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Human rights and the environment, para. 14
- Paragraph text
- Recognizing also the important role played by human rights defenders in the promotion and protection of human rights as they relate to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment, and deeply concerned that human rights defenders addressing environmental issues and corporate responsibility are among the human rights defenders most exposed and at risk,
- Organe
- United Nations Human Rights Council
- Type de document
- Resolution
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2018
Paragraphe
Situation of human rights in Myanmar, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- 24. Calls upon the Government of Myanmar to accelerate its efforts to ensure thorough, independent and impartial investigations into the killings of constitutional legal expert and senior National League for Democracy adviser Ko Ni, in January 2017, land and environmental activist Naw Chit Pan Daing, in November 2016, and journalist Soe Moe Tun, in December 2016, the rape and murder of Kachin school teachers Maran Lu Ra and Tangbau Hkawn Nan Tsing in January 2015, as well as other cases, and that those responsible are held accountable;
- Organe
- United Nations Human Rights Council
- Type de document
- Resolution
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2018
Paragraphe
Situation of human rights in Myanmar, para. 38
- Paragraph text
- 21. Calls upon the Government of Myanmar to fulfil its commitment to release unconditionally all remaining political prisoners and to provide for the full rehabilitation of former political prisoners, and to amend restrictive laws and to end remaining curbs on exercising the rights to the freedoms of religion or belief, expression, association and peaceful assembly, which are essential to ensure a safe and enabling environment, notably for civil society, journalists, human rights defenders, lawyers, environmental and land rights activists and civilians, and expresses concern at reports of the arrest of individuals in relation to the exercise of those rights;
- Organe
- United Nations Human Rights Council
- Type de document
- Resolution
- Thèmes
- Civil & Political Rights
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2018
Paragraphe
Work in progress, challenges and the way forward 2017, para. 24
- Paragraph text
- According to Global Witness campaigner Ben Leather: The mandate holder has rightly identified environmental defenders as one of the groups that are most at risk. For us, whose work is to support these defenders, the mandate holder has addressed a number of critical issues in his innovative report that has proved useful in many ways. First and foremost, the report strongly and unequivocally stresses the importance of human rights defenders in fighting for our planet and our rights in the face of powerful private interests. Secondly, the report identifies the various actors who are seeking to hinder, threaten and attack defenders and highlights the changes that must take place, particularly in relation to private businesses and investment banks. Lastly, and perhaps most importantly, this report is far more than a mere document. It contains a straightforward analysis of the risk factors and clearly indicates how the numerous attacks against defenders can be stopped. It is by drawing inspiration from the strength of conviction, innovation and tenacity of defenders that the mandate can best support and protect them.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Work in progress, challenges and the way forward 2017, para. 61
- Paragraph text
- In June 2016, the Special Rapporteur began to hold meetings with companies and business federations, including with extractive industries during his most recent trips, as announced at the outset of his mandate. He is pleased to note that many businesses are increasingly aware of the impact of their activities on human rights. Businesses, especially those working in the extractive and wood industries or with hydroelectric megaprojects, are often mentioned in cases of violence perpetrated against defenders. It therefore seems crucial to engage them in a frank and constructive dialogue with a view to helping them establish mechanisms to prevent the development of tragic situations in the field. Various options are being explored to improve defenders' participation in development projects and in the setting up of mechanisms for redress and remedies in case of violations. The Special Rapporteur plans to continue working on this topic; his next report on businesses will include practical recommendations to businesses and other stakeholders, such as States and national and international development institutions.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Work in progress, challenges and the way forward 2017, para. 25
- Paragraph text
- According to Marcos Orellana, Director of the Human Rights and Environment Program at the Center for International Environmental Law: The Center for International Environmental Law has prepared a report on the situation of environmental rights defenders in Latin America in collaboration with Article 19 and Vermont Law School. The contribution of the Special Rapporteur Michel Forst was very important in that it magnified the impact of this report, in particular through his support for the inclusion of specific provisions on defenders and the environment in the draft regional agreement on environmental democracy and access to information, public participation and access to justice in Latin America and the Caribbean.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Work in progress, challenges and the way forward 2017, para. 23
- Paragraph text
- Since he first established contact with human rights defenders, the Special Rapporteur has received information on the situations of defenders working on all aspects of environmental rights. He has also been struck by the alarming reports, issued by many organizations, of the risks faced by persons committed to preserving natural resources and protecting the right to land. This led him to submit a report (A/71/281) to the General Assembly in 2016 on the situation of environmental rights defenders. His review of that situation enabled him to understand the complexity of systems that combine sophisticated enforcement techniques, unclear lines of accountability and national contexts in which corruption and impunity are rife. The Special Rapporteur intends to continue exploring certain aspects of this research by focusing his next report to the General Assembly on the roles and responsibilities of corporations in attacks on defenders.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
State obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in the context of business activities 2017, para. 48
- Paragraph text
- Finally, the Committee draws the attention of States parties to the challenges facing human rights defenders. The Committee has regularly come across accounts of threats and attacks aimed at those seeking to protect their own or others’ Covenant rights, particularly in the context of extractive and development projects. In addition, trade union leaders, leaders of peasant movements, indigenous leaders and anti-corruption activists are often subject to the risk of harassment. States parties should take all measures necessary to protect human rights advocates and their work. They should refrain from resorting to criminal prosecution to hinder their work, or from otherwise obstructing their work.
- Organe
- Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights
- Type de document
- General Comment / Recommendation
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Ethnic minorities
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Work in progress, challenges and the way forward 2017, para. 69
- Paragraph text
- All of these initiatives will be inadequate if they are not appropriately disseminated through various communication channels. Increased media coverage will therefore be necessary. The Rapporteur has published opinion pieces in various international dailies, including on the consequences of counter-terrorism laws for defenders and on the spread of attacks on environmental defenders.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Work in progress, challenges and the way forward 2017, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- He also had the opportunity to draft a number of joint communications with other mandate holders, including the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples and the Special Rapporteur on human rights and the environment.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Ethnic minorities
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Compendium of good practices in the elimination of discrimination against women 2017, para. 107
- Paragraph text
- A key area of concern to the Working Group is the profound level of backlash against women’s human rights gains, which is on the rise both within States and in international spheres. In a climate of rising populism, xenophobia and fundamentalisms, long-established women’s human rights norms are being undermined, heightening the fragility of good practices in this context. In addition, a concurrent attack on women’s organizations, women’s human rights defenders and civil society movements — including feminist, environmental and human rights movements — creates an atmosphere in which these key actors are criminalized, de-funded and even killed, making the question of good practices moot. The Working Group emphasizes the importance of maintaining the autonomy of local and national movements and other civil society actors — including national human rights institutions, public interest lawyers and scholars — as an essential means of protecting and sustaining good practices. Backlashes within intergovernmental forums, as well as at the national level, must be challenged head-on by the international community.
- Organe
- Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and practice
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Gender
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Women
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Protecting human rights defenders, whether individuals, groups or organs of society, addressing economic, social and cultural rights 2016, para. 1
- Paragraph text
- Stresses that the right of everyone, individually and in association with others, to promote and strive for the protection and realization of all human rights and fundamental freedoms, in accordance with the Declaration, without retaliation or fear thereof is an essential element in building and maintaining sustainable, open and democratic societies, and reaffirms the urgent need to respect, protect, promote and facilitate the work of those defending economic, social and cultural rights as a vital factor contributing towards the realization of those rights, including as they relate to environmental and land issues and development;
- Organe
- United Nations Human Rights Council
- Type de document
- Resolution
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Environmental human rights defenders 2016, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur shares civil society observations that other common characteristics of the killings include the overall impunity with which the perpetrators of these crimes can act and the woefully lacking or ineffective protection measures available for environmental human rights defenders at risk. In almost every affected Latin American country, government and corporate actors are involved in the murders of environmental human rights defenders.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Environmental human rights defenders 2016, para. 91
- Paragraph text
- Good practices among international financial institutions include requiring borrowers to communicate to those affected by projects how their feedback in the design and execution of projects has been followed up; denouncing reprisals against defenders and using their influence to protect environmental human rights defenders at risk; and creating independent oversight mechanisms for activities and situations where there is a high risk of human rights violations.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Environmental human rights defenders 2016, para. 71
- Paragraph text
- In order to build an environment conducive to the defence of rights, States need to review regularly the adequacy of laws, policies, regulations and enforcement measures to ensure that businesses respect human rights and that environmental human rights defenders are protected. In relation to the latter, civil society has developed a model law for the protection of defenders which provides useful guidance on the features of a comprehensive national protection regime.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Protecting human rights defenders, whether individuals, groups or organs of society, addressing economic, social and cultural rights 2016, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- Expressing grave concern also at the observations and findings of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders that human rights defenders addressing environmental and land issues and corporate responsibility, those working on governance issues, promoting transparency and accountability, and those exposing discrimination, corruption and violence at the hands of States, business enterprises and other non-State actors, are among those human rights defenders who are most exposed and at risk, and noting with grave concern also the findings of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearance that the practice of enforced disappearance is often used to repress and intimidate human rights defenders and prevent others from claiming and exercising their economic, social and cultural rights,
- Organe
- United Nations Human Rights Council
- Type de document
- Resolution
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Environmental human rights defenders 2016, para. 34
- Paragraph text
- Latin American and Asia have been the most hostile regions for environmental human rights defenders. In the last five years, of the 137 communications, 48 per cent concerned the Americas, the most dangerous area. Those promoting rights in relation to the extractive and mining industries, palm oil cultivation and deforestation proved to be most at risk (27 communications). The largest number of communications concerned Honduras (11), Mexico (10), Brazil (9) and Peru (8). In the vast majority of the fatal cases, the victims had previously reported threats and intimidation, but they received no adequate protection despite a prominent decision by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights affirming the State duty to respect, protect and fulfil the rights of defenders, as well as to conduct serious and effective investigations of any violations against them, thus preventing impunity.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Environmental human rights defenders 2016, para. 23
- Paragraph text
- The international community and institutions must also act to end threats, intimidation and violence, used to curtail the interaction between environmental human rights defenders and the international and regional human rights mechanisms. The Human Rights Council, in its resolutions 22/6 and 24/24, reaffirmed the right of everyone to unhindered access to and communication with international bodies. The Guidelines against Intimidation or Reprisals (the "San José Guidelines") (HRI/MC/2015/6) endorsed by the chairs of the United Nations human rights treaty bodies aim to enhance the protection provided by treaty bodies to those who face reprisals for engaging with the international human rights regime. The Special Rapporteur encourages other relevant international and regional organizations to follow suit and put in place policies and measures to prevent and address reprisals against environmental human rights defenders.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Environmental human rights defenders 2016, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- Communications sent by the Special Rapporteur reflect the grim picture of the situation of environmental human rights defenders. In the period from December 2006 to July 2016, the mandate sent 2,730 communications on human rights defenders, 243 of which (9 per cent) concerned environmental defenders. There has been a slight increase in the number of cases involving environmental human rights defenders, from a total of 106 (7 per cent) out of 1,498 communications in the first five-year period (December 2006-May 2011) to 137 communications (11 per cent) in the second period (June 2011-July 2016).
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Environmental human rights defenders 2016, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- Preventive approaches, including ensuring the meaningful participation of environmental human rights defenders in the decision-making at all stages, are crucial to overcoming these challenges. Laws, contracts and human rights impact assessments by States and corporations should be developed with the active participation of defenders and communities. They should also contain provisions and procedures on the procedural rights of these communities and defenders. Such provisions should be included in national action plans on business and human rights, environmental impact assessments and decision-making on business concessions and land tenure.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Good practices in the protection of human rights defenders 2016, para. 100
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur on Human Rights Defenders of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights has collaborated with civil society networks to develop recommendations that address the underlying conditions for a safe and enabling environment. Such forms of collaboration both allow for the mobilization of resources for research and ensure that the analysis reflects the situation on the ground.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Environmental human rights defenders 2016, para. 102a
- Paragraph text
- [States should:] Reaffirm and recognize the role of environmental human rights defenders and respect, protect and fulfil their rights;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Environmental human rights defenders 2016, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- Despite the complexity of quantifying the whole situation, there have been rapid strides in exposing the true picture of attacks against environmental human rights defenders. One revealing report documented the unprecedented 185 killings of environmental human rights defenders across 16 countries in 2015. The 59 per cent increase from 2014 meant that more than three defenders were murdered, on average, every week in the course of 2015. The sectors of mining and extractive industries (42 killings), agribusiness (20), hydroelectric dams and water rights (15) and logging (15) were major drivers of the murders. According to another report, the largest single group, constituting 45 per cent of the documented 156 defenders killed in 25 countries in 2015, were related to the defence of environmental, land and indigenous peoples' rights.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Ethnic minorities
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Environmental human rights defenders 2016, para. 70
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur is seriously concerned about impunity for attacks against environmental human rights defenders, an issue he raised in his first report in June 2014 (A/HRC/28/63). He is acutely aware that little or no action is usually taken even when environmental human rights defenders lodge formal complaints about violations they have faced. It is vital for State authorities to investigate such incidents promptly and to bring perpetrators to justice. When these incidents relate to the activities of companies, it is crucial for the authorities to consider them carefully and to conduct their own investigations to determine to the culpability of their employees, contractors and business partners.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Environmental human rights defenders 2016, para. 79
- Paragraph text
- Similarly, it is important for different branches of Government beyond traditional units responsible for law enforcement to recognize the role of environmental human rights defenders in environmental protection. State entities responsible for other activities, including for the environment, resource development and indigenous peoples, must also be involved in the protection of the environment and environmental human rights defenders. States are encouraged to integrate a human rights-based approach into the work of environmental protection agencies and other relevant institutions. It is important that such institutions be given the resources and support required for effective environmental governance.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Ethnic minorities
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Environmental human rights defenders 2016, para. 89
- Paragraph text
- International financial institutions play a significant role in providing financial and technical support to State and non-State actors for economic and social development around the world. They are important actors in ensuring that environmental human rights defenders can voice concerns without fear of reprisals. At a minimum, international financial institutions have a duty to ensure that their activities do not contribute to, or exacerbate, human rights violations, including those committed by borrowers. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur joins the call made in March 2016 by over 150 civil society organizations for international financial institutions to ensure meaningful and effective participation and accountability within their investments and guarantee a systematic analysis of the enabling environment for fundamental freedoms at the country and project levels.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Environmental human rights defenders 2016, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- On the basis of the communications sent in the last five years, one can observe a clear link between violations committed against environmental human rights defenders and the area of their activities. The extractive industry was the sector with the most violations (54 communications), while 37 communications referred to land rights, such as territorial disputes and the right to ancestral lands; 27 communications referred to construction projects such as hydroelectric dams, oil and gas pipelines and aqueducts. Other areas in which environmental human rights defenders faced threats included development policy, fisheries, forced evictions, nuclear power and environmental pollution.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Environmental human rights defenders 2016, para. 72
- Paragraph text
- As mentioned above, one of the root causes of abuses suffered by environmental human rights defenders is the lack of legal recognition of land rights, in particular for indigenous communities and those affected by post-colonialism, conflict and other causes of forced displacement. States should enact laws that recognize the rights of such individuals and communities. Conversely, States need to review and repeal laws that facilitate the exploitation of natural resources, thereby threatening the rights of those affected.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Ethnic minorities
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Environmental human rights defenders 2016, para. 80
- Paragraph text
- Awards and prizes for environmental human rights defenders are an important means of drawing attention to their work and the risks they face. Awards are based on their environmental achievements generally or on specific risks. An example of the latter is the Goldman Environmental Prize, awarded annually to environmental human rights defenders from around the world. Awards also help build the profile and legitimacy of defenders, give voice to their security concerns and celebrate their successes. However, awards are not a panacea, and should be supported by robust protection measures for defenders at risk. Wherever advisable, they should recognize groups of defenders and communities rather than singling out individuals.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Environmental human rights defenders 2016, para. 90
- Paragraph text
- International financial institutions such as the World Bank Group can play an active role in influencing actors in the public and private sectors to respect the rights of environmental human rights defenders, to act with transparency and accountability for their actions and to seek the meaningful participation and consultation of affected communities in their activities. The Special Rapporteur welcomes the reflection on the practice of the World Bank by its Inspection Panel and looks forward to upcoming publications on the lessons emerging in a number of domains of the Bank's activities, including environmental assessment and indigenous peoples and the requirements for consultation, participation and disclosure of information. He advocates the adoption of concrete policies and measures to prevent and address acts of reprisals against environmental human rights defenders for their cooperation with international financial institutions.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Ethnic minorities
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe