approach undertaken by IFIs, especially the World Bank, in relation to supporting development projects that have a harmful effect on human rights and the environment. Moreover, bilateral, and regional foreign trade agreements have facilitated the privatization, deregulation and growth of extractive industries around the globe, a development that has had significant impacts on food security and health. Globalization has highlighted and exacerbated socioeconomic disparities throughout the world, with the result that global social inequality is not only expressed in terms of inter-State justice, but as implicating human rights obligations as well. States are
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 59
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- United Nations treaty bodies and special procedures have addressed extraterritorial human rights issues in their various reports, including for the universal periodic review and general comments. According to a recent report from the International Network for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, in the last seven years the various mechanisms of OHCHR have touched upon extraterritorial obligations some 26 times. In so doing, these bodies have played an important role in developing and consolidating an understanding of how to apply the concepts of jurisdiction to the actions and omissions of States. They expressed their concerns and made recommendations on a number of issues addressing extraterritorial obligations, especially on the human rights impact of the exploitation of natural resources in third countries and the role of TNCs in large-scale development projects with respect to forced land evictions, all of which impact directly on the right to food.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 72j
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- [The Special Rapporteur recommends that States:] Develop the necessary legal structure in order to protect resources directly related to the right to access adequate and nutritious food, such as water sources, access to land and seed production;
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Access to justice for people living in poverty 2012, para. 39
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- The geographical remoteness of justice mechanisms for persons living in poverty can also exacerbate their situation and lead to violation of other human rights. Those without easy and immediate access to law enforcement officials are unable to seek immediate redress or protection from violence, abuse and exploitation, and will have greater difficulty in contesting land issues and forced evictions. The police may be less likely to pursue complaints if they have to travel long distances to do so, particularly where resources are scarce.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Poverty
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Access to land and the right to food 2010, para. 9
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- Industrial uses of land and urbanization have also increased in recent years, further heightening the competition: 19.5 million hectares of farmland are converted annually into land for industrial and real estate development. Researchers have documented cases in which farmers' lands have been expropriated for mining projects or for the building of industrial plants, in conditions amounting to forced eviction with no or insufficient compensation. In certain regions, the expansion of industrial areas has taken the form of the establishment of special economic zones aimed at creating conditions favourable for the arrival of foreign investors. Large infrastructure projects such as dams and highways have also had an important impact, and a significant proportion of the communications sent to Governments by the Special Rapporteur during the period from 2003 to 2009 relates to evictions for such projects.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Access to land and the right to food 2010, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- In the presence of the sometimes highly unequal distribution of land in rural areas, strengthening security of tenure may not be sufficient; land redistribution may be required. Article 11, paragraph 2 (a), of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights recognizes the connection between the right to food and the use of natural resources, committing States to "developing or reforming agrarian systems in such a way as to achieve the most efficient development and utilization of natural resources". This should be understood as encouraging agrarian reform that leads to more equitable distribution of land for the benefit of smallholders, both because of the inverse relationship between farm size and productivity and because small-scale farming (and linking farmers more closely to the land) may lead to more responsible use of the soil. The Voluntary Guidelines to Support the Progressive Realization of the Right to Adequate Food in the Context of National Food Security, adopted in 2004 by the States members of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), also encourage agrarian reform (guideline 8.1).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Access to land and the right to food 2010, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- In a context in which commercial pressures on land are increasing, it is crucial that States improve the protection of land users. The following recommendations seek to give concrete meaning to the land-related aspects of the human right to food.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Access to land and the right to food 2010, para. 40d
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- [In order to respect the right to food, States should:] Prioritize development models that do not lead to evictions, disruptive shifts in land rights and increased land concentration. States should carefully consider the development models that they follow, as the mainstream agro-export-led model has major detrimental impacts on the access to land of vulnerable groups, disproportionately favouring the largest producers and landowners. Land investments implying an important shift in land rights should represent the last and least desirable option, acceptable only if no other investment model can achieve a similar contribution to local development and improve the livelihoods within the local communities concerned.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Acción preventiva e intensificación de la lucha contra el paludismo en los países en desarrollo, particularmente en África (1995), para. 12
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- 3. Subraya que para alcanzar los objetivos de la Estrategia será necesario mejorar y reforzar gradualmente la capacidad local, nacional, regional e internacional, especialmente para intensificar las actividades de colaboración y coordinación en sectores tales como la educación, la agricultura y el medio ambiente, y para integrar esas actividades en los programas de lucha contra enfermedades conexas;
- Temas
- Educación
- Gobernanza y imperio de la ley
- Medio Ambiente
- Personas afectadas
- Todos
Párrafo
Acciones conjuntas y diálogo orientado al futuro en aras de un mundo sin armas nucleares (2019), para. 02
- Document
- Paragraph text
- Reafirmando que el logro de un mundo libre de armas nucleares es un objetivo común de la comunidad internacional,
- Temas
- Humanitario
- Medio Ambiente
- Personas afectadas
- Todos
Párrafo
Acciones conjuntas y diálogo orientado al futuro en aras de un mundo sin armas nucleares (2019), para. 03
- Document
- Paragraph text
- Reafirmando también que el Tratado sobre la No Proliferación de las Armas Nucleares 1 es la base esencial para alcanzar ese objetivo común, haciendo hincapié en que el desarme nuclear, la no proliferación nuclear y los usos pacíficos de la energía nuclear se refuerzan mutuamente y son esenciales para mantener y fortalecer el régimen del Tratado, y reafirmando su determinación de seguir fortaleciendo la universalidad del Tratado,
- Temas
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
Párrafo
Acciones conjuntas y diálogo orientado al futuro en aras de un mundo sin armas nucleares (2019), para. 06
- Document
- Paragraph text
- Teniendo presente que existen diversos enfoques en relación con el logro de un mundo sin armas nucleares, y que el fomento de la confianza entre todos los Estados es esencial para ese fin,
- Temas
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- All
Párrafo
Acciones conjuntas y diálogo orientado al futuro en aras de un mundo sin armas nucleares (2019), para. 17
- Document
- Paragraph text
- Acogiendo con beneplácito los recientes esfuerzos diplomáticos para lograr el desmantelamiento completo, verificable e irreversible de todas las armas nucleares y los misiles balísticos de todos los alcances de la República Popular Democrática de Corea, en particular mediante las reuniones entre el Presidente de los Estados Unidos de América y el Presidente del Partido de los Trabajadores de la República Popular Democrática de Corea,
- Temas
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- All
Párrafo
Acciones conjuntas y diálogo orientado al futuro en aras de un mundo sin armas nucleares (2019), para. 18
- Document
- Paragraph text
- Observando que los esfuerzos por abarcar diferentes generaciones, zonas del mundo y géneros en la educación para el desarme y la no proliferación ponen de relieve el empeño de lograr un mundo sin armas nucleares y generan impulso hacia la consecución de ese objetivo,
- Temas
- Educación
- Género
- Igualdad & inclusión
- Medio Ambiente
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Todos
Párrafo
Acciones conjuntas y diálogo orientado al futuro en aras de un mundo sin armas nucleares (2019), para. 27
- Document
- Paragraph text
- c) Todos los Estados hagan cuanto sea posible, entre otras cosas declarando y manteniendo moratorias sobre la producción de material fisible para su utilización en armas nucleares u otros dispositivos explosivos nucleares, así como profundizando los debates sustantivos en la Conferencia de Desarme, para emprender negociaciones sobre un tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisible para su utilización en armas nucleares u otros dispositivos explosivos nucleares;
- Temas
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
Párrafo
Acciones conjuntas y diálogo orientado al futuro en aras de un mundo sin armas nucleares (2019), para. 33
- Document
- Paragraph text
- b) Todos los Estados entablen un diálogo sobre los posibles efectos de los avances científicos y tecnológicos en el control de armamentos, el desarme y la no proliferación;
- Temas
- Medio Ambiente
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Todos
Párrafo
Acciones conjuntas y diálogo orientado al futuro en aras de un mundo sin armas nucleares (2019), para. 35
- Document
- Paragraph text
- 5. Reafirma el compromiso de fortalecer el régimen internacional de no proliferación nuclear y de lograr el desmantelamiento completo, verificable e irreversible de todas las armas nucleares, misiles balísticos de todos los alcances y los programas nucleares y de misiles balísticos conexos de la República Popular Democrática de Corea, de conformidad con las resoluciones pertinentes del Consejo de Seguridad, y la responsabilidad de todos los Estados de lograr la plena aplicación de todas las resoluciones pertinentes del Consejo de Seguridad, y exhorta a la República Popular Democrática de Corea a que vuelva cuanto antes a cumplir plenamente el Tratado sobre la No Proliferación de las Armas Nucleares, incluidas las salvaguardias del Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica;
- Temas
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
Párrafo
Aceleración del cumplimiento de los compromisos en materia de desarme nuclear (2004), para. 05
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- 1. Exhorta a todos los Estados a cumplir todos los compromisos asumidos en relación con el desarme y la no proliferación nucleares y a no actuar de ninguna forma que pueda perjudicar el desarme y la no proliferación nucleares o que pueda causar una nueva carrera de armamentos nucleares;
- Temas
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- All
Párrafo
Aceleración del cumplimiento de los compromisos en materia de desarme nuclear (2004), para. 06
- Paragraph text
- 2. Exhorta también a todos los Estados a que no escatimen esfuerzos por lograr la adhesión universal al Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares 1 y la pronta entrada en vigor del Tratado de prohibición completa de los ensayos nucleares 2 ;
- Temas
- Gobernanza y imperio de la ley
- Medio Ambiente
- Personas afectadas
- Todos
Párrafo
Acroecology and the right to food 2011, para. 12
- Paragraph text
- Agroecology is both a science and a set of practices. It was created by the convergence of two scientific disciplines: agronomy and ecology. As a science, agroecology is the "application of ecological science to the study, design and management of sustainable agroecosystems." As a set of agricultural practices, agroecology seeks ways to enhance agricultural systems by mimicking natural processes, thus creating beneficial biological interactions and synergies among the components of the agroecosystem. It provides the most favourable soil conditions for plant growth, particularly by managing organic matter and by raising soil biotic activity. The core principles of agroecology include recycling nutrients and energy on the farm, rather than introducing external inputs; integrating crops and livestock; diversifying species and genetic resources in agroecosystems over time and space; and focusing on interactions and productivity across the agricultural system, rather than focusing on individual species. Agroecology is highly knowledge-intensive, based on techniques that are not delivered top-down but developed on the basis of farmers' knowledge and experimentation.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Acroecology and the right to food 2011, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- Crop breeding and agroecology are complementary. For instance, breeding provides new varieties with shorter growing cycles, which enable farmers to continue farming in regions where the crop season has already shrunk. Breeding can also improve the level of drought resistance in plant varieties, an asset for countries where lack of water is a limiting factor. Reinvesting in agricultural research must consequently mean continued efforts in breeding. However, agroecology is more overarching as it supports building drought-resistant agricultural systems (including soils, plants, agrobiodiversity, etc.), not just drought-resistant plants.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Acroecology and the right to food 2011, para. 16
- Paragraph text
- A wide panoply of techniques based on the agroecological perspective have been developed and successfully tested in a range of regions. These approaches involve the maintenance or introduction of agricultural biodiversity (diversity of crops, livestock, agroforestry, fish, pollinators, insects, soil biota and other components that occur in and around production systems) to achieve the desired results in production and sustainability. Integrated nutrient management reconciles the need to fix nitrogen within farm systems with the import of inorganic and organic sources of nutrients and the reduction of nutrient losses through erosion control. Agroforestry incorporates multifunctional trees into agricultural systems. In Tanzania, 350,000 hectares of land have been rehabilitated in the Western provinces of Shinyanga and Tabora using agroforestry; there are similar large-scale projects developed in other countries including Malawi, Mozambique and Zambia. Water harvesting in dryland areas allows for the cultivation of formerly abandoned and degraded lands, and improves the water productivity of crops. In West Africa, stone barriers built alongside fields slow down runoff water during the rainy season, allowing an improvement of soil moisture, the replenishment of water tables, and reductions in soil erosion. The water retention capacity is multiplied five- to ten-fold, the biomass production multiplies by 10 to 15 times, and livestock can feed on the grass that grows along the stone barriers after the rains. Integration of livestock into farming systems, such as dairy cattle, pigs and poultry, provides a source of protein to the family, as well as a means of fertilizing soils; so does the incorporation of fish, shrimps and other aquatic resources into farm systems, such as irrigated rice fields and fish ponds.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Acroecology and the right to food 2011, para. 17
- Paragraph text
- Such resource-conserving, low-external-input techniques have a proven potential to significantly improve yields. In what may be the most systematic study of the potential of such techniques to date, Jules Pretty et al. compared the impacts of 286 recent sustainable agriculture projects in 57 poor countries covering 37 million hectares (3 per cent of the cultivated area in developing countries). They found that such interventions increased productivity on 12.6 millions farms, with an average crop increase of 79 per cent, while improving the supply of critical environmental services. Disaggregated data from this research showed that average food production per household rose by 1.7 tonnes per year (up by 73 per cent) for 4.42 million small farmers growing cereals and roots on 3.6 million hectares, and that increase in food production was 17 tonnes per year (up 150 per cent) for 146,000 farmers on 542,000 hectares cultivating roots (potato, sweet potato, cassava). After UNCTAD and UNEP reanalyzed the database to produce a summary of the impacts in Africa, it was found that the average crop yield increase was even higher for these projects than the global average of 79 per cent at 116 per cent increase for all African projects and 128 per cent increase for projects in East Africa.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Acroecology and the right to food 2011, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- Agroforestry or comparable techniques such as the use of leguminous-cover crops to fix nitrogen also have a huge potential. This matters particularly to the poorest farmers, who are least likely to be able to afford to buy inorganic fertilizers, and whom fertilizer distribution systems often do not reach, particularly since the private sector is unlikely to invest into the most remote areas where communication routes are poor and few economies of scale can be achieved. But it is also of great importance to low-income countries, which import to meet their inorganic fertilizer needs. In sub-Saharan Africa, part of the reason why the use of fertilizers is very low (average 13 kilograms (kg) of fertilizer nutrients per hectare) is because of the considerable fiscal costs involved in the import and distribution of fertilizers.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Acroecology and the right to food 2011, para. 23
- Paragraph text
- Agroecological approaches can be labour-intensive during their launching period, due to the complexity of the tasks of managing different plants and animals on the farm, and recycling the waste produced. However, research shows that the higher labour-intensity of agroecology is a reality particularly in the short term. In addition, while labour-saving policies have generally been prioritized by governments, creation of employment in rural areas in developing countries, where underemployment is currently massive, and demographic growth remains high, may constitute an advantage rather than a liability and may slow down rural-urban migration. Moreover, the cost of creating jobs in agriculture is often significantly lower than in other sectors: in Brazil, data from INCRA, the agency responsible for land reform, showed that each job generated in a settlement costs the government 3.640 USD, while the cost would be 128 per cent more expensive in industry, 190 per cent more in trade, and 240 per cent more in services. According to peasant organizations, agroecology is also more attractive to farmers, because it procures pleasant features for those working the land for long hours, such as shade from trees or the absence of smell and toxicity from chemicals.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Acroecology and the right to food 2011, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- In the past, Green Revolution approaches have focused primarily on boosting cereal crops. However, rice, wheat and maize are mainly sources of carbohydrates: they contain relatively little protein, and few of the other nutrients essential for adequate diets. The shift from diversified cropping systems to simplified cereal-based systems thus contributed to micronutrient malnutrition in many developing countries. Indeed, of the over 80,000 plant species available to humans, rice, wheat and maize supply the bulk of our protein and energy needs. Nutritionists now increasingly insist on the need for more diverse agro-ecosystems, in order to ensure a more diversified nutrient output of the farming systems.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo