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Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 85
- Paragraph text
- When administrative or national quasi-judicial mechanisms do not exist or are not able to successfully resolve a dispute, the right to an effective remedy requires that people whose rights to water and sanitation have been affected be able to turn to a court. A right of judicial review as a last resort is sometimes indispensable. In this context, it is critical that judicial systems uphold the justiciability of the human rights to water and sanitation in line with international human rights law.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- All
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 5
- Paragraph text
- The number of States with a regulatory framework for water and sanitation services is increasing and so is the contingent of regulatory actors. However, there is no universal regulatory model. Regulation should be adapted to local circumstances, needs and challenges. International human rights law does not prescribe a particular choice of regulatory framework. What is essential from a human rights perspective is that those carrying out regulatory functions be immune to pressures from any illegitimate interests and that the main objectives of regulation be aligned with the human rights to drinking water and sanitation.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 25
- Paragraph text
- Regardless of the regulatory model chosen, currently most water and sanitation regulatory frameworks typically incorporate aspects of economic regulation (asset management planning and tariff-setting), of quality of service regulation and of drinking water quality regulation. Some may also include aspects of environmental regulation, mainly water abstraction and wastewater discharges, of user interface regulation or of legal and contractual regulation. The fact that different forms of regulation have been adopted for specific purposes without explicit mention of the human rights to water and sanitation standards or principles does not necessarily mean that those forms of regulation do not take into consideration at least partially these standards and principles. In this context, it is essential to emphasize a distinction between fully incorporating the human rights to water and sanitation into regulatory frameworks and choosing some selected aspects of it to comply with. For States to fulfil their human rights obligations, the whole human rights to water and sanitation framework must be reflected in States’ regulatory norms and activities.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- In some countries, regulatory frameworks include the model of self-regulation, whereby public service providers regulate their own activities, set tariffs and quality standards and monitor their own performance. Many countries with public service providers have not seen the necessity of creating a separate regulatory function for the water sector. In El Salvador, the National Water Mains and Sewers Administration, the main service provider in urban areas, sets its own quality of service standards, while the Ministry of Health monitors the quality of drinking water and the Ministry of Economics approves changes to water rates (see A/HRC/33/49/Add.1, para. 25). In Tajikistan, the Ministry of Energy and Water Resources has the overall responsibility for guaranteeing the national drinking water supply and coordinating relevant actors in the water sector (see A/HRC/33/49/Add.2, para. 10). It is also responsible for the adoption and implementation of State programmes for the development of drinking water supply systems, the establishment and regulation of water tariffs and the provision of public information.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 4
- Paragraph text
- When the terms “regulatory framework” or “regulation” (in general) are used in the report, they refer to secondary legislation such as norms, rules or standards establishing how services should be provided in a given context and the institutions responsible for monitoring compliance with these norms and standards. The terms “regulatory body”, “regulatory authority” or “regulator” refer to a separate body to which the State delegates regulatory functions. These bodies are often responsible for setting standards and applying and enforcing them. The term “regulatory actors” is used in a broad sense, and includes government institutions that exercise regulatory functions (i.e. a department within a ministry) and separate bodies created by the State to carry out regulatory functions.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 45
- Paragraph text
- Regulatory standards should prioritize access to both water and sanitation facilities in public places in sufficient numbers; in institutional facilities, including hospitals, schools, public transport hubs, prisons, and places of detention, at the workplace and in rented housing, taking into consideration the special needs of, inter alia, women and girls; and in relation to those without a permanent dwelling, including homeless people and nomadic communities. Regulation should separate access to water and sanitation services from land tenure, often an obstacle to accessing these services in informal settlements.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- Girls
- Women
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 47
- Paragraph text
- National standards must ensure that the water used for each personal and domestic use is safe for human health as regards the presence of microorganisms, chemical substances and radiological hazards. The WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality provide guidance for setting national regulations and standards for water safety in support of public health. The Guidelines describe reasonable minimum safe-practice requirements to protect health and provide numerical “guideline values” for constituents of water or indicators of water quality. When defining mandatory limits, the Guidelines are an authoritative source and must be taken into consideration in the context of local or national environmental, social, economic and cultural conditions.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 58
- Paragraph text
- A regulatory framework should contain positive measures or affirmative action that ensure the progressive realization of the human rights to water and sanitation for all, in a non-discriminatory manner, while eliminating inequalities in access, including for individuals belonging to groups at risk and groups that are marginalized on the grounds of race, gender, age, disability, ethnicity, culture, religion, national or social origin or any other grounds. Such measures should target specific challenges, including: (a) prioritization of the extension of coverage of water and sanitation services to rural and deprived urban areas, while taking into account the specific needs of women and children; (b) the denial of the rights to water and sanitation to people living in informal settlements, on the grounds of their housing or land status; and (c) the lack of affordability of services for the poorest.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Women
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 1
- Paragraph text
- Pursuant to Human Rights Council resolutions 27/7 of 2014 and 33/10 of 2016, the Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation, Léo Heller, was mandated to work on identifying challenges and obstacles to the full realization of those rights, as well as protection gaps, good practices and enabling factors. The subject of the present report is the regulation of water and sanitation services in the context of realization of human rights and the report aims to discuss the essential role that regulatory frameworks can play in the implementation of these human rights at the national level. In this respect, it outlines the legal obligations and responsibilities of States, regulatory actors and service providers in progressively realizing the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation through regulatory frameworks.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- Access to information and transparency are essential in order for participation to be meaningful. Regulatory actors must enable a culture of transparency by providing access to information that is objective, comprehensible, clear and consistent and is made available to everybody in different formats and in the appropriate language. The Special Rapporteur has observed that in El Salvador, decisions on water rationing measures are not systematically publicized and there seems to be no standard rule for informing users about such measures (see A/HRC/33/49/Add.1, para. 32). Similarly, the results of quality tests on water for human consumption are neither made public nor sent to users. Regulation of the ways in which information should be shared is therefore essential.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 3
- Paragraph text
- The incorporation of the human rights to water and sanitation into national legal frameworks can be done at different levels and using different instruments, including the constitution, legislation, policies and regulations. States have an immediate and legally binding obligation to take deliberate, concrete and targeted steps to the maximum of their available resources to achieve progressively the full realization of these human rights (see art. 2 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights). This includes the obligation to adopt legislative measures, as explicitly stipulated in the Covenant, and the obligation to take steps to establish regulatory frameworks informed by the standards and principles that underpin those rights.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 8
- Paragraph text
- The analysis carried out is based on a framework that focuses on aligning the life cycle of development cooperation with the human rights to water and sanitation. The Special Rapporteur proposes the concept of a “human rights development cycle”, as presented in the figure below. In this hypothetical framework, stages are identified where funders can place guarantees and safeguards to ensure that their development cooperation will fully incorporate human rights. Within the human rights development cycle, it is expected that funders entrench the human rights principles and standards in each particular stage and in an integrated fashion throughout all stages. The framework constitutes a non-linear approach, since stages are not necessarily sequential. Notably, assessment and monitoring play a key role in feeding back into previous stages of the cycle and improving funders’ capacity to contribute to the progressive realization of the human rights to water and sanitation.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 66
- Paragraph text
- Improvements to partner States’ water and sanitation services funded through development cooperation, even when provided without an obligation for full repayment, often entail an increased need for revenues from tariffs or taxes to keep those services operational and sustainable in the long term. Some funders request or even impose an obligation on partner States to fully or partially recover the costs to operate and maintain such systems through tariffs. Consequently, depending on how tariffs for water and sanitation services are set upon completion, these projects can have an impact on affordable access to services. When funders impose conditionalities requiring full cost recovery through tariffs and the result is higher service fees for users, the affected users must be able to petition the amount of the tariff and seek recourse. If they are not able to do so, the public authorities are therefore not protecting users from the adverse impact of unaffordable services, and the funder shares responsibility for facilitating the creation of such circumstances.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 72
- Paragraph text
- One project, in which the funder provided budget support to the partner State, consists of maintaining dialogue among government authorities with the aim of supporting sector reform. However, the process seemed to apply a non-participatory approach as relevant stakeholders, including local governments and civil society organizations, were apparently excluded from the discussion of key decisions. That may be a source of future conflict and could jeopardize the legitimacy of the agreements that will be made. The human rights to water and sanitation require funders to take measures to ensure meaningful participation by all stakeholders and to support partner States in developing methods to promote participation (for example, multi-stakeholder dialogues involving the authorities concerned, civil society organizations, private sector entities and marginalized groups). Such dialogues can contribute to building political will, to planning a more appropriate restructuring in the sector recognizing the diverse needs of various groups and their rights, and to creating opportunities to hold public authorities accountable.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 84
- Paragraph text
- Similar to the broad conclusion reached in the first report (A/71/302, paras. 41-44), the Special Rapporteur finds that the explicit commitment to human rights in the six funders’ policies constitutes a heterogeneous patchwork. While some funders’ policies consider the human rights framework, particularly the human rights to water and sanitation, others are only sporadically aligned with those rights and reveal varying degrees of clarity regarding their application to development cooperation. However, even in cases where the human rights framework was adequately incorporated in funders’ policies, the Special Rapporteur observed significant gaps in the application of this framework during project implementation. The root causes of such gaps are varied, including non-implementation of applicable policies at the project stage, non-integration of the human rights framework in the funder’s policies and tools and the absence of a human rights approach in the project selection and design stages.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur observed that the human rights framework might be incorporated in overarching policies that broadly encompass all development cooperation operations or in policies or strategies specifically designed for the water and sanitation sector. Furthermore, policies and strategies were also identified that focused on specific groups, such as women, indigenous populations and persons with disabilities, which occasionally included particular considerations for those people’s needs related to water and sanitation. However, in order to balance the multiple topics of relevance to the present report, funders’ general development cooperation policies and specific policies on water and sanitation are addressed herein.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- Ethnic minorities
- Persons with disabilities
- Women
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 69
- Paragraph text
- In the context of development cooperation, the right to participation is relevant at two stages. First, the participation of a diversity of stakeholders is relevant during the processes of planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation and assessment (A/71/302, para. 17). Such participatory processes should involve input from national stakeholders and people whose rights are affected that can meaningfully affect the decision-making process in all aspects of development cooperation activities. Second, establishing participatory processes between the funder and the beneficiaries at the level of project implementation is key. If the knowledge and expectations of beneficiaries are not incorporated into those processes, cooperation will never improve their access to water, sanitation and hygiene in a manner consistent with their cultural values and human rights principles (ibid.).
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- UNICEF has in place several policies and relevant strategic plans for water and sanitation that are based on the human rights framework. UNICEF has adapted those policies and strategies to meet the Sustainable Development Goals. That has important implications for its approach to development cooperation in the water and sanitation sector, as it determines the service levels that UNICEF will uphold and aim to implement.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- Furthermore, the intervention framework establishes targets for an intended number of beneficiaries through projects and defines a proportion of projects or funding to support relevant elements of the human rights to water and sanitation (for example, to ensure that 50 per cent of all projects funded have a positive impact on gender).
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Gender
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 89k
- Paragraph text
- [In line with the above, the Special Rapporteur recommends that States:] Establish the necessary mechanisms to ensure accountability of regulatory actors;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 19
- Paragraph text
- Access to information is crucial to the work of regulatory actors, who have an obligation to collect, analyse and disseminate accurate and disaggregated information on the implementation of the rights to water and sanitation by the service providers that they regulate. Access to information is essential for enabling meaningful participation. In this context, it is important to highlight that regulatory actors’ obligation to ensure meaningful public participation in key regulatory decisions, including tariff-setting, is not in any way incompatible with their required independence.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- A number of human rights challenges arise when regulating service provision by contract, particularly when non-State actors are involved. Such challenges include guaranteeing transparent and democratic decision-making, addressing power asymmetries in the bidding and negotiation process, ensuring affordable services, avoiding disconnections in cases of inability to pay, ensuring monitoring and accountability, and addressing corruption. It is also important that contracts, which are normally valid for decades, can be reviewed and adapted over time.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 62
- Paragraph text
- Monitoring is essential for understanding current levels of access to water and sanitation services — by focusing on issues such as affordability and water quality, identifying barriers to access for unserved or underserved populations, and ensuring that participatory processes are inclusive. National and local monitoring processes gather information that helps identify drivers and bottlenecks, highlight gaps, and assess strengths and challenges, and as such are essential for the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- All
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 91b
- Paragraph text
- [In the project selection, design and implementation stages, the Special Rapporteur reiterates the importance of measures and safeguards with the specific aim of ensuring human rights compliance (ibid., para. 74 (b)) and recommends that funders:] Ensure that the selection, design and implementation of projects apply the framework for the human rights to water and sanitation, notably prioritizing those people in the most vulnerable situations;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 40
- Paragraph text
- A growing number of regulatory bodies have been created in recent years. The Palestinian Water Sector Regulatory Council was established by Water Decree by Law No. 14 in 2014, and its mandate includes monitoring the performance of all service providers, approving water prices, issuing licences, setting qualitative standards and handling complaints. Similarly, in Portugal, Law No. 10/2014, establishing the Water and Waste Services Regulatory Authority, confers on the Authority monitoring and enforcement powers and the power to regulate, which apply to all service providers. This is also the case of Brazil, a federal State, which passed a National Water and Sanitation Act in 2007 that establishes guidelines for the creation of regulatory agencies at the municipal, intermunicipal or State level.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 46
- Paragraph text
- A regulatory interpretation of physical accessibility of water and sanitation facilities should provide as minimum standards that these facilities are within safe physical reach or in the immediate vicinity of each household at all times of day and night. In its proposed indicators for monitoring Sustainable Development Goal 6, the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation suggests that a round trip to access an improved drinking water source should not take longer than 30 minutes, including queuing (basic level), and that a basic level of sanitation should provide access to an improved sanitation facility not shared with other households. Furthermore, regulation should specifically address the situation of those with special needs in terms of accessibility, such as children, persons with disabilities, older persons, pregnant women, and people with special health conditions, and advise that the design of sanitation facilities accommodates their specific needs, while being technically safe to use. Places such as schools, preschools, care homes and detention centres require specific regulations to ensure physical accessibility.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Older persons
- Persons with disabilities
- Women
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- With respect to sanitation, regulatory frameworks should prescribe a sufficient number of sanitation facilities within, or in the immediate vicinity, of each household (see A/HRC/12/24, para. 70). The assessment of the sanitation requirements of any community must be informed by the context, as well as the characteristics of particular groups which may have different sanitation needs (e.g. women, persons with disabilities, children). Where a piped network is not available, regulation should consider the possibility of alternative solutions, such as the construction and maintenance of sanitation facilities, and the disposal and treatment of waste water. In cases where sanitation facilities are shared, regulation should envisage a sufficient number of facilities available.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Persons with disabilities
- Women
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 49
- Paragraph text
- The regulation of sanitation facilities should provide that they are designed and built in a way that effectively prevents human, animal and insect contact with human excreta, and should safeguard access to safe water for handwashing, anal and genital cleansing and menstrual hygiene, and ensure mechanisms for the hygienic disposal of menstrual products (see A/HRC/12/24, para. 72). The Special Rapporteur recommends that regulations require that the specific needs of women and girls are incorporated into the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of water and sanitation facilities (see A/HRC/33/49, para. 77 (h)). To that end, their participation in the design of the facilities should be sought by service providers.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- Girls
- Women
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 60
- Paragraph text
- Promoting the affordability of services, together with a level of cost recovery that meets the requirements for financial sustainability, is a major challenge for regulatory frameworks. Regulatory actors must strike the fine balance between enabling service providers to adequately perform operational and maintenance activities, considering infrastructural, environmental and resource costs, and ensuring affordability. Economic perspectives and human rights perspectives are possible to reconcile, requiring from regulatory actors innovative approaches and a redesign of economic instruments in some situations.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 69
- Paragraph text
- The situation becomes far more complex when monitoring informal small-scale providers. Piped systems are often not available to rural households or to those living in informal settlements in urban areas (see A/70/203, para. 64). This represents a significant problem of inequality in access, as people living in these areas, who are often poorer, have to rely on alternatives that are often of lower quality and that tend to cost far more. In these situations, some types of services, such as informal shared or communal facilities and unregulated individual on-site solutions, are seen as necessary short- to medium-term solutions. However, without suitable regulation and monitoring, none of these services can be guaranteed to comply with human rights standards.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe