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Gender equality in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2016, para. 77f
- Paragraph text
- [In line with the above, the Special Rapporteur recommends that States:] Increase collaboration between entities operating in the water, sanitation and hygiene sector and those operating in other sectors, including the health sector, to address gender inequalities and culturally taboo topics more effectively and in a comprehensive manner;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Health
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 99e
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur recommends that States:] Set priorities in a way to meet the most essential needs to ensure survival, health and dignity, considering the short-, medium- and long-term planning;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2015
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Wastewater management in the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 14
- Paragraph text
- Water-related diseases make up a large part of the global disease burden, with more people dying as a result of polluted water than are killed in wars and other forms of violence. Many so-called water-related diseases are in fact faeces-related diseases, which transmitted through contact with or ingestion of water contaminated with faeces.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Wastewater management in the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 85
- Paragraph text
- Water contamination has a significant impact on the realization of human rights, including the human right to water, but also the rights to health, food and a healthy environment, among many others. Human rights principles and standards are relevant beyond the context of water and sanitation service delivery and need to be integrated into discussions on water and wastewater management at all levels.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Wastewater management in the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 59
- Paragraph text
- From a human rights perspective, the priority is to start where exposure is the greatest, instead of further improving services where basic treatment standards are already respected. Ever larger investments in sophisticated sewage treatment plants are not a priority. Rather, efficient confinement and treatment of septage and sludge, and the eradication of open defecation need to be prioritized.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Planning for the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2011, para. 59
- Paragraph text
- Often budgets are allocated along administrative lines corresponding to different ministries and departments. Due to the fragmented nature of responsibilities for water and sanitation, it is difficult to obtain a complete picture of resources for the sectors when these are combined with other budgets such as health. Moreover, in particular for rural sanitation, "off-budget" allocations are very common.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Human Rights Obligations Related to Non-State Service Provision in Water and Sanitation 2010, para. 47b
- Paragraph text
- [One of the key roles of regulation is to set and monitor performance standards. The regulatory framework has to set specific standards for providers to comply with in line with the human rights to water and sanitation and the obligation to progressively realize these rights in particular with regard to:] Water quality. It must not pose a threat to human health. The World Health Organization Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality serve as an important reference in this regard;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 50
- Paragraph text
- Further challenges arise when wastewater management and treatment are neglected. In such instances, the users of toilets linked to networked sewerage systems obtain individual health benefits, but they may inflict negative impacts on others by contaminating the environment in which they live. From a health perspective, one community's sewage is more dangerous to external communities, as it potentially transmits different pathogens. This will infringe people's human rights to water, health and a healthy environment and will also reinforce inequalities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2015
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Common violations of the human rights to water and sanitation 2014, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- One example of enforcing the obligation to protect is an Argentine case in which the court prohibited a private company from disconnecting the water supply due to non-payment, relying on the International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (art. 11) and other human rights instruments, which are directly applicable in Argentina. The Greek Council of State recently blocked the planned privatization of the Athens Water Supply and Sewerage Company, arguing that it could put public health at risk due to the anticipated deterioration of water and sanitation quality.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Wastewater management in the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 12
- Paragraph text
- Looking at on-site sanitation solutions, faecal sludge and septage are all too often not confined and treated, while not even included in the aforementioned figures. Faecal sludge, the management of which is often overlooked, if not ignored, presents a major health hazard, especially in urban areas. Designated disposal or treatment sites for faecal sludge often are lacking or are dysfunctional. After pits or tanks have been emptied, sludge is often dumped in the vicinity of peoples' dwellings, and hence remains a major health hazard.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Wastewater management in the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 9
- Paragraph text
- Wastewater should be understood to include not just sewage, but also faecal sludge and septage originating from pit latrines and septic tanks. Finding the appropriate terminology to cover all those types of wastewater is difficult, and an all encompassing neutral term is yet to be found. However, in following the definition of wastewater as it is emerging in the sector, and seeing the need for a term that encompasses all forms of sewage, sludge and septage, the Special Rapporteur will use this broad understanding of the term "wastewater".
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Wastewater management in the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 8
- Paragraph text
- Wastewater can be defined as "a combination of one or more of: domestic effluent consisting of blackwater (excreta, urine and faecal sludge) and greywater (kitchen and bathing wastewater); water from commercial establishments and institutions, including hospitals; industrial effluent, stormwater and other urban run off; and agricultural, horticultural and aquaculture effluent, either dissolved or as suspended matter". Wastewater contains pathogens, heavy metals, chemical contaminants such as acids, but it also contains valuable nutrients.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Wastewater management in the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- Wastewater management takes place at different levels of government, which interact and overlap. While legislative and policy frameworks are frequently drawn up at the national level, it might be incumbent on local governments to implement them. Also, wastewater is not always a matter of the federal State. Balancing decentralization and central coordination is a major task. Even at the national level, wastewater management tends to be fragmented across different ministries and departments, including health, environment, infrastructure and agriculture, among others.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Wastewater management in the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- Water pollution can endanger access to safe drinking or irrigation water of downstream users. Heavy metals also enter the food chain, thus putting at risk the human rights to food and to health. Often, water pollution concerns poorer communities much more than others, as lack of infrastructure forces them to use unsafe sources. In one city, wells and boreholes used by residents of a lower middle class area have been shown to be polluted by cadmium and lead, with concomitant health risks of cancer and kidney damage.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Wastewater management in the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- Another largely ignored area is the collection and management of greywater as well as stormwater. The latter frequently contains much higher levels of pollution than commonly assumed so that more efforts are needed to integrate stormwater into wastewater management. The associated challenges are exacerbated during times of flooding. The Constitutional Chamber of Costa Rica found that poorly maintained sewage systems, which contributed to the flooding of households with wastewater during periods of heavy rainfall, violated the right to health.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 6b
- Paragraph text
- [While target 7.C itself is of critical importance, it is also indispensable for achieving the other Millennium Development Goals:] Clean water supply and sanitation services reduce diseases such as anaemia and vitamin deficiency that undermine maternal health (Goal 5);
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Gender
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- The general development cooperation policy of Japan is found in its development cooperation charter, revised in 2015. The charter reaffirms the country’s obligations to promote human rights through its international development activities. According to the charter, activities in the water supply and sanitation sector fall under the country’s policy umbrella of promoting development for human security. In the charter, “quality growth” and poverty eradication through such growth is designated as a priority policy issue, encompassing water supply and sanitation. Indeed, Japan adopts a cross-sectoral approach, that is, the approach to strengthening health systems also includes the strengthening of water services and other infrastructure (CRC/C/JPN/3, para. 68).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Affordability of water and sanitation services 2015, para. 81
- Paragraph text
- However, monitoring affordability is not a straightforward process. Accurate and meaningful monitoring of affordability is extremely complex. If carried out on the basis of an affordability standard, the necessary parameters for calculating affordability - the expenses for accessing water and sanitation in comparison to overall household expenditure, and the real income of a household - are difficult to measure. Monitoring whether a household's expenditure on water and sanitation exceeds a specific proportion of its income in a specific context is not easily done, given the precarious incomes of many low-income households, and the many different types of expenses for water and sanitation services in informal settlements, where affordability concerns are most acute. Given these difficulties, States often use an "average" or a "lowest" income level, and an assumed acceptable volume of water to set appropriate service charges. However, such generalizations hide whether individuals can actually afford services in their particular context, which may involve a large household, or individuals with specific health problems.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2015
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Affordability of water and sanitation services 2015, para. 64
- Paragraph text
- Uniform tariff approaches depend on a metered system, where households pay a fixed rate for each unit that they use. Such systems will generally be cheaper to administer than a differentiated system. However, they do not take account of households' size or ability to pay, or whether a household has particular needs that will require more water, such as dialysis or other health needs. They will almost invariably lead to better-off households having access to more water or paying lower bills than poorer residents. Where poorer households access larger quantities of water to meet their requirements, services may become unaffordable without additional safeguards.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2015
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 73
- Paragraph text
- Hand-washing is often seen as the key aspect of hygiene. It requires both adequate quantities of water at necessary places (in the kitchen and bathroom) and critical times (after using the toilet, before preparing food and before eating), as well as soap (or an alternative, such as ash). In many households, both of these resources may be in short supply, for accessibility or affordability reasons. A typical example of a hand-washing station is a tap connected to piped water, but there are also other solutions, such as the "tippy tap", that are at least acceptable as an interim solution. As with all water use, it is essential that there be an adequate wastewater disposal system to prevent the local (and in some cases broader) environment from being flooded with excess water.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2015
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 61
- Paragraph text
- Treated water piped into the home is usually presented as the gold standard for access to water. Its emergence is also largely explained by the historical development of water supply in urban areas in the Global North.7 Institutions such as schools, health-care centres and detention centres are generally connected to a piped supply where this is available. Where water is provided by a formal service provider, it is expected that there will be standards and targets set, which can be regulated by an independent regulatory body. This is an essential aspect of formal service provision, even though effective implementation in practice is often lacking.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2015
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 60
- Paragraph text
- As long as on-site sanitation facilities are constructed, maintained and managed according to human rights standards and principles, there is no dichotomy between human rights and self-supply. However, some of these solutions may be inadequate, especially in terms of cleaning, maintenance and sludge management, which can have strong negative impacts on human health and the environment. In some countries, the State may not recognize its obligation to ensure that self-supply solutions comply with human rights obligations and are appropriate and affordable. States need to put appropriate systems in place, including regulation and financial support for those who need it.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2015
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Participation in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2014, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- In Europe, article 5 (i) of the Protocol on Water and Health to the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (Water Convention) of the Economic Commission for Europe (EEC) identifies "access to information and public participation in decision-making concerning water and health" as a principle, and articles (5) (b) and 6 (2) require public participation in target-setting and developing water-management plans. Moreover, the ECE Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Convention) guarantees the right to participate in decisions on specific activities, in the establishment of plans, programmes and policies and in the development of laws (arts. 6-8). Efforts are under way to develop a similar instrument under the auspices of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. The Special Rapporteur welcomes these developments.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Wastewater management in the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 16
- Paragraph text
- Large-scale contamination sometimes has visible direct impacts, but more frequently the impacts of inadequate wastewater management and water pollution are invisible and become manifest only in the long term. They affect not only the surrounding communities, but also those communities that are downstream from the source of pollution, resulting in an out-of-sight, out-of-mind phenomenon. Yet, pathogens in sewage and other contaminants cause a range of diseases, either through contamination of drinking water, through direct contact or through their entry into the food chain. Inadequate wastewater management restricts development, threatens livelihoods and increases poverty as a result of increased costs of health care as well as reduced productivity and educational opportunities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Wastewater management in the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- It is difficult to determine what share of the disease burden and other negative impacts can be attributed to inadequate wastewater management and water contamination. Many public health benefits are derived from access to sanitation, avoidance of direct contact with human excreta and improvement of hygienic practice. However, where wastewater is not even confined and people are exposed to pathogens, lack of wastewater management has negative impacts. Conversely, an increase in the level of wastewater management has been shown to result in public health benefits such as reductions in disease mortality independent from income levels and access to sanitation.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Wastewater management in the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 13
- Paragraph text
- Water safety is a central component of the human right to water, and large volumes of unmanaged wastewater compromise the availability of safe water. Water pollution also endangers other human rights. Unmanaged wastewater constitutes a hazard for both the environment and human health, the two being closely interlinked, as damage to the integrity of the ecosystem inevitably has an impact on human health and well-being. Dead zones are spreading in oceans and lakes, and many groundwater reservoirs have become polluted beyond remediation, thereby threatening the livelihoods of people relying on ecosystem services.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Wastewater management in the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 11
- Paragraph text
- Exposure to faeces and wastewater is a reality that many individuals face. Effects range from ill-health to hampering education and work. Global processes of change, including population growth, but more importantly, economic growth, changing lifestyles and diets, and urbanization will further increase the demand for water and produce growing volumes of wastewater. An estimated 1,500 km³ of wastewater are generated worldwide per year, which corresponds roughly to the volume of over 300,000 Maracanã football stadiums filled with wastewater up to the top. It is estimated that more than 80 per cent of all wastewater generated worldwide is not treated.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Wastewater management in the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 77
- Paragraph text
- In some instances, applicants have successfully used litigation, before both national courts and international bodies. A community in Córdoba, Argentina, was affected by an overstretched sewage treatment plant that allowed raw sewage to flow into the local river. The court ordered the city both to provide the community with alternate sources of water in the short term and to reduce the contamination of the river. A court in South Africa decided that a mining company was obliged to continue dealing with acid mine drainage and bear the costs for remediation even after it had sold the mine. The European Committee on Social Rights found Greece in violation of the right to health owing to the country's failure to implement measures and enforce regulations to reduce the harmful impact of industrial pollution in the River Asopos. The Colombian Constitutional Court ordered a pig farm that caused pollution to stop operations based on the applicants' right to health.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Wastewater management in the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 70
- Paragraph text
- Finally, the costs of adequate wastewater management are certainly an issue; however, the Special Rapporteur urges policymakers to consider the costs of inaction. Remaining inactive and letting contamination continue unabated means that the huge economic benefits of reducing water pollution and associated health impacts as well as increased productivity and school attendance would not be reaped. While requiring large initial investments, the costs of prevention and treatment by far outweigh the costs of inaction in the long term. Studies on the economic returns of sanitation interventions show that both septic tanks with treatment and sewerage with treatment have a positive cost-benefit ratio, for instance of about 1:4 in the Philippines. Another study in Indonesia that examined the impact of downstream water pollution found that the benefits of treating domestic and industrial wastewater offset the costs by a factor of 2:3.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Wastewater management in the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 51
- Paragraph text
- One of the biggest incentives for improved wastewater management is the increasing understanding that wastewater is a resource. In the agricultural sector, an estimated area of between 4 million and 20 million ha worldwide (i.e., the surface area of Switzerland and Senegal, respectively) is irrigated with wastewater or fertilized by sludge. While this use is welcome, when the use is unregulated, it exposes producers, residents and consumers to health risks. Therefore, the risks and benefits of irrigation with wastewater need to be balanced. The Guidelines on the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater in Agriculture and Aquaculture provide useful standards. In Namibia, the Special Rapporteur witnessed efforts to treat wastewater to the standard of drinking water (see A/HRC/21/42/Add.3, para. 15).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph