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Título | Fecha de adición | Plantilla | Document | Paragraph text | Organismo | Tipo de documento | Thematics | Temas | Personas afectadas | Año |
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Women’s right and the right to food 2013, para. 40 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | A first requirement is breaking the cycle of discrimination against women. This does not mean simply removing discriminatory provisions in the law, particularly as regards access to land or other productive resources, but it also requires that the structural causes of de facto discrimination be addressed. In particular, measures should be taken to relieve women of the burden imposed on them by the duties they assume in the "care" economy, and to improve their economic opportunities by better access to education and employment. Older women are particularly at risk of food insecurity as the cumulative effect of discrimination in accessing employment tends to leave older women with disproportionately lower (or no) incomes and pensions in later life; yet older women are expected to take care of other, more dependent members of the household. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2013 | ||
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 12 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Girls and women suffer from discrimination in relation to their right to food at all stages in life. In many countries, females receive less food than their male partners, due to a lower social status. In extreme cases, a preference for male children may lead to female infanticide, including by deprivation of food. Some mothers stop breastfeeding girls prematurely in order to try and get pregnant with a male, which could increase risks of infection and other risks if impure water is used with formula. Similar discrimination applies to older women who tend to be less literate than older men, in many parts of the world; this limits women's employability, participation and voice in community development activities and makes them less likely to be able to provide for themselves. | Special Rapporteur on the right to food | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
The realization of the right to health of older persons 2011, para. 26 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | States should take measures to ensure that older persons receive age-friendly health care of a quality commensurate with that of other age groups. Examples of improved quality goods, services and facilities for older people would include greater numbers of geriatricians and improved training in geriatrics across all specialties to ensure that needs of older persons are recognised and attended to. There is also a need for improved communication across specialties, including allied health professions such as dentists, pharmacists etc in order to adequately address the treatment needs of older persons with multiple chronic illnesses. | Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
The realization of the right to health of older persons 2011, para. 41 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Improving the quality of care provided by primary care physician to older patients remains a challenge which is exacerbated in rural areas, where rural general medical practitioners have fewer opportunities to partner with geriatricians to deliver care to their catchment area. Dissemination of information from specialty areas into primary care should be encouraged in all areas, but is particularly important in respect of older persons, given the suitability and cost-effectiveness of the management of chronic diseases within the primary care setting. | Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
The realization of the right to health of older persons 2011, para. 48 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Formalized long-term care of both types is already prevalent in much of the developed world. In the developing world, traditional social dynamics are also undergoing changes due to various globalizing factors. Families play a steadily less prominent role as primary health-caregiver of older persons, and government institutions and medical professionals are assuming a bigger role in care-giving. The situation is exacerbated in developing countries by the lack of adequate institutional mechanisms and absence of measures to protect the rights for older persons in the context of external and non-family care. Developed countries, where infringements on the rights of older persons also take place, feature only relatively better in developing such mechanisms. | Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
The realization of the right to health of older persons 2011, para. 55 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Palliative care has grown significantly in the last 30 years and is progressively implemented within national health systems, although this has been done to varying extents. The wide range of measures taken in different States shows the growing importance of ensuring quality of life of older persons towards the end of their lives and providing support for their families. In some countries palliative care is recognized only in the context of certain chronic diseases such as cancer. Other States have integrated palliative care into their national health legislation and plans of action and created institutions which are devoted to palliative care. Some other countries have placed obligations on health institutions to have staff qualified in palliative care or have established group of experts on the issue. | Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
The realization of the right to health of older persons 2011, para. 29 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Older women are often more disadvantaged because they may suffer from a combination of both gender and age discrimination. Ageing women make up a significant proportion of the world's population, with the majority of older women living in developing countries. A number of life-course events adversely affect the health of women in older age, including discrimination against infant girls in the provision of food and care, barriers to education, low incomes and poorer access to decent work, care-giving responsibilities as mothers and wives, domestic violence (during childhood, adulthood and elder abuse), widowhood, and cultural traditions and attitudes towards health care. Lower incomes, disruptions to work due to family responsibilities, and discrimination in access to the labour force during women's working life mean that women often have less retirement savings and are therefore more financially vulnerable in older age. | Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
The realization of the right to health of older persons 2011, para. 8 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Developing countries will be predominantly affected by the resulting epidemiological transition, when non-communicable diseases amongst older persons increase. The broader population will however continue to struggle with communicable diseases, particularly infectious diseases and other illnesses related to poverty. Developing age-friendly services and settings, and promotion of health care and preventive medicine among older persons will strengthen the efforts of developing countries to deal with the complications of chronic and terminal non-communicable illnesses. In order to address the challenge adequately, it is essential for States to prepare themselves to meet the needs of older persons, train health professionals in old-age care, and formulate sustainable policies for long-term care. | Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
The realization of the right to health of older persons 2011, para. 65 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | The role of health-care providers is crucial for ensuring informed consent. In many cases, there is a lack of training for health-care workers in communicating health information to older persons, who may have special needs that are often left unaddressed. Medical education and training institutions must incorporate education regarding informed consent for vulnerable populations and their particular needs into curricula. Structural problems further frustrate efforts to obtain informed consent, such as the amount of time available to doctors and health-care workers to consult with patients. Older persons may require additional attention and assistance to fully understand the implications of the health-related information with which they are presented and which may render them particularly affected by scarcity of available consultation time. In general, each person should receive an individualized treatment, and his/her state of health should be regularly reviewed, including his/her medication. | Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
The realization of the right to health of older persons 2011, para. 68 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | The Special Rapporteur believes that the issue of informed consent of older persons is increasingly important given global ageing and the consequent societal challenges. He further believes that international guidelines and national systems should be developed to regulate practices and ensure that older people are supported in making informed health-care decisions. It is also desirable to establish peer groups who would provide older persons with information before their visit to a doctor or other care provider for treatment, which might help overcome immediate problems such as lack of training. | Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
The realization of the right to health of older persons 2011, para. 12 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | The Special Rapporteur concedes that in order to be fully successful the right-to-health approach to older persons should be accompanied by a paradigm shift with respect to how society perceives ageing and older persons. The World Health Organization defines ageing as the "process of progressive change in the biological, psychological and social structure of individuals". Throughout the course of one's life, the human body's functional capacity declines from early adulthood to old age. However, increases in longevity also mean that older persons may stay active for a longer part of their lives than ever before, both in terms of occupational and non-occupational activities. Encouraging older persons to remain physically, socially and economically active for as long as possible will have benefits not only for the individual, but for society as a whole. | Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
Older women and protection of their human rights 2010, para. 36 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | States parties have an obligation to eliminate negative stereotyping and modify social and cultural patterns of conduct that are prejudicial and harmful to older women, so as to reduce the physical, sexual, psychological, verbal and economic abuse that older women, including those with disabilities, experience based on negative stereotyping and cultural practices. | Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women | General Comment / Recommendation |
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| 2010 | ||
The realization of the right to health of older persons 2011, para. 36 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Chronic illnesses and disability increase in prevalence with advancing age. Around half of deaths due to non-communicable diseases occur in persons aged over 70. It is estimated that 35.6 million people lived with dementia worldwide in 2010, which will increase to 65.7 million by 2030 and to 115.4 million by 2050. In light of the increasing proportion of the population who are elderly, it becomes vital that these conditions are managed in an equitable and resource-effective manner. Health systems throughout the world are generally designed to deal with acute medical conditions. They have struggled to re-model and adapt to prevent or manage the increasing number of chronic illnesses. One should also note the importance of the use of evidence-based guidelines and establishment of minimum standards of health care for common chronic conditions, and integration of their management into primary health care. | Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
The realization of the right to health of older persons 2011, para. 49 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | The Special Rapporteur stresses the impact of institutionalization on the autonomy of older persons and its often harmful effect on their dignity. Loss of full independence, restricted freedom of movement and lack of access to basic functions would cause feelings of deep frustration and humiliation to any individual. Older persons are no exception to this. It is essential that complaints mechanisms are put in place to address practices that unnecessarily restrict liberty and autonomy of older persons and to enable them to reclaim their dignity. | Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
The realization of the right to health of older persons 2011, para. 43 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Due to resource constraints, particularly in developing countries, "best-practice" care may not always be possible. This should not deter States from taking steps to achieve the best possible outcomes for older patients in any given situation. Moreover, it has been acknowledged that personalization of care may, at times, require eschewing of more intensive services and accepting clinical outcomes that are less than the best possible health and function. Although this may still look like an anathema to some medical professionals, a shift in focus from curing to caring, particularly in older population, could be necessary to better meet the patient's personal goals. Presenting patients with options and ensuring that their desired outcomes are achieved through collaborative decision-making should be paramount in the professional-patient relationship. | Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
The realization of the right to health of older persons 2011, para. 10 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | The Special Rapporteur believes that the right-to-health approach is indispensable for the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of health-related policies and programmes to mitigate consequences of an ageing society and to ensure the enjoyment of this human right by older persons. Such an approach to health-related issues includes human dignity, the needs and rights of this vulnerable group, and puts emphasis on ensuring that health systems are accessible, available and affordable to all. Integrating human rights into health systems also means ensuring the principles of equality and freedom from discrimination and the empowerment of all, including the poor, allowing for their participation in decision-making processes and incorporating accountability mechanisms which they can access. | Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
The realization of the right to health of older persons 2011, para. 23 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | General comment No.14 describes legal obligations of States. The three primary obligations are to respect, protect and fulfil the right to health. The obligation to respect refers to the States' duty to refrain from interfering directly or indirectly with the right to health. In many cases, older persons are the object of State policies which may infringe upon their right to health. Examples include restrictions on the autonomy of older persons in terms of definitions of capacity without an individual determination. The obligation to protect deals with States' duty to prevent third parties, such as corporations, from interfering directly or indirectly with the right to health. This may be relevant, for example, where there is systematic abuse of the elderly in private long-term care facilities. Finally, the obligation to fulfil requires States to adopt appropriate legislative, administrative, budgetary, judicial, promotional and other measures to fully realize the right to health. | Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
The realization of the right to health of older persons 2011, para. 67 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Domestic jurisdictions often fail to enact legislation or design policies in order to address and resolve problems particular to informed consent and older persons. The problem of legislation on older persons and the right to health is particularly acute in developing countries, which often lack an adequate legal framework concerning guardianship or consent. In some countries, the legal requirement for informed consent is circumvented by guardianship proceedings even in partial incapacitation, replacing patient's consent with that of the guardian. The right to health requires that States respect, protect, and fulfil the right to health, and it is incumbent upon States to develop policies and frameworks through which the right to health of older persons can be addressed to meet these requirements. It is important to establish safeguards to ensure the informed consent of older persons in the context of guardianship and build the capacity of older persons to fully understand and make use of health information. | Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
Right to health in conflict situations 2013, para. 40 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | The health needs of certain groups are often overlooked in conflict due to limited or suspended services. Older persons are more at risk in conflict due to poor mobility and are less able to travel to health facilities. They may be unable to carry heavy packages of food or containers of water, and often live without family support, which renders them vulnerable to higher levels of malnutrition and disease. Similarly, persons with disabilities, often abandoned by families fleeing conflict, may face greater health and safety risks. Many facilities are unable to provide children with disabilities with the treatment and care suited to their physical developmental needs, hampering their ability to enjoy their right to health. | Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2013 | ||
Reflection on work undertaken in first 14 years of the mandate; outline of opportunities and priorities 2014, para. 43 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Migrant workers have also made important advances in addressing discrimination in economic and social contexts, such as discrimination based on citizenship or immigration status, including "undocumented" status. Migrant domestic workers, migrant construction workers (for example, those working in extractive industries or large-scale infrastructure projects), children, older migrants and migrants in irregular situations are the most vulnerable, often lacking administrative or judicial remedies for their housing claims. Migrant workers and the members of their families frequently face housing conditions characterized by overcrowding, irregular or unregulated rental markets, high exposure to arbitrary changes in the cost of rent or essential services, and substandard living conditions, and can be subject to abuse, in particular when they are undocumented. | Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2014 | ||
The realization of the right to health of older persons 2011, para. 24 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | According to general comment No. 14, the right to health contains both freedoms and entitlements. The freedoms include the right to make independent decisions about one's health, which is to say freedom from State interference. For older persons, freedoms regard issues such as informed consent, autonomy and guardianship. Entitlements, which concern positive obligations of the State may, for example, include the provision of primary health care and social protection which recognizes and takes into account age-related elements, States should recognize that ageing is a lifelong process; State policy and legislation should reflect this reality. Investment in health services should be made at various stages of the life course, when risks to well-being and windows of opportunity are greatest. | Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
The realization of the right to health of older persons 2011, para. 60 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | The Special Rapporteur believes that the end of life of persons forms an integral part of their life. Consequently, he stresses that older persons must be treated with as much dignity during the process of dying as they should have been in the earlier phases of their life course. Palliative care requires important funding and mobilisation of numerous actors and stakeholders within the medical sector, and it is absolutely crucial in order to prolong the lives of older persons affected by life-threatening diseases and to ensure their death in dignity. | Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
The realization of the right to health of older persons 2011, para. 9 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | However, the ageing world's most important challenge is to ensure the enjoyment of human rights of older persons. It is critical that measures be put in place to eradicate discrimination and exclusion of older persons and to ensure access to services according to their needs. In a statement marking the International Day of Older Persons, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Ms. Navi Pillay, pointed to the urgent need for better legal protection of older persons, a growing sector of society that is often most vulnerable and neglected, and she emphasized that "the human rights community has been slow in realizing that the global agenda and the advocacy efforts at the national level can no longer ignore the rights of older persons". | Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
The realization of the right to health of older persons 2011, para. 20 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Internationally recognized human rights standards and principles as contained in core international human rights treaties cover and protect older persons. Despite this tacit protection, it has increasingly been argued that there is a gap in the international human rights system because there is currently no specific universal human rights instrument on the rights of older persons. Specific provisions focusing on older persons, such as those which exist for some other categories of vulnerable persons such as women, children, persons with disabilities, and migrant workers, are also lacking. | Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
The realization of the right to health of older persons 2011, para. 70 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | In a report of this length, it is impossible to address all of the important issues, but the Special Rapporteur notes with urgency the present demographic changes leading to a rapidly increasing number of older persons. Society should move beyond seeking simply healthy ageing for its citizens, and begin working towards active and dignified ageing, which should be planned and supported just like any other stage of the individual's life course. Planning for old age implies putting in place diagnostic and prevention services at the primary healthcare level long before ageing sets in. The pursuit of active and dignified ageing for older persons requires re-framing society's concept of ageing to focus on the continued participation of older persons in social, economic, cultural and civic affairs, as well as their continuous contributions to society longer into their lives. The promotion and protection of the human rights of older persons should be of concern to everyone because ageing is a process which everyone will undergo. Older persons are especially vulnerable as a group because of stereotyped perceptions of the group as a "lapsed" segment of society. However, as life expectancy increases and medicine improves, older persons stay active longer than ever before, both in terms of occupational and non-occupational activities. Encouraging older persons to remain physically, politically, socially and economically active for as long as possible will benefit not only the individual, but also the society as a whole. | Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
The realization of the right to health of older persons 2011, para. 56 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Several issues arise with respect to the provision of palliative care to older persons, one of which concerns availability of palliative care and in particular, medicines utilized in such care. Moderate to severe pain is a common by-product of illnesses requiring palliative care, for which opioid-based analgesics are commonly prescribed. State parties to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights are required, as a core obligation under the Covenant, to ensure provision of essential drugs as defined under the WHO Action Programme on Essential Drugs. Despite this and the fact that oral morphine and other narcotic preparations are inexpensive and should not be difficult to obtain, the availability of such medications used in palliative care is often limited. That is due to a number of factors, such as restrictive drug regulations, failure to implement a properly functioning supply and distribution system, and inadequate health-care system capacity. Particularly concerning is the complex international narcotic control framework that severely inhibits access to medicines regulated under the framework. Even when such medications are available, there often remains a lack of understanding of palliative care and the use of narcotics in pain relief amongst medical practitioners. More comprehensive training on palliative care and the use of narcotic drugs is needed. These barriers to availability of good quality palliative care are not unique to older persons as a group, but older persons are disproportionately affected due to the increased incidence of chronic and terminal illness amongst them. | Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
The realization of the right to health of older persons 2011, para. 7 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | The Special Rapporteur considers these compelling figures a harbinger of a quiet demographic revolution. It owes much to the significant gains achieved in many areas which have substantially increased longevity but will have far-reaching and unpredictable consequences for all countries, developed and developing alike. A rapidly ageing population presents significant challenges for the global community, in a world that is already affected by various social, economic, cultural and political challenges. The immediate consequences of longer life expectancy include increases in the prevalence of chronic and non-communicable diseases and disabilities, which, if unaddressed, could place significant burdens on health systems, strain pension and social security systems, increase demand for primary health care and put pressure on the availability and affordability of long-term care. | Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 | ||
Right to health in conflict situations 2013, para. 37 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | States should give particular attention to persons rendered vulnerable by conflict, such as women, children, older persons, people with disabilities and displaced communities. This requires States to address marginalization arising from social, political and economic exclusion; discrimination against persons belonging to or perceived to belong to a specific community; vulnerability due to ill-health; and conflict strategies that deliberately render certain communities vulnerable. These factors, individually or in combination, may expose certain groups to multiple vulnerabilities and an increased risk of violation of their right to health. Recognizing the diverse vulnerabilities in different communities and empowering them to participate in all decision-making processes that affect their health enable States to fulfil their obligation under the right to health during conflict and also promotes a sustainable recovery from conflict. | Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2013 | ||
Work of the mandate and priorities of the SR 2015, para. 47 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | The cooperation between sectors can also be beneficial to facilitate access to preschool education, especially for children of families at risk, and enable community readiness to accept and integrate children and adults with disabilities into all of the everyday life of the community. This approach can also offer opportunities for adolescents and youth at risk to find alternatives to youth violence by engaging them in community programmes that support recreation centres for older persons, thus contributing to the reinforcement of intergenerational links and improving the quality of human relationships in general. | Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2015 | ||
The realization of the right to health of older persons 2011, para. 6 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Although the growth of the older population is affecting the whole world, most of the increase is taking place in the developing world. More than half of the elderly (400 million) live in Asia, while Europe is the region with the second-largest number of older persons (nearly 161 million), followed by North America (65 million), Latin America and the Caribbean (59 million), Africa (55 million) and Oceania (5 million). On average, it is estimated that 29 million older persons will be added to the world's population each year between 2010 and 2025, and over 80 per cent of those will be added in the developing countries. By 2050, it is further projected that around 80 per cent of the elderly will live in the developing world. | Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2011 |