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Environmental human rights defenders 2016, para. 105a
- Paragraph text
- [Business enterprises should:] Adopt and implement relevant international and regional human rights standards, including the Guiding Principles for Business and Human Rights and the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Global trends in risks and threats facing human rights defenders 2015, para. 68
- Paragraph text
- One category of defenders regularly participating in regional consultations is the group promoting and defending rights relating to land, the environment and corporate responsibility. These defenders endure various kinds of surveillance, attacks, forced disappearances or campaigns to discredit them as opponents of progress and the development of their countries. They spoke of the excessive use of force against demonstrators and activists working on corporate responsibility matters or labour rights. They are the targets of actions taken by both State and non State actors (enterprises, private groups guarding sites, individuals linked to organized crime, and so on). In this connection, they mention systematic collusion among these different kinds of actors designed to block reports by the defenders that throw light on acts of corruption and human rights violations. The various kinds of violations and threats are encouraged by a weak institutional environment, in which States have failed to put in place any effective mechanism for penalizing human rights violations committed by enterprises. Defenders also complain of the lack of transparency and accountability of enterprises, especially in extractive industries.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Activists
- Year
- 2015
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Elements of a safe and enabling environment for human rights defenders 2014, para. 133c
- Paragraph text
- [Non-State actors should:] Familiarize themselves with the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, and with human rights impact assessment of business operations;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Activists
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Role of national human rights institutions in the promotion and protection of human rights and as protectors of human rights defenders 2013, para. 79
- Paragraph text
- There are also instances of reported retaliation against staff working for national institutions in the form of administrative and legal actions against them, such as an inspection by tax authorities or retention of salaries, or legal action on the part of private businesses immediately after an enquiry (Hungary).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Activists
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Violations committed against defenders by non-State actors 2010, para. 58
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur would like to make the following recommendations.] [To national and transnational corporations] Fully implement the recommendations of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on business and human rights on the corporate responsibility to respect.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Activists
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Violations committed against defenders by non-State actors 2010, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- In certain countries, attacks have been perpetrated against defenders supporting indigenous communities affected by gold and silver mining by transnational companies. The Special Rapporteur received information about individuals attacking defenders who were demonstrating against violations of the rights of indigenous communities as a result of mining activities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Person(s) affected
- Activists
- Ethnic minorities
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Work in progress, challenges and the way forward 2017, para. 64
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur also considers it important to increase contact with less visible actors such as donors, banks and development agencies, as well as trade unions, whose role in protecting defenders is sometimes critical. With that in mind, he held an initial meeting with the World Bank in Washington, D.C. and a few regional development and investment banks on the issue of retaliation against whistle-blowers. That meeting should be followed by further consultations and collaboration in 2017.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Activists
- Year
- 2017
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Violations committed against defenders by non-State actors 2010, para. 10
- Paragraph text
- Private companies operating in certain mineral-rich countries have also indirectly been involved in violations of the rights of human rights defenders. The Special Rapporteur has received information about instances in which security guards employed by oil and mining companies have allegedly threatened to kill, harassed and attacked human rights defenders protesting against the perceived negative impact of the companies' activities on the enjoyment of human rights by local communities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Activists
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
On the Declaration on human rights defenders 2011, para. 123
- Paragraph text
- States should prohibit extensive tax scrutiny and abusive use of fiscal procedures by the relevant authorities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Work in progress, challenges and the way forward 2017, para. 61
- Paragraph text
- In June 2016, the Special Rapporteur began to hold meetings with companies and business federations, including with extractive industries during his most recent trips, as announced at the outset of his mandate. He is pleased to note that many businesses are increasingly aware of the impact of their activities on human rights. Businesses, especially those working in the extractive and wood industries or with hydroelectric megaprojects, are often mentioned in cases of violence perpetrated against defenders. It therefore seems crucial to engage them in a frank and constructive dialogue with a view to helping them establish mechanisms to prevent the development of tragic situations in the field. Various options are being explored to improve defenders' participation in development projects and in the setting up of mechanisms for redress and remedies in case of violations. The Special Rapporteur plans to continue working on this topic; his next report on businesses will include practical recommendations to businesses and other stakeholders, such as States and national and international development institutions.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Person(s) affected
- Activists
- Year
- 2017
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Good practices in the protection of human rights defenders 2016, para. 87
- Paragraph text
- In a similar way, business leaders can also be important partners. The Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (A/HRC/17/31, annex) recognize that business has a crucial role to play in the protection and promotion of human rights. While specific business practices may be challenged by defenders for labour and environmental concerns, the business community should nonetheless support human rights movements. The condemnation of violations by members of the business community not only legitimizes defenders' concerns but also builds opposition to bad business practices. Defenders have learned to successfully resolve local issues by involving more senior business leadership, whether at its national or international headquarters or within its director or shareholder governance mechanisms. In addition, business leaders, with their economic and political influence, can draw in the broader support of society.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Activists
- Year
- 2016
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Environmental human rights defenders 2016, para. 77
- Paragraph text
- In some cases, banks and financial institutions have provided funds, services and technical support for companies to rectify and prevent human rights violations, such as the improper acquisition of land. The Special Rapporteur welcomes the growing commitment of financial institutions to principles such as responsible financing, lending and investment. The use of environmental, social and governance criteria for risk assessment and the evaluation of the performance of investments can strengthen the accountability of corporations.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Environmental human rights defenders 2016, para. 49
- Paragraph text
- Corruption and impunity also underlie the growing number of conflicts around natural exploitation and large-scale development projects, owing partly to the fact that the majority of such projects require vast financial investments, which can fall prey to corruption. This situation is particularly patent in States with poor and non transparent governance processes, which lead to collusion at the expense of the public good. In many land-grabbing situations, businesses, authorities, local suppliers and sometimes organized crime benefit from loopholes in the laws regulating these practices.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Environmental human rights defenders 2016, para. 48
- Paragraph text
- Recent reports have pointed to a growing opposition between what could be considered a commodity-based approach, prioritizing economic growth and midterm profits, and rights-based approaches, favouring populations' interests and sustainability. Communities protesting against projects that threaten their very livelihood and existence have often faced stigmatization and attacks from States and corporations, which label them "anti-development". Yet, these defenders often seek to preserve natural resources and to ensure a holistic and long-term approach to development where land, water, air and forests are not reduced to mere marketable goods. The commodification and financialization of nature often lead to simplifying the real "value" of the environment, ignoring the social or cultural dimensions and the complex interactions of elements within and between ecosystems.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Year
- 2016
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Environmental human rights defenders 2016, para. 31
- Paragraph text
- Reports also indicate that most individuals and groups facing threats are those who oppose land grabbing, extractive industries, the industrial timber trade and large-scale development projects. Indigenous communities and ethnic and racial minorities are particularly vulnerable (see A/HRC/24/41 and A/71/291). They are the most affected because the resources exploited are usually located in their lands; they lack legal protection while exerting strong and vocal opposition; many indigenous communities do not hold formal title over the land they inhabit; and their access to justice is limited.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Year
- 2016
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Environmental human rights defenders 2016, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- While States are bound by international human rights law, non-State actors are required to respect human rights, including the right to defend environmental and land rights. Transnational corporations and other business enterprises must respect human rights, as set out in the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. The Guiding Principles aim to implement the United Nations "Protect, Respect and Remedy" Framework, which rests on three pillars: the State duty to protect against human rights abuses by third parties, including businesses; the corporate responsibility to respect human rights; and the need for access to an effective remedy for victims of business-related human rights abuses (see A/HRC/17/31, para. 6).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Global trends in risks and threats facing human rights defenders 2015, para. 38
- Paragraph text
- Finally, exacerbating these difficulties is the fact that the attacks and threats against defenders are perpetrated not just by States, but by non-State actors as well. This applies particularly to countries in which one notes a surge in religious fundamentalism (especially in North America, Latin America, Africa and the Middle East) or the presence of armed or low intensity conflicts (in the Middle East, Africa and certain countries in Asia); or even to development projects in which certain economic actors attempt to impose their interests - sometimes with explicit support from governments - to the detriment of observance of human rights. The defenders point to numerous pressures from these different actors in respect of actions to promote economic, social and cultural rights (sexual and reproductive rights, labour rights, the rights of indigenous peoples, and the right to natural resources and the environment).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Person(s) affected
- Activists
- Ethnic minorities
- Year
- 2015
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Large-scale development project and human rights defenders 2013, para. 75
- Paragraph text
- Grievance mechanisms can also be implemented in the home countries of international corporations and in donor countries. The example of the national contact points for the Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development was highlighted to the Special Rapporteur by various stakeholders during the preparation of the present report as being an important mechanism in a number of countries. The Inspection Panel of the World Bank was also mentioned as a viable mechanism for individuals who believe that their rights have been infringed upon as a result of the implementation of World Bank-funded projects. Mention was also made of the Compliance Advisor/Ombudsman, the grievance mechanism for those affected by projects financed by the International Finance Corporation and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Activists
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Large-scale development project and human rights defenders 2013, para. 65
- Paragraph text
- In the context of large-scale development projects, timely disclosure of information about project conceptualization and preparation, including contracts and subcontracts, documents with information about parties involved, financing frameworks, terms and conditions, impact assessments and mitigation strategies should be made available to the extent possible. The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, a multi-stakeholder voluntary mechanism that aims to increase the transparency of natural resource revenues by developing standardized reporting requirements for companies and Governments, has made a significant, positive contribution to increasing transparency in this sector. The initiative also offers relevant lessons learned regarding the difficulties and, at times, the unwillingness of Governments and private companies to disclose such information.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Large-scale development project and human rights defenders 2013, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples has dedicated three reports (A/HRC/18/35, A/HRC/21/47 and A/HRC/24/41) to the impact of extractive industries on indigenous territories where mining, forestry, oil and natural gas extraction and hydroelectric projects have affected the lives of indigenous communities. The Special Rapporteur underlined reports of an escalation of violence by Governments and private security forces as a consequence of extractive operations in indigenous territories, especially against indigenous leaders, and of a general repression of human rights in situations where entire communities had voiced their opposition to extractive operations (A/HRC/18/35, para. 38). He pointed to a lack of operative consensus about the extent and means of realization of the State's duties with regard to resource extraction and development projects and a lack of a minimum common ground for understanding the key issues by all actors concerned (A/HRC/18/35, paras. 62 and 66).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Large-scale development project and human rights defenders 2013, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur has observed that when human rights defenders are involved in the implementation and monitoring of large-scale development projects they are exposed to serious risks, including to their physical integrity. Since 2007, the Special Rapporteur has considered about 100 cases dealing with defenders involved in monitoring the implementation of large-scale development projects, mostly related to the operations of extractive industries but also to land disputes. The operations of hydroelectric and energy-related industries have also created situations that have led to an intervention by the Special Rapporteur.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Activists
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Large-scale development project and human rights defenders 2013, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur believes that the best way of ensuring that the principles of equality and non-discrimination are respected in the context of large-scale development projects is through the use of human rights impact assessments. Such assessments should be designed and conducted, on a regular basis, with due consideration being given to human rights and should ensure that the potential impacts of a project are investigated keeping in mind the potential existence of different grounds for discrimination. A human rights impact assessment would be based on an analysis of human rights obligations, not just of the impact of the project on trade or sustainability. The Special Rapporteur strongly encourages the systematic use of human rights impact assessments, in line with the principles elaborated upon in the present report.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Activists
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Large-scale development project and human rights defenders 2013, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- Transnational corporations and other business enterprises are required to respect human rights, as set out in the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (A/HRC/17/31, annex), which were endorsed by the Human Rights Council in its resolution 17/4. The Guiding Principles aim to implement the United Nations "Protect, Respect and Remedy" Framework, which rests on three pillars: the State duty to protect against human rights abuses by third parties, including businesses; the corporate responsibility to respect human rights; and the need for access to effective remedy for victims of business-related human rights abuses (see A/HRC/17/31, para. 6).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Large-scale development project and human rights defenders 2013, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- Development policy should contribute to increased respect for the human rights of those targeted and affected and strengthen their capacity to lead their lives in a dignified manner. It should be an instrument for doing more than just promote economic growth and meet basic needs: it should aim to expand people's choices, focusing especially on disadvantaged and vulnerable people. Its ultimate aim should be to empower people, especially those most marginalized, to participate in policy formulation and hold accountable those who have a duty and a responsibility to act.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Activists
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Large-scale development project and human rights defenders 2013, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- Since 2007, the situation with regard to that group of defenders seems to have worsened. In 2010, the Special Rapporteur reported on the violations committed by private corporations and businesses, which were among the non-State actors she identified as committing violations against human rights defenders. She pointed to instances in which security guards employed by oil and mining companies had allegedly threatened to kill, harassed and attacked human rights defenders protesting against the perceived negative impact of corporate activities on the enjoyment of human rights by local communities. She also highlighted cases in which local authorities had allegedly colluded with the private sector and cases in which private companies had aided and abetted the commission of violations against human rights defenders (A/65/223, paras. 10 and 11).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Activists
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Selected groups of defenders at risk: journalists and media workers, defenders working on land and environment issues; and youth and student defenders 2012, para. 67
- Paragraph text
- The violations reported were the result of activities connected to different extractive industries, construction and development projects, including hydroelectric power stations and cement factories (Guatemala, Brazil); dams (Brazil, India); dumps (Mexico); gas pipelines (Brazil); gated communities and marinas (Bahamas); residential and leisure complexes (Mexico); the operation of mines (China, Mexico, Ecuador, Papua New Guinea, Peru); nuclear power plants (Philippines) and the production of oil and petrol (China, Nigeria, Peru), as well as logging (Brazil, Cambodia, Honduras, Mexico).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Activists
- Year
- 2012
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Selected groups of defenders at risk: journalists and media workers, defenders working on land and environment issues; and youth and student defenders 2012, para. 65
- Paragraph text
- Therefore, this section of the report has been structured on the basis of the different subgroups identified, with each subsection including information on profile of activities, alleged violations, perpetrators and regional trends. It is also worth mentioning that there is certain overlap between the different subgroups, particularly between the group of those defenders working on issues related to extractive industries and construction and development projects and those working for the rights of indigenous and minority communities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Activists
- Ethnic minorities
- Year
- 2012
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Violations committed against defenders by non-State actors 2010, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- In addition, companies should envisage incorporating a reference to the Declaration on human rights defenders into their corporate social responsibility and/or human rights policies. Transnational corporations should also systematically consider involving human rights defenders in their country assessment prior to undertaking any investment in a given State. Early and transparent discussions on the consequences of the activities of companies on the enjoyment of human rights in their areas of operation could prevent violations of the human rights of populations, communities and defenders. Such a participatory process would also contribute to an acknowledgment of the key role of defenders in the promotion of human rights, democracy and good governance. Transnational companies could also play a key role in influencing their national parent companies and overseas subsidiaries to adopt the same approach.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Activists
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Violations committed against defenders by non-State actors 2010, para. 24
- Paragraph text
- The corporate responsibility to respect human rights (see A/HRC/14/27, paras. 54-78) is recognized in soft-law instruments such as the Tripartite Declaration of Principles Concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, and it constitutes one of the commitments that companies undertake when joining the United Nations Global Compact. The corporate responsibility to respect notably applies to the rights enshrined in the International Bill of Human Rights. Therefore, the rights enshrined in the Declaration on human rights defenders, such as the right to security and liberty, freedom of association and freedom of opinion and expression, including access to information, must be respected by companies, whether national or transnational. Examples of alleged violations of those rights by companies are provided above.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Violations committed against defenders by non-State actors 2010, para. 23
- Paragraph text
- In relation to private national or transnational corporations, the Special Rapporteur refers to the responsibility of companies to respect human rights, as emphasized by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises, Mr. John Ruggie, in his report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/8/5), submitted in 2008. The Human Rights Council endorsed the Special Representative's policy framework for business and human rights, as elaborated in his report. The framework rests on the three principles of "protect, respect and remedy": the State duty to protect against human rights abuses by third parties, including businesses; the corporate responsibility to respect human rights; and the need for more effective access to remedies. The Human Rights Council later emphasized that transnational corporations and other business enterprises have a responsibility to respect human rights (see Human Rights Council resolution 8/7). Consequently, business enterprises also have a responsibility to respect the rights of human rights defenders.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph