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Reflection on work undertaken in first 14 years of the mandate; outline of opportunities and priorities 2014, para. 73
- Paragraph text
- As an adjunct to this work, the Special Rapporteur will also consider housing strategies in the context of post-disaster and post-conflict reconstruction. These issues have been at the heart of the work of the housing mandate holder in the past, and the Rapporteur is committed to continuing her engagement with key humanitarian actors whenever possible.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Post conflict and post disaster reconstruction and the right to adequate housing 2011, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- In spite of these advances, a number of grey areas and fault lines remain, as does the need for further focusing on better systemic arrangements for the integration of human rights perspectives in disaster response. Post-conflict and post-disaster responses remain plagued by disconnections between various phases of activity. Many bilateral donors called upon to provide the funding to address crises have remained rigidly caught within two main areas of engagement, i.e. 'humanitarian assistance' and 'development'. Budgets for these are not interchangeable and so the result has been an artificial separation of what should ideally be more interconnected activities. Current funding instruments (Flash Appeals) hardly allow for undertaking, from the start of humanitarian operations, the type of analyses and consultations which would help reduce the margins of uncertainty and error in resettlement, reconstruction, land tenure and the protection and realisation of the right to adequate housing. The history of applications by development agencies for FA funding for initiatives designed to build longer-term sustainability in humanitarian operations is a mixed one, and the scope for accessing resources to undertake critical policy development, legal reform and planning work has been very limited.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to adequate housing in disaster relief efforts 2011, para. B. 2
- Paragraph text
- [Further work should be conducted on:] The legal and practical measures needed to support, in post-disaster situations, all those who are not individual owners of formally registered property.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to adequate housing in disaster relief efforts 2011, para. B. 2
- Paragraph text
- [Further work should be conducted on:] The mechanisms to support the fast-track determination of tenure rights, including community mapping and enumeration, drawing lessons from existing practices to advise on their essential features and application in post-disaster situations.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to adequate housing in disaster relief efforts 2011, para. 64.3
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations:] The tenure rights of "non-formal owners", namely those without individual, formally registered, property ownership, should be honoured: All pre-disaster tenure rights, including in disaster damage and needs assessments, should be assessed and recorded.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to adequate housing in disaster relief efforts 2011, para. 64.4
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations:] In post-disaster needs assessments (for both emergency and recovery), pre-disaster inequalities and vulnerabilities should be identified, whether based on race, socio-economic status, tenure, gender or any other relevant grounds.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to adequate housing in disaster relief efforts 2011, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- The above examples also illustrate the existing disconnect between the emergency phase and longer-term recovery, as well as the difficulties of the international community, in many contexts, to manage the transition from one to the other.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to adequate housing in disaster relief efforts 2011, para. 55
- Paragraph text
- Land use planning post-disaster can be a powerful instrument to provide both a reference for reconstruction and a legal basis for action in the immediate aftermath of a disaster. Post-disaster zoning can recognize de facto settlements, opening ground for investment in infrastructure and upgrading of hitherto unserviced and unplanned settlements in order to facilitate return and reconstruction.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to adequate housing in disaster relief efforts 2011, para. 4
- Paragraph text
- While there are a number of standards and guidelines relevant to ensuring the right to adequate housing in post-disaster situations, they are often understood and applied in a fragmented manner. There are other more specific limitations too, as will be discussed.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to adequate housing in disaster relief efforts 2011, para. B. 1
- Paragraph text
- United Nations agencies and mechanisms, the Inter-Agency Standing Committee or organizations that are members of or cooperating with it, should consider undertaking further research on the practical integration of the right to adequate housing in disaster response, taking as a starting point the framework proposed by the Special Rapporteur.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Post conflict and post disaster reconstruction and the right to adequate housing 2011, para. 56
- Paragraph text
- To do this requires resources from within countries, bilateral and multilateral international donors, relief agencies and NGOs etc. With regard to post-disaster housing challenges: "Reducing the impact of natural disasters on poorer countries is directly related to their ability to access sufficient funding to reconstruct properly in the post-disaster period. Post-disaster funding stimulates economic activity and restores critical components of ongoing economic growth. The key is whether or not the country can access financing early in the post-disaster phase of recovery." Once accessed, allocation and use of those funds is also vitally important. If initial needs assessments are conducted on a competitive, sector-driven basis, this can result in competition between agencies for "their" projects and programmes, instead of much needed integration of forward-looking strategies. If such inputs are well used, crises resulting from disasters can in spite of all their negative impacts also be times of opportunity: "In post-disaster situations, intense periods of social rearrangement can occur, and legitimacy, authority and rules are much more fluid and open than perhaps at other times. While such situations present challenges such as low predictability and sometimes the overlooking of safeguards on the other hand they can also provide a window of opportunity for implementing positive changes. Care must be taken, however, to ensure that good intentions are grounded in 'Do no harm' principles for humanitarian action."
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to adequate housing in disaster relief efforts 2011, para. 64.4
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations:] Relief and recovery programmes should be addressed within the overall housing context (of an area/city/country): The broader housing situation, including unplanned and unserviced settlements, should be addressed through targeted programmes in conjunction with programmes for disaster response and with a focus on the most vulnerable populations.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to adequate housing in disaster relief efforts 2011, para. 64.4
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations:] Relief and recovery programmes should be addressed within the overall housing context (of an area/city/country): In post-disaster needs assessments, major pre-disaster impediments to the realization of the right to adequate housing should be identified, as should the impact of pre-disaster situations on durable solutions and the recovery process.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Post conflict and post disaster reconstruction and the right to adequate housing 2011, para. 50
- Paragraph text
- In high-profile or "complex emergency" cases, conflicts and disasters elicit international interventions and massive relief responses from a variety of institutions and States. In recent years, given the overwhelming scale, frequency and complexity of unfolding crises, there have been signs of a creeping sense of donor fatigue.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Health
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Post conflict and post disaster reconstruction and the right to adequate housing 2011, para. 13
- Paragraph text
- IASC has further asserted that "Human rights have to be the legal underpinning of all humanitarian work pertaining to natural disasters. There is no other legal framework to guide such activities, especially in areas where there is no armed conflict". This shift is also about longer-term sustainability. It helps the relevant actors to plan for what follows beyond the initial relief and stabilization operations.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to adequate housing in disaster relief efforts 2011, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- By contrast, a number of reconstruction projects worldwide have attempted to see the reconstruction process "as an opportunity to promote a local development process" rather than being limited to restoring pre-disaster conditions - the participation of communities being essential in that regard.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to adequate housing in disaster relief efforts 2011, para. 10
- Paragraph text
- Thus, an approach to disaster response that fully integrates the right to adequate housing would combine all the above sets of standards and principles and have at its core the various elements of the right to adequate housing. The recommendations in the final section of the present report propose the integration of those standards within a consolidated, conceptual and operational framework.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Post conflict and post disaster reconstruction and the right to adequate housing 2011, para. 51
- Paragraph text
- In response to serious problems experienced in the past, the humanitarian response system has since the 1990s undergone a process of reform to reduce the fragmentation of efforts which had beset its earlier engagements and been responsible for numerous contradictions and tensions. This has produced a much stronger co-ordination framework also involving bilateral institutions, International Financial Institutions (IFIs) and NGOs.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to adequate housing in disaster relief efforts 2011, para. 60
- Paragraph text
- Many have made the call for an integrated approach to ensure a continuum of aid between relief and recovery. In the previous report (A/HRC/16/42) to the Human Rights Council, the Special Rapporteur discussed some of the funding issues associated with the issue. The Special Rapporteur would like to encourage donors to support durable solutions and recovery at the earliest time possible and to help to ensure a continuum of aid, including by funding that can be flexible enough to do so.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Reflection on work undertaken in first 14 years of the mandate; outline of opportunities and priorities 2014, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- The global extent of the phenomenon of homelessness is neither well known nor well documented. Global figures are scarce, and country-specific data are often incomplete and usually not comparable with those of other countries owing to differences in definitions and methodologies. The Special Rapporteur is concerned that at the domestic level, this statistical invisibility of a population can mean its neglect in the design of public policy and an absence of adequate responses. At the global level, it may conceal an acute global human rights crisis being faced by millions.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Mapping and framing security of tenure 2013, para. 96
- Paragraph text
- Humanitarian actors and Governments addressing conflicts and natural disasters play an important role with respect to ensuring (or not) security of tenure. Temporary arrangements initiated or supported by humanitarian actors often have long-term impacts; the challenge is to ensure that these reinforce, rather than undermine, tenure security. Coordination between humanitarian and development actors is also essential to guarantee a coherent approach. The Special Rapporteur made recommendations in this regard in a previous report to the General Assembly (A/66/270). She believes those recommendations, together with work done by individual agencies, could serve as basis for further operational and strategic guidance.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Mapping and framing security of tenure 2013, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- The present report is also based on three consultations convened by the Special Rapporteur in 2012. In September, in Naples, the Special Rapporteur convened a consultation with 26 participants from housing, urban planning and human rights organizations. In October 2012, in Geneva, she convened an expert group meeting with another 26 participants, including experts in the areas of land management, urban planning and human rights law and litigation, and representatives of humanitarian action and community-based organizations. Also that month, the Special Rapporteur convened a public consultation in Geneva. The Special Rapporteur would like to thank the participants in the above consultations, and other contributors, for the high quality of their inputs. The final text of the report remains the Special Rapporteur's sole responsibility.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Post conflict and post disaster reconstruction and the right to adequate housing 2011, para. 54
- Paragraph text
- Part of the problem is an as yet incomplete understanding of the concept of "Recovery" (in its defined two phases of "Early" and "Long-term") and of its programmatic implications in the course of humanitarian assistance. The earlier conceptualization of the transition from "relief" to "development" was not useful. The problem was that it attempted to establish a rigid sequential logic, which tended to overlook certain essential "non-humanitarian" actions that would need to commence from the very start of humanitarian assistance and carry through into the resumption of normal development processes.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Post conflict and post disaster reconstruction and the right to adequate housing 2011, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- The process started in 1991 with General Assembly Resolution 46/182 designed to "strengthen the United Nations response to complex emergencies and natural disasters" as well as "aiming at improving the overall effectiveness of humanitarian operations in the field". Crises in subsequent years (above all the Rwanda genocide in 1994 where the international community was explicitly faulted for inability to predict, prevent and respond) accelerated the pace of reform. The United Nations Office for the Co-ordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) was established in 1998, as a department of the United Nations Secretariat with the mandate of co-ordinating humanitarian response, policy development and humanitarian advocacy. It merged all humanitarian functions of the United Nations until then performed by the United Nations Disaster Relief Organization (UNDRO) and the Department of Humanitarian Affairs under a single United Nations Focal Point, the Emergency Relief Co-ordinator (ERC). General Assembly Resolution 46/182 further established important inter-agency mechanisms and operational tools. These include: the Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC), gathering all humanitarian partners from United Nations agencies, funds and programmes, the World Bank, the Red Cross and the main international NGOs to function as an inter-agency decision-making body in response to complex emergencies; and, structured in clusters and phases related to specific funds and plans of action: the Flash Appeal (FA), the Consolidated Appeal Process (CAP), the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) and the Common Humanitarian Action Plan (CHAP).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Post conflict and post disaster reconstruction and the right to adequate housing 2011, para. 48
- Paragraph text
- The Rwandan imidugudu model was not simply about provision of shelter in an emergency context, the underlying vision was of a drastically re-engineered rural society, Consultation was limited, and participation mainly took the form of required "obligatory labour participation in construction activities". In spite of these obvious problems, and of lessons learnt in previous villagization projects in East Africa, the "emergency" status of post-1994 Rwanda secured the involvement of some international agencies. However by 1999 international pressure and a related lack of donor funds essentially put a stop to the villagization programme.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Post conflict and post disaster reconstruction and the right to adequate housing 2011, para. 12
- Paragraph text
- It has taken longer for the human rights implications of post-disaster responses to be clearly recognized. According to the United Nations Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC), natural disasters have traditionally "been seen as situations that create challenges and problems mainly of a humanitarian nature". although the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in its general comment No. 4 had explicitly included victims of natural disasters and people living in disaster-prone areas among a list of disadvantaged groups that "should be ensured some degree of priority consideration in the housing sphere ". During the past decade there have been important and welcome shifts in this approach. According to IASC: "Increasingly, it has come to be recognized that human rights protection also needs to be provided in these contexts. The tsunamis, hurricanes and earthquakes, which hit parts of Asia and the Americas in 2004/2005, highlighted the need to be attentive to the multiple human rights challenges victims of such disasters may face. All too often the human rights of disaster victims are not sufficiently taken into account. […] Often the human rights violations are not intended or planned. Sometimes they result from insufficient resources and capacities to prepare and respond to the consequences of the disasters. More often, they are the result of inappropriate policies, neglect or oversight. These violations could be avoided if both national and international actors took the relevant human rights guarantees into account from the beginning."
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Post conflict and post disaster reconstruction and the right to adequate housing 2011, para. 10
- Paragraph text
- Since the 1990s there has been a growing recognition of the importance of adopting a human rights approach (and the use of human rights enforcement mechanisms) in the resolution of conflicts and peacebuilding. The Secretary-General emphasized that the promotion of human rights is the common thread in the Organization's work in peace and security: "Human rights bodies are involved in early-warning and preventive activities, and human rights considerations are increasingly embodied in our response to crises." He also announced that the United Nations had commenced implementation of a rights-based approach to development, which "describes situations not simply in terms of human needs, or of developmental requirements, but in terms of society's obligation to respond to the inalienable rights of individuals. It empowers people to demand justice as a right, not as charity, and gives communities a moral basis from which to claim international assistance where needed". He then issued guidelines to his Special Representatives on how human rights standards should guide peace negotiations. In 2000 the Report on the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations (the "Brahimi Report") emphasized the importance of incorporating human rights into the work of peace missions. The Panel's key recommendations on a peacebuilding strategy for the United Nations included "a doctrinal shift in the use of civilian police, other rule of law elements and human rights experts in complex peace operations to reflect an increased focus on strengthening rule of law institutions and improving respect for human rights in post-conflict environments". It also recommended that "the ability of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to plan and support the human rights components of peace operations needs to be reinforced".
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to adequate housing in disaster relief efforts 2011, para. 63
- Paragraph text
- The recommendations below outline the fundamental elements of an approach to disaster response that is fully based on the right to adequate housing. They are meant to complement existing guidance when it comes to ensuring protection and realization of the right to adequate housing. Unless stated otherwise the recommendations are addressed to Governments, and international donors and organizations. Finally, recommendations for follow-up are provided, bearing in mind that the framework only outlines general principles that will need to be further refined and operationalized.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to adequate housing in disaster relief efforts 2011, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- One step further are "community" or "participatory" enumeration practices. Such participatory processes have been implemented in various countries for various aims, for instance to determine and strengthen tenure rights in informal settlements or for land adjudication. In the absence of land records, in case of their destruction following disaster, or in context of multiple tenure arrangements, community enumerations offer promising and flexible alternatives to identify the state of occupancy and tenure pre-disaster or pre-conflict, thus ensuring a certain level of certainty and security of tenure in informdurable solutions. Community enumeration projects were implemented in the wake of the Indian Ocean tsunami, and have been started in Haiti. Lessons should be drawn from experience in defining key elements and prerequisites of successful community mapping processes, applied to post-disaster situations, including their relationship with more formal or Government-led validation or land management processes, and the need to complement them with conflict resolution mechanisms.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to adequate housing in disaster relief efforts 2011, para. 12
- Paragraph text
- On many occasions, vulnerability is compounded by direct or indirect discrimination, impacting on the ability of individuals and communities to protect themselves from disasters and to recover. The relevance of discrimination to disasters and disaster response may not be immediately apparent. Indeed, the term "natural disaster" could be taken as precluding responsibility, which may imply, in turn, the impossibility of discrimination. However, it is well accepted that the magnitude of impacts and distribution of losses from natural hazards are to a large extent man-made (see A/60/227). Disaster preparedness, mitigation and response are all subject to or conditioned by State action or omission, and may therefore be discriminatory.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph