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Título | Fecha de adición | Plantilla | Document | Paragraph text | Organismo | Tipo de documento | Thematics | Temas | Personas afectadas | Año |
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Prevention of trafficking in persons 2010, para. 56 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | The recognition of the private sector's role in combating trafficking culminated in the Athens Ethical Principles in 2006 under the leadership of the Suzanne Mubarak Women's International Peace Movement. The Movement has been instrumental in mobilizing the private sector and raising awareness of its responsibility to take part in the fight. Under the Principles, businesses voluntarily pledge, inter alia, to demonstrate a zero-tolerance policy towards trafficking in persons and to contribute to the prevention of trafficking in persons, including awareness-raising campaigns and education. Those commitments were reaffirmed in the Manama Declaration on Human Trafficking at the Crossroads, adopted in 2009 at a conference held in Bahrain. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2010 | ||
Prevention of trafficking in persons 2010, para. 58 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Nevertheless, there are encouraging signs that public-private partnerships can contribute to the prevention of trafficking, especially through the provision of vocational training and employment opportunities to vulnerable groups. In India, the Ministry of Women and Child Development has been active in promoting the public-private partnership and established the first think tank on public-private partnership to address the issue of trafficking in 2008. This led to the establishment of the Apparel Export Promotion Council to provide training in apparel production to family members of trafficking survivors. The training programme was followed by employment in factories as a means of reducing their vulnerability to trafficking. In the hospitality industry, the International Confederation of Indian Industry and the International Institute of Hotel Management provided skills training in housekeeping and in goods and beverage retail management. Following the completion of the training, the Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation (a government agency) and Sinar Jernih provided employment opportunities to successful candidates of this joint training programme. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2010 | ||
Regional and subregional cooperation in promoting a human rights-based approach to combatting trafficking in persons 2010, para. 76 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Also, in April 2009, ECOWAS Ministers adopted a Regional Policy for Protection and Assistance to Victims of Trafficking in Persons in West Africa, which aims at establishing a supportive environment in the subregion where victims of trafficking have equitable access to protection and assistance. SAARC recommended the establishment of regional uniform toll-free numbers for information on the issues relating to trafficking in women and for violence against children in member States. Within the framework of the Bali Process a number of workshops have been organized on the provision of support to victims of trafficking. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2010 | ||
The right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons 2011, para. 22 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Measures to address the root causes of trafficking, such as gender discrimination and inequality, also play a crucial role in ensuring effective restitution of trafficked women and girls. Where trafficked women and girls have been subjected to sexual and gender-based violence, they may face discrimination, social stigma, communal and family ostracism upon return to their families and communities, thereby resulting in their re-victimization. In these cases, "restitution of identity, family life and citizenship for them may require measures that target their wider communities - including attempts to subvert cultural understandings around the value of women's purity and sexuality". | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
The right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons 2011, para. 39 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | In the light of the limitations associated with legal proceedings, it is noteworthy that a number of cases in which trafficked persons have successfully obtained compensation resulted from out-of-court settlements negotiated by various governmental and non-governmental bodies. In some States, trade unions have played a crucial role in settling claims for unpaid or underpaid wages, or work-related injuries following negotiations with employers. These non-judicial methods may play an instrumental role in seeking compensation particularly for certain groups of trafficked persons, such as trafficked women and girls, who may face a variety of procedural challenges in judicial proceedings, such as psychological harms, stigma and fears of reprisals. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
The right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons 2011, para. 34 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | While different factors affect the efficacy of criminal, civil and labour proceedings, common obstacles for trafficked persons to seek compensation through legal proceedings include: failure to identify trafficked persons and accord them regular residence status; lack of adequate support in recovery of trafficked persons; lack of information and knowledge on the part of trafficked persons; lack of free legal aid available; lack of capacities, knowledge and experience on the part of the judiciary and lawyers in seeking compensation for trafficked persons; and inadequate witness protection programmes to guarantee the safety and security of trafficked persons and their family members. Further, trafficked women who are also victims of sexual and gender-based violence may also face additional obstacles in pursuing legal proceedings, as participation in such proceedings may expose them to re-victimization in the form of psychological harm, stigma and communal and family ostracism. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
Agenda setting of the work of the Special Rapporteur 2015, para. 15 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Trafficking is a feature of armed conflict as well as of post-conflict situations and usually has a strong gender dimension. For instance, men and boys are trafficked for the purpose of supplying combatants to supplement fighting forces. Armed conflicts also increase the risk of women and girls being sexually exploited, which includes being abducted and forced into sexual slavery and/or forced prostitution. Those victims may be transported across international borders before being sold and trafficked to other regions or countries. They can also be trafficked for the purposes of forced labour for armies and armed groups. In addition, arranged marriages or false promises of domestic work abroad that are expected to provide children with a better life often render them vulnerable to trafficking for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation and forced labour, including domestic servitude. Furthermore, paramilitary groups can wreak havoc on communities during armed conflicts, often forcing children to become soldiers and workers, including in the illegal drug trade. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2015 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 52 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | The benefit of trained law enforcement, peacekeeping and humanitarian personnel has also been mentioned both by States and by other entities active in the field as a means of preventing trafficking in persons, especially women and children. In this regard, several examples of successful joint cooperation between States to train law enforcement officials and to conduct joint anti-trafficking operations were mentioned, including the recent joint exercises between European and African law enforcement officials organized by the Centre of Excellence for Stability Police Units and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, which were focused on reducing human trafficking along migrant routes. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 66 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | In addition, the nature and forms of trafficking in persons associated with conflict are highly gendered. For example, abduction into military forces affects males and females differently. Men and boys are typically forced into soldiering while women and girls are generally forced into support roles, and they typically face much greater risk of sexual assault as either a primary purpose or an additional manifestation of their exploitation. As previously noted, sexual enslavement, a practice exacerbated by situations of conflict, is highly gendered in that it disproportionately affects women and girls. Other forms of trafficking-related exploitation particular to or especially prevalent in conflict, including forced and temporary marriage, are highly gendered in their motivation and impact, which underscores the importance of a gender analysis in all trafficking prevention efforts and responses. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 73f | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | [All States, whether source, transit or destination countries of women and girls trafficked for sexual exploitation in conflict and post-conflict areas, should:] Ensure that issues concerned with sexual and other forms of gender-based violence, including human trafficking, are incorporated into peacebuilding and post-conflict reconstruction processes and support women's full and equal participation in decision-making, especially when this relates to trafficking issues in conflict situations, in line with the general guidelines and recommendations of the Global Study on the Implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 19 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Conflict-related violence, such as sexual violence, can itself be a driver of forced internal displacement, which in turn increases vulnerability to further exploitation, including through trafficking. For instance, sexual violence by armed groups has forced ethnic minority women and girls in remote rural areas away from their communities and placed them at greater risk of trafficking within the country as well as overseas. Additionally, worsening security situations and overcrowded camps with inadequate basic services cause some internally displaced persons to risk crossing borders in an irregular manner in search of employment, putting themselves at high risk of exploitation because of their lack of legal status. Military attacks on camps further worsens displacement and causes undocumented internally displaced persons, including women and unaccompanied children, to flee their camps, exposing them to the risk of being exploited or trafficked. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 64c | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | [All States, particularly those hosting potential victims of trafficking among persons fleeing conflict, should:] Ensure free-of-charge birth and marriage registration of nationals and non-nationals fleeing conflict, including in internally displaced person and refugee camps, in cooperation with United Nations agencies and programmes and international organizations, in order to prevent or address potential trafficking in children for sexual and other forms of exploitation and the exploitation of the labour of individuals, particularly underage children and women; | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
A human rights-based approach to the administration of criminal justice in cases of trafficking in persons 2012, para. 44 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | In Thailand, concerns persist that children and women identified as victims of trafficking are automatically placed in Government-run shelters, pursued if they "escape" and, in some cases, forced to spend years awaiting processing. Such detention not only impedes the rights of victims but also discourages and diminishes the quality of victim cooperation with authorities. Above and beyond the infringement of victims' human rights, the Special Rapporteur observes that such an approach can serve as a disincentive for victims to report cases to authorities. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2012 | ||
The first decade of the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children 2014, para. 79e | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | [Future mandate holders could focus on conceptual and definitional overlaps; the consequences of a human rights-based approach to trafficking; measuring the impact of anti-trafficking interventions, corruption and trafficking; and the effectiveness of victim identification tools. They should:] Continue promoting the involvement of civil society in all international and regional anti-trafficking forms, including discussions on the review mechanism for the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2014 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 77h | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | [Concerned governmental institutions, law enforcement authorities, civil society organizations, academia, United Nations agencies and programmes and international organizations should undertake further research on the different forms of trafficking in persons in relation to conflict and post-conflict situations, including on:] Early identification of cases of trafficking in persons, especially women and children, in the context of massive influxes of migrants as a result of conflict. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 72g | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | [Concerned governmental institutions, law enforcement authorities, civil society organizations, academia, United Nations agencies and programmes and international organizations should undertake further research on the different forms of trafficking in persons in relation to conflict and post-conflict situations, including on:] Early identification of cases of trafficking in persons, especially women and children, in the context of massive influxes of migrants as a result of conflict. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 72b | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | [Concerned governmental institutions, law enforcement authorities, civil society organizations, academia, United Nations agencies and programmes and international organizations should undertake further research on the different forms of trafficking in persons in relation to conflict and post-conflict situations, including on:] The linkage between gender and trafficking in persons in conflicts, not only with regard to girls and women but also boys and men; | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
The right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons 2011, para. 17 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Recovery includes medical and psychological care, as well as legal and social services. As trafficking often causes severe physical and psychological consequences for the victims, recovery is a crucial form of remedy. In the Human Rights Council report, the Special Rapporteur noted with concern that in some States, recovery services are only available to certain categories of trafficked persons at the exclusion of others, such as men and children who are internally trafficked, and that access to recovery services is made conditional on the capacity or willingness of trafficked persons to cooperate with law enforcement authorities. Further, she expressed concern about the absence in many States of a "reflection and recovery period", during which trafficked persons may escape the influence of traffickers, recover psychological stability to consider their options, and make an informed decision as to whether to cooperate with law enforcement authorities without the risk of being removed from the country. This period is not only an integral element of recovery, but also the fundamental first step in seeking other forms of reparations, such as compensation. The security and well-being of trafficked persons, which may be facilitated by the reflection and recovery period, is an essential prerequisite for trafficked persons in seeking compensation. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
The issue of human trafficking in supply chains 2012, para. 13 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | The obligations of States to prevent and combat human trafficking are clearly spelled out in international human rights instruments. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women requires States parties to take all appropriate measures, including legislation, to suppress all forms of traffic in women and exploitation of prostitution of women (art. 6), while the Convention on the Rights of the Child similarly obliges States parties to take all appropriate national, bilateral and multilateral measures to prevent the abduction of, the sale of or traffic in children for any purpose or in any form (art. 35). It is also of relevance that the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights prohibits slavery and forced or compulsory labour (art. 8). Other relevant international instruments include those under the auspices of the International Labour Organization (ILO): the Convention concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour (Convention No. 182), under which States parties are called upon to take effective measures to prohibit the worst forms of child labour, including child trafficking, and the Convention concerning Forced or Compulsory Labour (Convention No. 29) and the Convention concerning the Abolition of Forced Labour (Convention No. 105), under which States parties are required to take measures to abolish forced or compulsory labour. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2012 | ||
Agenda setting of the work of the Special Rapporteur 2015, para. 22 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Women are significantly involved in trafficking in persons, both as victims and offenders. Data regarding women are among the most interesting findings in the UNODC Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2014, which confirms that women and girls are disproportionately exploited not only for the purposes of sexual but also labour exploitation. In some regions, such as in South and East Asia, in Africa and the Middle East, women are even the majority of people exploited as forced labour. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2015 | ||
The first decade of the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children 2014, para. 63 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | It is one thing to assert the human rights of victims of trafficking and another to specify, with a sufficient level of detail, what those rights actually are and what obligations they impose on States. That process is essential, because it is only through such certainty that it becomes possible to assess the extent to which a particular situation, initiative or response is in conformity with international human rights law. The task is made somewhat more difficult by the fact that the central international instrument relevant to trafficking, the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, is not clear on the issue of the rights of victims. There are general references to human rights in the Protocol and it includes a number of obligations that may be understood as intended to protect victims. However, on its own, it makes little headway in establishing the precise nature of the entitlements of victims and how these should be met. It is also relevant to note that, when the mandate was first instituted, the international human rights system itself had not contributed substantially to clarifying the substantive content of relevant rights and obligations. While there was regular condemnation of the human rights violations associated with trafficking, the practice was rarely linked to the violation of a specific right in a specific treaty. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2014 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 73c | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | [All States, whether source, transit or destination countries of women and girls trafficked for sexual exploitation in conflict and post-conflict areas, should:] Prevent and prosecute all forms of trafficking of women and girls for temporary, forced and/or servile marriages; | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 31 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Conflict-related sexual violence takes many forms. Women and girls seeking to survive in conflict zones are often compelled to exchange sexual services and even to "marry" for food, shelter, protection or safe passage. UNHCR has affirmed that women in conflict situations are vulnerable to a range of discriminatory practices that exacerbate their dependence (for example, receiving smaller food rations or not having rations cards or other identity documents in their own name) and are disproportionately exposed to sexual violence. For women and girls abducted into military service, sexual assault is often a feature of their experience. Rape has been used as a tactic of war to humiliate and weaken the morale of the enemy, ethnically cleanse the population, destabilize communities and force civilians to flee. Widespread or systematic sexual assault by government and/or opposition or rebel forces has been documented in multiple modern conflicts, including successive annual reports of the Secretary-General on conflict and related sexual violence since 2009 in which he has identified incidents and patterns of sexual violence in conflict-affected countries employed by parties to armed conflict, primarily against women and girls but also against boys and men (see, for example, S/2015/203). | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 78 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | The media should be adequately sensitized about the linkage between trafficking in persons, especially women and children, and conflict, and should be aware of its gender dimension, in order to be able to report correctly about incidents of trafficking affecting girls, boys, women and men living in such circumstances. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 32 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | The trafficking of women and girls for sexual exploitation, including sexual slavery, forced marriage, forced prostitution and forced pregnancy, features within the broader picture of sexual violence perpetrated against the civilian population during and in the wake of conflicts. The nexus between trafficking in persons and sexual violence is further affirmed in a statement by the President of the Security Council (S/PRST/2015/25) in which the President underscored the urgency of efforts to deter, detect and disrupt trafficking in persons, including by terrorist and violent extremist groups. Recently, an egregious pattern of abductions from their homes or schools of women and girls who are subsequently forced to marry and/or serve as sex slaves has been reported in conflict-affected settings, though some forms of this phenomenon have also been a feature of armed conflicts in the past. Such exploitation, which in some cases involves trafficking for forced marriage and sexual enslavement by extremist groups such as Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant, Boko Haram and their affiliates, is believed to be a strategy to generate revenue as well as to recruit, reward and retain fighters. In order to prevent such abductions, families are reported to be confining women and girls and removing girls from school (see S/2015/203, para. 61). | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 68b | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | [All States, whether a source, transit or destination country of women and girls trafficked for sexual exploitation in conflict and-post conflict areas, should:] Prevent early marriages, whether in refugee/internally displaced persons camps or in the society of the host country; | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Regional and subregional cooperation in promoting a human rights-based approach to combatting trafficking in persons 2010, para. 92 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | The Ouagadougou Action Plan recognizes that the empowerment of women and girls through national policies is an important part of combating trafficking, and that a gender perspective should be applied when adopting and implementing measures to prevent and combat trafficking in persons. In that context, it calls upon States to promote the empowerment of girls and women in their national policies, and to take measures to eliminate harmful customs and traditional practices and to counter cultural stereotypes, which can lead to trafficking in persons. Moreover, it invites them to provide viable employment or other livelihood opportunities for youth, particularly for young women at risk, especially in regions prone to trafficking. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2010 | ||
Regional and subregional cooperation in promoting a human rights-based approach to combatting trafficking in persons 2010, para. 93 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Similarly, the SAARC Convention calls upon its States parties to promote awareness, inter alia, through the use of the media, of the problem of trafficking in women and children and its underlying causes, including the projection of negative images of women. Also active on gender mainstreaming in relation to trafficking, COMMIT in the Mekong region has taken the stance of involving both women and men in decision-making concerning counter-trafficking policies. On that basis, UNIAP works to ensure that every level of its work, from high-level forums with senior officials to community-based initiatives, includes both women and men, and that women are represented in positions of leadership and responsibility. The OAS secretariat promotes the inclusion of a gender perspective in all aspects of its work, and encourages OAS member States to send an equal number of male and female participants to all training provided or supported by OAS. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2010 | ||
The issue of human trafficking in supply chains 2012, para. 14 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | In addition, under the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, adopted in 2000, States parties are required to adopt such legislative and other measures as may be necessary to establish trafficking in persons as a criminal offence (art. 5). In addition, States parties are to establish comprehensive policies, programmes and other measures to prevent and combat trafficking in persons (art. 9 (1) (a)). This obligation to criminalize the conduct of trafficking entails a broad range of other related obligations, such as that to effectively investigate, prosecute and adjudicate trafficking and to punish individuals and legal persons found guilty of trafficking by imposing effective and proportionate sanctions, as set out in the Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking (E/2002/68/Add.1, principles 13 and 15). | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2012 | ||
Integration of a human rights-based approach in measures to discourage the demand that fosters all forms of exploitation of persons, especially women and children, and which leads to human trafficking 2013, para. 20 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | The fundamental international instrument containing specific provisions on demand is the Trafficking in Persons Protocol. Its article 9, paragraph 5, states that States parties shall adopt or strengthen legislative or other measures, such as educational, social or cultural measures, including through bilateral and multilateral cooperation, to discourage the demand that fosters all forms of exploitation of persons, especially women and children, that leads to trafficking. The Protocol refers to the generic categories of measures that should be taken to discourage demand, but is not more precise. The guide published to advise States on what steps to take to implement the Protocol points out that "demand reduction … could be achieved in part through legislative or other measures targeting those who knowingly use or take advantage of the services of victims of exploitation". | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2013 |